Download or read book U s Sanctions and Russia s Economy written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-02-20 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to Russia's annexation of the Crimean region of neighboring Ukraine and its support of separatist militants in Ukraine's east, the United States imposed a number of targeted economic sanctions on Russian individuals, entities, and sectors. The United States coordinated its sanctions with other countries, particularly the European Union (EU). Russia retaliated against sanctions by banning imports of certain agricultural products from countries imposing sanctions, including the United States. U.S. policymakers are debating the use of economic sanctions in U.S. foreign policy toward Russia, including whether sanctions should be kept in place or further tightened. A key question in this debate is the impact of the Ukraine-related sanctions on Russia's economy and U.S. economic interests in Russia. Economic Conditions in Russia Russia faced a number of economic challenges in 2014 and 2015, including capital flight, rapid depreciation of the ruble, exclusion from international capital markets, inflation, and domestic budgetary pressures. Growth slowed to 0.7% in 2014 before contracting sharply by 3.7% in 2015. The extent to which U.S. and EU sanctions drove the downturn is difficult to disentangle from the impact of a dramatic drop in the price of oil, a major source of export revenue for the Russian government, or economic policy decisions by the Russian government. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated in 2015 that U.S. and EU sanctions in response to the conflict in Ukraine and Russia's countervailing ban on agricultural imports reduced Russian output over the short term by as much as 1.5%. Russia's economy, more recently, is showing some signs of recovery, in part due to higher oil prices, a flexible exchange rate regime, and sizeable foreign exchange reserves, among other factors. The IMF projects Russia's economy will grow by 1.1% in 2017. U.S. Economic Interests When the sanctions were announced in 2014, U.S. business groups raised concerns that sanctions harm American manufacturers, jeopardize American jobs, and cede business opportunities to firms from other countries. When the sanctions were rolled out in 2014, news reports cited a number of U.S. firms that were adversely affected by U.S. sanctions on Russia and Russia's retaliatory measures. There are questions about the overall impact of the sanctions on the U.S. economy, however. Russia accounts for a small portion of total U.S. trade and foreign investment. U.S. sanctions also target a specific Russian individuals and entities and, in some cases, restrict only specific types of economic transactions.
Download or read book Russia s Response to Sanctions written by Richard Connolly and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first in-depth scholarly analysis of the effects of Western sanctions, and Russia's response on the Russian economy.
Download or read book The Impact of Financial Sanctions on the Russian Economy written by Evsey Gurvich and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-13 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economic Weapon written by Nicholas Mulder and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the history of economic sanctions from the blockades of World War I to the policing of colonial empires and the interwar confrontation with fascism, Nicholas Mulder combines political, economic, legal, and military history to reveal how a coercive wartime tool was adopted as an instrument of peacekeeping by the League of Nations.This timely study casts an overdue light on why sanctions are widely considered a form of war, and why their unintended consequences are so tremendous.
Download or read book U S Sanctions on Russia written by Kristin Archick and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sanctions are considered by many to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior. Most Russia-related sanctions have been in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to human rights abuses, election interference and cyberattacks, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to Syria, and use of a chemical weapon. The United States also employs sanctions to deter further objectionable activities. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia's international behavior and geostrategic intentions. Ukraine-related sanctions are mainly based on four executive orders (EOs) the President introduced in 2014. In addition, Congress passed and the President signed into law two acts establishing sanctions in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine: the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95) and the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA; P.L. 113-272). In 2017, Congress passed and the President signed into law the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). This legislation codifies Ukraine-related and cyberrelated EOs, strengthens existing Russia-related sanctions authorities, and identifies several new targets for sanctions. It also establishes congressional review of any action the President takes to ease or lift a variety of sanctions. Additional sanctions on Russia may be forthcoming. On August 6, 2018, the United States determined that in March 2018 the Russian government used a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom in contravention of international law. In response, the United States launched an initial round of sanctions on Russia, as required by the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act; P.L. 102-182, Title III). The law requires a second, more severe round of sanctions in the absence of Russia's reliable commitment to no longer use such weapons. The United States has imposed most Ukraine-related sanctions on Russia in coordination with the European Union (EU). Since 2017, the efforts of Congress and the Trump Administration to tighten U.S. sanctions on Russia have prompted some degree of concern in the EU about U.S. commitment to sanctions coordination and U.S.-EU cooperation on Russia and Ukraine more broadly. The EU, in addition, continues to consider its response to Russia's use of a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom. Debates about the effectiveness of U.S. and other sanctions on Russia continue in Congress, in the Administration, and among other stakeholders. Russia has not reversed its occupation and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea region, nor has it stopped fostering separatism in eastern Ukraine. With respect to other malign activities, the relationship between sanctions and Russian behavior is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, many observers argue that sanctions help to restrain Russia or that their imposition is an appropriate foreign policy response regardless of immediate effect. In the 115th Congress, several bills have been introduced to increase the use of sanctions in response to Russia's malign activities. The 116th Congress is likely to continue to debate the role of sanctions in U.S. foreign policy toward Russia.
Download or read book War by Other Means written by Angela Borozna and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is required reading to grasp the dynamics of economic sanctions. Drawing on recent Western sanctions imposed on the Russian economy, it provides a persuasive corrective to the dominant perspective that sanctions undermine target countries. -Immanuel Ness, Chairperson and Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn College, NY. This is an outstanding contribution to the literature. It provides a comprehensive and balanced analysis of the role of sanctions in the contemporary era. -Alan W. Cafruny, Henry Bristol Professor of International Affairs, Department of Government, Hamilton College, USA. This important study shows how Russia has survived being the most sanctioned country in the world by reorienting its trade towards the East and creating import-substitution policies and investment in local industries. -Jeremy Kuzmarov, author of The Russians are Coming, Again: The First Cold War as Tragedy, the Second as Farce. A timely contribution to the growing sanctions literature that urges policy adjustment to new geopolitical realities. -Dr. Ksenia Kirkham, Lecturer in the Department of War Studies, King's College London. This book analyses the goals of Western sanctions imposed on Russia from 2014 to 2023. It explores the effects of sanctions on the Russian economy and its political course, as well as the repercussions of the sanctions to the senders and third parties, including spillover effects on neighboring countries and boomerang effects on the senders. While sanctions can be considered relatively effective in terms of economic consequences, the Russian economy is far from being crushed. Importantly, sanctions proved to be ineffective as an instrument of foreign policy. They have failed to alter Moscow's resolve to continue its military operation and are unlikely to change it in the near future. Dr. Angela Borozna is Adjunct Professor at California State University, Fullerton. Dr. Lada V. Kochtcheeva is Professor of Political Science in the School of Public and International Affairs at the North Carolina State University.
Download or read book The Art of Sanctions written by Richard Nephew and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-12 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nations and international organizations are increasingly using sanctions as a means to achieve their foreign policy aims. However, sanctions are ineffective if they are executed without a clear strategy responsive to the nature and changing behavior of the target. In The Art of Sanctions, Richard Nephew offers a much-needed practical framework for planning and applying sanctions that focuses not just on the initial sanctions strategy but also, crucially, on how to calibrate along the way and how to decide when sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness. Nephew—a leader in the design and implementation of sanctions on Iran—develops guidelines for interpreting targets’ responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. The efficacy of sanctions lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain. Understanding the interplay of pain and resolve is central to using sanctions both successfully and humanely. With attention to these two key variables, and to how they change over the course of a sanctions regime, policy makers can pinpoint when diplomatic intervention is likely to succeed or when escalation is necessary. Focusing on lessons learned from sanctions on both Iran and Iraq, Nephew provides policymakers with practical guidance on how to measure and respond to pain and resolve in the service of strong and successful sanctions regimes.
Download or read book U S Sanctions and Russia s Economy written by Rebecca M. Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Sanctions on Russia written by Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Sanctions on Russia written by Rebecca M. Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses the U.S.-Russia economic ties, U.S. sanctions and Russia's retaliatory measures, economic trends in Russia, and U.S. economic interest.
Download or read book Russia s economic reaction to confront Western sanctions written by Florian Hertle and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,0, , language: English, abstract: This essay is about the Russia’s economic reaction to confront Western sanctions. The first sanctions because of Russia’s role in the Ukraine crisis were imposed in March 2014 by the US and the EU in a coordinated manner. This Essay wants to evaluate the Russian counteractions to these Western measures. Therefor the Russian countersanctions will be analyzed briefly, however the focus will be on domestic policy shifts in the Russian economic policy concerning the Finance Sector, the Energy and Defense Industry as the general economy. The essay will conclude with a categorization of the applied measures, a summary, and an outlook.
Download or read book Economic Sanctions Reconsidered History and current policy written by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and published by Peterson Institute. This book was released on 1990 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Russia s Crony Capitalism written by Anders Aslund and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A penetrating look into the extreme plutocracy Vladimir Putin has created and its implications for Russia’s future This insightful study explores how the economic system Vladimir Putin has developed in Russia works to consolidate control over the country. By appointing his close associates as heads of state enterprises and by giving control of the FSB and the judiciary to his friends from the KGB, he has enriched his business friends from Saint Petersburg with preferential government deals. Thus, Putin has created a super wealthy and loyal plutocracy that owes its existence to authoritarianism. Much of this wealth has been hidden in offshore havens in the United States and the United Kingdom, where companies with anonymous owners and black money transfers are allowed to thrive. Though beneficial to a select few, this system has left Russia’s economy in untenable stagnation, which Putin has tried to mask through military might.
Download or read book Sanctions as War written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sanctions as War is the first critical analysis of economic sanctions from a global perspective. Featuring case studies from 11 sanctioned countries and theoretical essays, it will be of immediate interest to those interested in understanding how sanctions became the common sense of American foreign policy.
Download or read book The Piratization of Russia written by Marshall I. Goldman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-04-10 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1991, a small group of Russians emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union and enjoyed one of the greatest transfers of wealth ever seen, claiming ownership of some of the most valuable petroleum, natural gas and metal deposits in the world. By 1997, five of those individuals were on Forbes Magazine's list of the world's richest billionaires.
Download or read book U S Russia Economic Relations written by Vadim Grishin and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study offers a detailed analysis of U.S.-Russia economic relations, viewed in a broader geopolitical context. It assesses the limits of bilateral cooperation through the economic and political trajectories of both countries, particularly considering the structural constraints in Russia’s economic and political system. Through meticulous examination of the commodity composition of bilateral trade, the report evaluates the potential for expansion of exports and imports as well as immense obstacles on this way. The author explains why trade agreements and business activity have not helped to reduce current political tensions, while deteriorating political ties have continued to have an adverse effect on economic cooperation.
Download or read book The Russia Sanctions written by Christine Abely and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-12-31 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Russia Sanctions, Christine Abely examines the international trade measures and sanctions deployed against Russia in response to its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Abely situates contemporary sanctions within their larger historical and economic backgrounds and provides a uniquely accessible analysis of the historic export controls and import restrictions enacted since 2022. She argues that these sanctions have affected, and will continue to affect, global trading patterns, financial integration, and foreign policy in novel ways. In particular, she examines the effects of sanctions on energy, food, fertilizer, the financial system, and the global use of the US dollar, including trends of de-dollarization. Coverage includes sanctions against oligarchs, the freezing and seizure of assets, and steps taken to make sanctions more effective by promoting financial transparency worldwide.
