Download or read book Two Essays on Labor Market Issues written by Andrew Joseph Glenn and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Two Essays in Labor Economics written by Patrik Andersson and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Labor Market Dynamics and Policy Implications During COVID 19 and Beyond written by Lien Ta and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis comprises three chapters that delve into various labor market dynamics and the policy implications in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. In the first chapter (joint with Andre Kurmann and Etienne Lale), we investigate the dynamics of small businesses and employment using real-time data from the private sector throughout the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic has led to an explosion of research using private-sector data to measure small business activity. Yet important questions remain about sample representativeness and how to identify business openings and closings. We propose new methods to address these issues by exploiting information on business activity from Google, Facebook, and Safegraph. We apply our methods to Homebase data and show that the resulting estimates closely fit official statistics. We then use the data to study whether small businesses have been hit harder by the pandemic and the extent to which the Paycheck Protection Program helped mitigate these effects. The second chapter (joint with Andreas Hornstein, Marios Karabarbounis, Andre Kurmann, Etienne Lale) focus on the effects of pandemic unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. UI acts as both a disincentive for labor supply and as a stimulus for labor demand. In equilibrium, the two effects combine, which may explain why several studies have found only small negative effects of the generous UI expansions during the pandemic on job finding rates and employment. In this paper we propose a new research design to estimate independently the disincentive effects of pandemic unemployment benefits. Using high-frequency worker-firm matched data from Homebase, we document that employment of low-wage businesses recovered more slowly from the initial pandemic shock than neighboring high-wage businesses, and that this recovery gap is significantly related to the relative generosity of UI benefits. By comparing neighboring businesses that are largely sharing the benefits of the local UI stimulus, our research design identifies more closely the disincentive effects of pandemic UI benefits. We use an equilibrium model of labor search with heterogeneity in firms and workers to translate the reduced-form estimate of the recovery gap into an unemployment duration elasticity and an aggregate employment loss. Our model, which captures well the recovery gap between low- and high-wage businesses, implies relatively low duration elasticities. Yet, the sheer size and multitude of the pandemic programs implies that the disincentive effects arising from the pandemic UI benefits are substantial and amount to 5 percent of normal employment. The third chapter studies work-from-home (WFH) work mode's implications on labor market. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a widespread adoption of WFH practices and accelerated the advancement of remote work technologies. Surprisingly, even after the pandemic has subsided, a substantial shift towards WFH remains evident among workers. However, the accessibility to WFH is not uniform across all types of workers. Notably, high-tech industries, characterized by a predominantly high-skilled workforce, exhibit a higher prevalence of WFH. This raises concerns about the effects of WFH on workers employed in industries where remote work is unfeasible. In this paper, I develop a spatial equilibrium model that incorporates WFH to examine the implications on workers' mobility, local market outcomes, and overall welfare. I find 3 key insights: (1) there is a productivity threshold for WFH adoption, (2) there is a one-way dependence of low-skilled workers on high-skilled workers' mobility, and (3) if workers are fully mobile, both types of workers benefit from the introduction of WFH.

Download or read book Two Essays on the Challenges Facing Women and Minorities in the Labor Market cJennifer Anne Tracey written by Jennifer Anne Tracey and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Two Essays on Dynamic Labor Markets written by Soo-Bong Uh and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics written by Martina Uccioli and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies two distinct issues in the field of labor economics: the labor supply of new mothers and firms' adjustments to changing labor costs. In both cases, I study the effect of labor market policies, both because they provide quasi-exogenous variation in otherwise endogenous variables of interest, and because of the intrinsic interest in studying the welfare implications of specific policies that governments have direct control over. The first two chapters, written jointly with Ludovica Ciasullo, consider how maternal labor supply is impacted by working conditions, and how it in turn affects intrahousehold bargaining and task allocation within the household. In the first chapter we study which work arrangements new mothers choose when allowed to do so, and whether these work arrangements affect their labor supply choices. We exploit the Australian 2009 Fair Work Act, which explicitly entitled parents of young children to request a (reasonable) change in work arrangements. Leveraging variation in the timing of the law, timing of childbirth, and the bite of the law across different occupations and industries, we establish two main results. First, if allowed to request a change in work arrangements, new mothers ask for regularity in their schedule. Second, with regular schedules, working mothers' child penalty declined from a 47 percent drop in hours worked to a 40 percent drop. For the most exposed mothers, the Fair Work Act led to both a doubling in schedule regularity, and a 30% decrease in the child penalty in hours of work. After establishing that an increase in schedule regularity leads to an increase in maternal labor supply, in the second chapter we study how this translates into division of labor within the household. First, we document that at baseline children bring a 40% increase in their parents' active time -- that is, total time spent on paid work, housework, or parenting -- and that this increase falls disproportionately on mothers, by a 2-to-1 ratio. Second, by exploiting the improvement in maternal labor market conditions brought about by the Australian 2009 Fair Work Act, we show that this gendered allocation of time is not affected by improved labor market prospects for women. Finally, we show that mothers who work longer hours reduce housework, but not time spent directly with children, mitigating concerns that maternal participation in the labor market comes at their children's expense. The third chapter, written jointly with Andrea Manera, focuses on how labor costs -- via stringency of labor regulations -- influence firms' innovation choices. We study the impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on firms' innovation, through an event-study analysis of labor market reforms occurring in Europe over 2000-2016. Data from the Community Innovation Survey reveal that substantial drops in EPL for temporary workers prompt a reallocation of innovation towards the introduction of new products, away from process innovation aimed at cutting labor costs. Among innovative firms, the share of product innovators increases by 15% of the pre-reform value, while the share of firms specializing in process innovation falls by 35%. We develop a theoretical framework of directed technical change to rationalize our findings.

Download or read book Employment Wages and Income Distribution written by Kurt W Rothschild and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-06-28 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whilst there is widespread agreement about the goals of economic policy, consensus about how best to achieve them can be harder to achieve. No issues are more contentious than employment and income distribution. In recent years full employment and a just distribution of incomes have been downgraded as policy objectives, as greater priority has been given to price stability and balance of payments objectives. This emphasis has been supported by a mainstream economic theory which has an unswerving belief in the ability of market forces to achieve a satisfactory regulation of employment and income distribution Other economists have remained more sceptical, and none more so than Kurt Rothschild. This new volume collects together his twenty two most important essays in the area, many of which are appearing in English for the first time. Throughout pure theory is linked to relevant practical investigations.

Download or read book Essays on the Effects of Social Ability on Labor Market and Raiding written by Nuray Tugrul and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays in applied microeconomics. The first and third essays are in the area of empirical labor economics while the second essay utilizes laboratory experiments to study labor market issues. The first essay investigates the effects of social ability on the earnings of employees. Using a microeconomic model in a two-firm setting, the effects of social ability on a worker's earnings are calculated and shown to be increasing with higher social ability levels. The results show that the more social workers, when compared to the less social workers, end up working a lower number of hours but at a higher hourly wage rate. Because of these offsetting effects, social ability had no net effect on annual earnings. The second essay of the dissertation addresses the same issue by using experimental methods. In the constructed experimental design, subjects are randomly selected and assigned to one of two groups, where the second group is the"control"group. A significant relationship is found between how much subjects earned and the ratings they get from their group members for the social group. The highest earnings of the social group are significantly higher than the earnings of the control group. When subjects are assumed to behave rationally, those in the group which spends more time together earn significantly more than those in the control group. The third essay of this dissertation analyzes the findings of Lazear about raiding, seniority within a firm, and job search during time not worked. Using the NLSY-79, a raiding dummy is included in the classical wage equation to better understand its effects. Seniority within a firm and search while unemployed are also included in the wage equation. Earnings of those who are not raided and stay with the same firm are also compared to those who are raided and switch firms. In both cases, statistically significant results are found confirming the theoretical findings of Lazear. Raiding is associated with higher earnings and staying with the same firm does yield lower earnings. Unemployed search is also examined, and the results support Lazear's statement that search while unemployed yields to lower earnings.

Download or read book Labor Markets Migration and Mobility written by William Cochrane and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is devoted to three key themes central to studies in regional science: the sub-national labor market, migration, and mobility, and their analysis. The book brings together essays that cover a wide range of topics including the development of uncertainty in national and subnational population projections; the impacts of widening and deepening human capital; the relationship between migration, neighborhood change, and area-based urban policy; the facilitating role played by outmigration and remittances in economic transition; and the contrasting importance of quality of life and quality of business for domestic and international migrants. All of the contributions here are by leading figures in their fields and employ state-of-the art methodologies. Given the variety of topics and themes covered this book, it will appeal to a broad range of readers interested in both regional science and related disciplines such as demography, population economics, and public policy.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Markets and Personal Finance written by Andrew Davis and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The first two chapters of this work examine the implications of labor market search models where workers are distinguished by skills that are non-neutral across firms, representing sector-specific abilities. Chapter one shows within a model of directed search, modelling that certain workers are better suited for employment in certain sectors of the economy can reconcile the fact that the hiring and vacancy posting behavior of firms comoves strongly between different industries, despite the observed layoff and separation behavior being much less correlated. Effectively, the heterogeneity in worker skill makes shocks to different parts of the economy (that drive the low correlation in layoff decisions across sectors) look much more like aggregate shocks. Intuitively, this occurs as skilled workers become somewhat reluctant to search for employment outside of their preferred line or work, keeping hiring costs lower than expected for depressed sectors. Chapter two examines the same worker heterogeneity issue, but moving to a model of random search in order to explicitly consider issues surrounding matching, particularly in the 2007-09 US recession and the debate concerning whether or not 'structural' changes to the labor market can be held responsible for the atypical labor market performance during the recession. I consider two potential ways to model these changes--shocks to matching efficiency and shocks to searching ability--and contrast them with the model predictions of a standard productivity shock. I show that, given the empirical evidence on the procyclicality of worker switching between sectors of the economy, mismatch-style shocks generate counterfactual results while productivity shocks fit the data well. The third chapter takes a macroeconomic approach to the observed evolution of credit card terms since 1991, based on a more realistic quantitative model of contracting than has previously been solved in the literature. During the data sample, we observe increasing cross-sectional heterogeneity in both the interest rates and credit limits that describe modern credit card contracts. We model the quantitative impact of a banking sector with increasing access to consumer information and find that such a change can explain the movements in both of these trends. This suggests that the increasing inequality in consumer credit is unlikely to reverse in the future"--Pages iii-iv.

Download or read book Essays on Local Labor Markets written by Clément Malgouyres and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis studies empirically several issues regarding the functioning of local labor markets. In Chapter 1, I follow the methodology developed by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) to estimate the impact of Chinese imports competition onto French local labor markets, with an emphasis on the spill-overs e ects beyond the manufacturing sector on the structure of employment and wages. Local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing are negatively a ected by rising exposure to imports. Imports competition from China polarized the local structure of employment in the manufacturing sector. Hourly wages distribution is negatively a ected but overall wage dispersion is not increased. The non-traded sector even experiences a decrease in lower-tail inequality. Exploiting geographical variation in the bite of the minimum wage, I nd evidence suggesting that the minimum wage explains this e ect. In Chapter 2, I use a re nement of empirical strategy in Chapter 1 to look at whether communities suddenly a ected by rising economic integration with low-wage countries tended to vote more for the far-right parties over the last four French presidential elections. I nd evidence of a small but signi cantly positive impact of imports competition exposure on votes for the far-right: a one standard-deviation increase in imports-per-worker causes the change in the far-right share to increase by 7 percent of a standard deviation. Further results suggest that this e ect has been increasing over the time period considered. We conduct a simple sensitivity test supporting the notion that (i) omitting local share of immigrants is likely to bias our estimate downward, and that (ii) this bias is likely to negligible. In Chapter 3, co-authored with Camille H emet, we study the impact of local diversity on labour market outcomes, at two di erent level of aggregation: local labor market and i immediate neighborhood. We nd that employment correlates positively with local labor market diversity, but negatively with neighborhood diversity. Using an instrumental variable approach to deal with local labor market diversity drives the positive correlation to zero, con rming the suspicion of self-selection. Regarding neighborhood diversity, we adopt the strategy of Bayer et al. (2008), taking advantage of the very precise localization of the data: the negative e ect of diversity is reinforced. We also show that nationality-based diversity matters more than parents' origin-based diversity, giving insights on the underlying mechanisms. In Chapter 4, co-authored with Camille H emet, we exploit some speci cities of the French Labor Force Survey, in order to detect the presence of referral networks among neighbors. We show the presence of referral networks, provide extensive robustness checks and investigate two rather understudied issues in the literature: (i) what kind of job transition are local referrals associated with (job-to-job or unemployment-to-job), (ii) how has the strength of local referral e ects evolved overtime?

Download or read book Essays on Labor Markets written by Andreas Gulyas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation contributes towards our understanding of the determinants of wage inequality and to the causes of the emergence of jobless recoveries. It consists of two chapters. The first, "Identifying Labor Market Sorting with Firm Dynamics" studies the determinants of wage inequality, which requires understanding how workers and firms match. I propose a novel strategy to identify the complementarities in production between unobserved worker and firm attributes, based on the idea that positive (negative) sorting implies that firms upgrade (downgrade) their workforce quality when they grow in size. I use German matched employer-employee data to estimate a search and matching model with worker-firm complementarities, job-to-job transitions, and firm dynamics. The relationship between changes in workforce quality and firm growth rates in the data informs the strength of complementarities in the model. Thus, this strategy bypasses the lack of identification inherent to environments with constant firm types. I find evidence of negative sorting and a significant dampening effect of worker-firm complementarities on wage inequality. Worker and firm heterogeneity, differential bargaining positions, and sorting contribute 71\%, 20\%, 32\% and -23\% to wage dispersion, respectively. Reallocating workers across firms to the first-best allocation without mismatch yields an output gain of less than one percent.\\ My second chapter, "Does the Cyclicality of Employment Depend on Trends in the Participation Rate?" studies the fact that the past three recessions were characterized by sluggish recovery of the employment to population ratio. The reasons behind these "jobless recoveries" are not well understood. Contrary to other post-WWII recessions, these "jobless recoveries" occurred during times with downward trending labor force participation rate(LFPR). I extend the directed search setup of Menzio et al. (2012) with a labor force participation decision to study whether trends in LFPR cause jobless recessions. I then show that that recoveries during times of declining LFPR look very different to recoveries during positive LFPR trend. The basic intuition is as follows: During downward trending LFPR, many low productivity workers cling on to their jobs, but once separated, it does not pay off for them to pay the search cost to re-enter the market. If the recession happens during increasing trend LFPR, then the employment recovery is helped by persons entering the labor market. Thus, I highlight that contrary to the usual approach in the literature, it is important to explicitly account for the trend of the LFPR.

Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics and Networks written by Carl Marc Nadler and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Network-based connections are pervasive in hiring and mobility patterns. While the theoretical impacts of network connections on the inequality of labor market outcomes are well known (Calvo-Armengol and Jackson, 2004), the empirical magnitude of actual network effects is less certain. A key issue is the difficulty of disentangling the causal effect of network connections from differences in the characteristics of workers in better and worse networks. In the first chapter of my dissertation, I study this question using data on freelance workers in Hollywood, who, like many workers in the "freelance economy," are hired for short-term jobs through an informal process that relies in part on previous connections. In such a labor market, the fortunes of an individual worker are closely linked to the careers of key agents who make the hiring decisions for jobs. In Hollywood, workers who know position supervisors who manage more jobs will have more job opportunities. To measure the size of the network effects, I follow cohorts of freelance grips and lighting technicians who first work on a major movie production between 1988 and 2002. I develop two alternative models for the probability that workers are hired on subsequent productions--based on random effects and fixed effects specifications--that incorporate network effects, experience effects, and unobserved heterogeneity. Both models yield large estimates of the effect of experience-based connections on hiring outcomes. I then use the random effects model to develop simulation-based estimates of the fraction of overall inequality in job outcomes for workers in a given cohort that is attributable to inequality in the career success of the key supervisors they met during their initial year of work. I find that about half of the wide dispersion of career outcomes in Hollywood is generated by differences in the career trajectories of these initial key supervisors. In the second chapter, I study the asymptotic properties of the fixed effects estimator I employ in the first chapter. The estimator is robust to unobserved heterogeneity across workers and movies. It is based on subgraphs of worker-movie dyads that I call pairs. Inference is non-standard, because pairs within a sample are only independent when they do not share any workers or movies in common. The underlying criterion is a two-sample U-process. I show that the U-statistic derived from the estimator's first order condition is asymptotically equivalent to a certain projection which involves summation over all the worker-movie dyads in the sample. I use this result to derive a consistent estimator of the variance of the estimator.

Download or read book Two Essays on Specialized Labor Markets written by Yulia Chhabra and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Macroeconomics and Labor Markets written by Ahmet Yusuf Mercan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Job mobility – the rate at which employed workers change their jobs without experiencing unemployment in between – plays a significant role in shaping individual level economic outcomes as well aggregate labor market dynamics. At the micro level, workers climb up the job ladder and receive wage increases by changing employers. Experimentation by way of switching jobs leads young workers into their right career paths. At the aggregate level, job mobility might improve the allocative efficiency of the labor market by facilitating the match of productive workers and firms. This dissertation sheds light on two issues pertaining to job mobility in the U.S. Chapter 1 studies the observed decline in employer-to-employer transitions in the U.S. during the last two decades, and proposes an explanation for this downward trend. Chapter 2 proposes a framework for analyzing the excess unemployment risk following a job- to-job transition and lays the groundwork for a broader future research agenda. Chapter 1 starts from the observation that employer-to-employer (E-E) transi- tions have declined in the United States during the last 20 years from a monthly rate of 2.7 percent in 1996 to 1.7 percent in 2016. In this chapter, I study the factors behind this observed decline. I document that most of the decrease in E-E transitions is accounted for by declines in matches with less than 12 months of job tenure. I attribute this decline to an increase in information about the quality of job opportunities. I then develop a search model with heterogenous matches and on-the-job search with learning about match quality. I show that the information channel can be identified from the change in the wage growth of job switchers. I estimate my model and find that workers in recent years have substantially more in- formation about matches before they are formed, turning jobs into inspection goods rather than experience goods. I find that this increase in information explains 50 to 60 percent of the decline in job mobility over the last two decades. Chapter 2 starts from the empirical finding that the risk of job loss is concen- trated in the early months of the job; after the initially high levels of unemployment risk, jobs become stable. This chapter argues that this initial excess exposure to un- employment risk renders job-to-job transitions risky. It formalizes this mechanism in a search and matching model in which job offers are “lotteries”, placing probabilities on job qualities, which are revealed early on in the new job. Workers know the prob- ability weights, and lotteries are heterogeneous in those weights. A set of job quality realizations lead workers to prefer quitting into unemployment. In this model, job mobility is affected by the value of unemployment, which represents the downside risk of accepting a job lottery. This consideration constitutes a mobility friction for employed workers. It explores all these properties and predictions in a calibrated version of the model. The chapter also highlights a new role of unemployment in- surance (UI): In the model, UI insures the downside risk of job-to-job transitions, and thereby subsidizes job mobility of workers already employed, and tilts the job composition to ex-ante riskier jobs. Chapter 2 closes by discussing potential implica- tions of this new view of unemployment insurance. The study therefore sheds light on how labor market policies affect the behavior of employed job seekers through a novel “experimentation subsidy” channel.

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Markets written by Clara Barrabes Solanes and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Internal Labor Markets and Education written by Timothy N. Bond and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This dissertation covers two distinct but related topics in Labor Economics: promotion within firms and inequality in education.The first chapter develops a new model that explains why many firms do not favor their own employees for advancement. In equilibrium, some, but not all firms commit to promote internally. These "promotion" firms attract higher quality employees to entry-level jobs, which in turn makes the firm more likely to get skilled workers in upper level jobs. Non-promotion firms benefit by paying lower wages. This divergence in strategies reflects the scarcity of high-quality workers. The model generates several testable predictions regarding the differences in wages and the return to tenure between promotion and non-promotion firms. I confirm these predictions empirically using a matched employer-employee dataset from the UK.Chapter two analyzes how the way we measure achievement affects estimates of the black-white test gap among young children. Although both economists and psychometricians typically treat test scores as interval scales, they are reported using ordinal scales. We use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study and the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey to examine the effect of order-preserving scale transformations on the evolution of the black-white reading test score gap from kindergarten entry through third grade. Plausible transformations reverse the growth of the gap in the CNLSY and greatly reduce it in the ECLS-K during the early school years. All growth from entry through first grade and a nontrivial proportion from first to third grade probably reflects scaling decisions.To address the measurement problems demonstrated in chapter two, in chapter three we relate test scores to adult outcomes. Using data from the CNLSY, we perform order-preserving scale transformations on reading and math test scores to maximize their ability to predict completed education. We find that the black-white achievement gap grows during the early years of education when measured in terms of test scores' economic value. Classical measurement error is insufficient to explain the growth in the gap.