Download or read book Tunable Bio inorganic Interfaces for Intracellular Access written by Benjamin David Almquist and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrophysiological tools and biologic delivery systems generally rely on non-optimal methods for gaining access through cellular membranes. Electrophysiological techniques that provide intracellular access, such as patch clamping, result in membrane holes and cell death in a matter of hours, while the delivery of bioactive materials are hampered by low bioavailability following passage through the endosomal pathways. In each case, the lipid bilayer backbone of the cellular membrane presents a formidable barrier to intracellular access. As biological gatekeepers, cell membranes not only physically define everything from whole organisms to individual organelles, they also prevent unobstructed flow of molecules between the inner and outer regions of the membrane. This occurs since the hydrophobic lipid acyl tails form a narrow hydrophobic layer a few nanometers thick, which is highly unfavorable for the passage of most hydrophilic molecules. It is this region that is one of the greatest obstacles to the dream of biotechnology seamlessly and non-destructively integrating synthetic components with biological systems. This thesis contributes to the understanding of how to rationally design devices that interact specifically with this hydrophobic region. In turn, this work begins to establish design guidelines for creating non-destructive, membrane-penetrating bio-inorganic interfaces. The beginning chapters focus on the development of the "stealth" probe platform. In nature, there exist specialized transmembrane proteins capable of incorporating into lipid bilayers by replicating the lipid hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure. The stealth probe design mimics this structure by creating 2-10nm hydrophobic bands on otherwise hydrophilic structures. However, since current lithographic methods do not possess the necessary resolution, a new fabrication technique using a combination of top-down fabrication with bottom-up self-assembly methods was developed. This approach uses an evaporated chrome-gold-chrome stack and focused ion beam (FIB) milling, where the exposed edge of the embedded gold layer can be specifically functionalized with a hydrophobic thiol-mediated self-assembled monolayer. Chapter 3 explores the propensity for insertion and specific interaction of the stealth probe hydrophobic band with the hydrophobic lipid bilayer core. In order to gain quantitative insight into the interaction behavior, atomic force microscopy was used in conjunction with a new, stacked lipid bilayer testing platform. By using stacks of 100's to 1000's of lipid bilayers, substrate-probe interaction artifacts can be removed while simultaneously allowing precise determination of probe location within a lipid bilayer. It was found that completely hydrophilic probes reside in the hydrophilic hydration region between bilayers, whereas hydrophobically functionalized stealth probes preferred to reside in the bilayer core. This behavior was found to be independent of hydrophobic functionalization, with butanethiol and dodecanethiol both displaying preferential localization. The subsequent chapters explore how the molecular structure of the hydrophobic band and the band thickness affect membrane-probe interface stability. The lipid stack platform provides an easy method of force-clamp testing, which enabled quantitative extrapolation of the unstressed interface strength. A series of tests with various length alkanethiols found that the crystallinity of the molecules in the hydrophobic band is the dominant factor influencing interfacial stability. Surprisingly, hydrophobicity was found to be a secondary factor, although necessary to drive spontaneous membrane integration. Molecular length was also found to play a role in determining the ultimate interfacial strength, with short chain molecules similar in length to amino acid side chains promoting the most stable interfaces. The thickness of the hydrophobic band was found to regulate the interface structure. Bands with thicknesses comparable to that of the host lipid bilayer core likely promote a fused interface geometry, similar in structure to that of transmembrane protein-lipid bilayer interfaces. Thicker bands began to transition to a 'T-junction' interface that is characterized by a lower interface stability. Interestingly, the behavior of 10nm bands were indistinguishable from completely hydrophobic probes, reinforcing the importance of nanoscale patterning for stable membrane integration. Chapter 6 builds on the results of the previous chapters by exploring how various stealth probe geometries influence adhesion behavior. In agreement with force clamp testing, short disordered monolayers displayed strong integration into the bilayer core, while crystalline monolayers displayed extremely weak integration. Preliminary adhesion testing results with human red blood cells demonstrate that the stealth probe geometry holds promise for in vitro and in vivo platforms, expanding the results of this work from simply a biophysical test system to a real world example. Finally, the behavior of two hydrophobic bands either commensurately spaced with the hydrophobic core spacing in the bilayer stack, or incommensurately spaced in order to force one band to reside in the hydrophilic hydration layer, is explored. It was found that the commensurately spaced bands display superior strength to single band tips, which is attributed to the necessity to simultaneously rupture both membrane-hydrophobic band interfaces. Conversely, the incommensurately spaced probes display a significant destabilization of the interface. This is thought to be due to the forced residence of one hydrophobic band in a hydrophilic hydration layer. This result is intriguing for biologic delivery systems, as the nuclear double membrane presents a unique barrier geometry, and a double band system may provide a facile means for penetration.
Download or read book Tunable Bio inorganic Interfaces for Intracellular Access written by Benjamin David Almquist and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrophysiological tools and biologic delivery systems generally rely on non-optimal methods for gaining access through cellular membranes. Electrophysiological techniques that provide intracellular access, such as patch clamping, result in membrane holes and cell death in a matter of hours, while the delivery of bioactive materials are hampered by low bioavailability following passage through the endosomal pathways. In each case, the lipid bilayer backbone of the cellular membrane presents a formidable barrier to intracellular access. As biological gatekeepers, cell membranes not only physically define everything from whole organisms to individual organelles, they also prevent unobstructed flow of molecules between the inner and outer regions of the membrane. This occurs since the hydrophobic lipid acyl tails form a narrow hydrophobic layer a few nanometers thick, which is highly unfavorable for the passage of most hydrophilic molecules. It is this region that is one of the greatest obstacles to the dream of biotechnology seamlessly and non-destructively integrating synthetic components with biological systems. This thesis contributes to the understanding of how to rationally design devices that interact specifically with this hydrophobic region. In turn, this work begins to establish design guidelines for creating non-destructive, membrane-penetrating bio-inorganic interfaces. The beginning chapters focus on the development of the "stealth" probe platform. In nature, there exist specialized transmembrane proteins capable of incorporating into lipid bilayers by replicating the lipid hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure. The stealth probe design mimics this structure by creating 2-10nm hydrophobic bands on otherwise hydrophilic structures. However, since current lithographic methods do not possess the necessary resolution, a new fabrication technique using a combination of top-down fabrication with bottom-up self-assembly methods was developed. This approach uses an evaporated chrome-gold-chrome stack and focused ion beam (FIB) milling, where the exposed edge of the embedded gold layer can be specifically functionalized with a hydrophobic thiol-mediated self-assembled monolayer. Chapter 3 explores the propensity for insertion and specific interaction of the stealth probe hydrophobic band with the hydrophobic lipid bilayer core. In order to gain quantitative insight into the interaction behavior, atomic force microscopy was used in conjunction with a new, stacked lipid bilayer testing platform. By using stacks of 100's to 1000's of lipid bilayers, substrate-probe interaction artifacts can be removed while simultaneously allowing precise determination of probe location within a lipid bilayer. It was found that completely hydrophilic probes reside in the hydrophilic hydration region between bilayers, whereas hydrophobically functionalized stealth probes preferred to reside in the bilayer core. This behavior was found to be independent of hydrophobic functionalization, with butanethiol and dodecanethiol both displaying preferential localization. The subsequent chapters explore how the molecular structure of the hydrophobic band and the band thickness affect membrane-probe interface stability. The lipid stack platform provides an easy method of force-clamp testing, which enabled quantitative extrapolation of the unstressed interface strength. A series of tests with various length alkanethiols found that the crystallinity of the molecules in the hydrophobic band is the dominant factor influencing interfacial stability. Surprisingly, hydrophobicity was found to be a secondary factor, although necessary to drive spontaneous membrane integration. Molecular length was also found to play a role in determining the ultimate interfacial strength, with short chain molecules similar in length to amino acid side chains promoting the most stable interfaces. The thickness of the hydrophobic band was found to regulate the interface structure. Bands with thicknesses comparable to that of the host lipid bilayer core likely promote a fused interface geometry, similar in structure to that of transmembrane protein-lipid bilayer interfaces. Thicker bands began to transition to a 'T-junction' interface that is characterized by a lower interface stability. Interestingly, the behavior of 10nm bands were indistinguishable from completely hydrophobic probes, reinforcing the importance of nanoscale patterning for stable membrane integration. Chapter 6 builds on the results of the previous chapters by exploring how various stealth probe geometries influence adhesion behavior. In agreement with force clamp testing, short disordered monolayers displayed strong integration into the bilayer core, while crystalline monolayers displayed extremely weak integration. Preliminary adhesion testing results with human red blood cells demonstrate that the stealth probe geometry holds promise for in vitro and in vivo platforms, expanding the results of this work from simply a biophysical test system to a real world example. Finally, the behavior of two hydrophobic bands either commensurately spaced with the hydrophobic core spacing in the bilayer stack, or incommensurately spaced in order to force one band to reside in the hydrophilic hydration layer, is explored. It was found that the commensurately spaced bands display superior strength to single band tips, which is attributed to the necessity to simultaneously rupture both membrane-hydrophobic band interfaces. Conversely, the incommensurately spaced probes display a significant destabilization of the interface. This is thought to be due to the forced residence of one hydrophobic band in a hydrophilic hydration layer. This result is intriguing for biologic delivery systems, as the nuclear double membrane presents a unique barrier geometry, and a double band system may provide a facile means for penetration.
Download or read book Intracellular Delivery written by Aleš Prokop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-26 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features a special subsection of Nanomedicine, an application of nanotechnology to achieve breakthroughs in healthcare. It exploits the improved and often novel physical, chemical and biological properties of materials only existent at the nanometer scale. As a consequence of small scale, nanosystems in most cases are efficiently uptaken by cells and appear to act at the intracellular level. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of diseases, and includes targeted drug delivery and regenerative medicine; it creates new tools and methods that impact significantly upon existing conservative practices. This volume is a collection of authoritative reviews. In the introductory section we define the field (intracellular delivery). Then, the fundamental routes of nanodelivery devices, cellular uptake, types of delivery devices, particularly in terms of localized cellular delivery, both for small drug molecules, macromolecular drugs and genes; at the academic and applied levels, are covered. The following section is dedicated to enhancing delivery via special targeting motifs followed by the introduction of different types of intracellular nanodelivery devices (e.g. a brief description of their chemistry) and ways of producing these different devices. Finally, we put special emphasis on particular disease states and on other biomedical applications, whilst diagnostic and sensing issues are also included. Intracellular delivery / therapy is a highly topical which will stir great interest. Intracellular delivery enables much more efficient drug delivery since the impact (on different organelles and sites) is intracellular as the drug is not supplied externally within the blood stream. There is great potential for targeted delivery with improved localized delivery and efficacy.
Download or read book Structural DNA Nanotechnology written by Nadrian C. Seeman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the founder of the field, this is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to structural DNA nanotechnology.
Download or read book Biomineralization written by Stephen Mann and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Functionalized Inorganic Semiconductor Nanomaterials Characterization Properties and Applications written by Kezhen Qi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-31 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Tunable Hydrogels written by Antonina Lavrentieva and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-31 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current knowledge on tunable hydrogels, including the range of different materials and applications, as well as the existing challenges and limitations in the field. It covers various aspects of the material design, particularly highlighting biological responsiveness, degradability and responsiveness to external stimuli. In this book, readers will discover original research data and state-of-the-art reviews in the area of hydrogel technology, with a specific focus on biotechnology and medicine. Written by leading experts, the contributions outline strategies for designing tunable hydrogels and offer a detailed evaluation of the physical and synthetic methods currently employed to achieve specific hydrogel properties and responsiveness. This highly informative book provides important theoretical and practical insights for scholars and researchers working with hydrogels for biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Download or read book Tailor Made and Functionalized Biopolymer Systems written by Hriday Bera and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-28 with total page 789 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tailor-Made and Functionalized Biopolymer Systems: For Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications covers the design and application of these functionalized and tailor-made biopolymers and biopolymer systems intended for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Various concepts, design protocols and biomedical applications of tailor-made biopolymer systems are covered, guiding the reader from theoretical knowledge to practical application. Authored by an array of experts from global institutions, this book offers an interdisciplinary approach to how tailor-made biopolymers lead to novel drug delivery and treatment solutions. This will be a useful reference to a broad audience, including biomedical engineers, materials scientists, pharmacologists and chemists. Provides a concise overview of tailor-made and functionalized biopolymer systems for biomedical applications Covers a range of modified biopolymers, biopolymeric composites and biopolymer-based systems in drug delivery, development of artificial organs, diagnostic applications, and more Describes characterization, synthesis and functionalization of biopolymers and biopolymers systems
Download or read book Bioinorganic Chemistry written by Rosette M. Roat-Malone and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated, practical guide to bioinorganic chemistry Bioinorganic Chemistry: A Short Course, Second Edition provides the fundamentals of inorganic chemistry and biochemistry relevant to understanding bioinorganic topics. Rather than striving to provide a broad overview of the whole, rapidly expanding field, this resource provides essential background material, followed by detailed information on selected topics. The goal is to give readers the background, tools, and skills to research and study bioinorganic topics of special interest to them. This extensively updated premier reference and text: Presents review chapters on the essentials of inorganic chemistry and biochemistry Includes up-to-date information on instrumental and analytical techniques and computer-aided modeling and visualization programs Familiarizes readers with the primary literature sources and online resources Includes detailed coverage of Group 1 and 2 metal ions, concentrating on biological molecules that feature sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions Describes proteins and enzymes with iron-containing porphyrin ligand systems-myoglobin, hemoglobin, and the ubiquitous cytochrome metalloenzymes-and the non-heme, iron-containing proteins aconitase and methane monooxygenase Appropriate for one-semester bioinorganic chemistry courses for chemistry, biochemistry, and biology majors, this text is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and beginning graduate students. It is also a valuable reference for practitioners and researchers who need a general introduction to bioinorganic chemistry, as well as chemists who want an accessible desk reference.
Download or read book Cell Biology by the Numbers written by Ron Milo and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Top 25 CHOICE 2016 Title, and recipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award. How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? How many mRNAs are in a cell? How genetically similar are two random people? What is faster, transcription or translation?Cell Biology by the Numbers explores these questions and dozens of others provid
Download or read book The Biological Chemistry of the Elements written by J. J. R. Frausto da Silva and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-08-16 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text describes the functional role of the twenty inorganic elements essential to life in living organisms.
Download or read book Materials Nanoarchitectonics written by Katsuhiko Ariga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-12-15 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials Nanoarchitectonics: From Integrated Molecular Systems to Advanced Devices provides the latest information on the design and molecular manipulation of self-organized hierarchically structured systems using tailor-made nanoscale materials as structural and functional units. The book is organized into three main sections that focus on molecular design of building blocks and hybrid materials, formation of nanostructures, and applications and devices. Bringing together emerging materials, synthetic aspects, nanostructure strategies, and applications, the book aims to support further progress, by offering different perspectives and a strong interdisciplinary approach to this rapidly growing area of innovation. This is an extremely valuable resource for researchers, advanced students, and scientists in industry, with an interest in nanoarchitectonics, nanostructures, and nanomaterials, or across the areas of nanotechnology, chemistry, surface science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemical engineering, and materials science. Offers a nanoarchitectonic perspective on emerging fields, such as metal-organic frameworks, porous polymer materials, or biomimetic nanostructures Discusses different approaches to utilizing "soft chemistry" as a source for hierarchically organized materials Offers an interdisciplinary approach to the design and construction of integrated chemical nano systems Discusses novel approaches towards the creation of complex multiscale architectures
Download or read book Mechanobiology in Health and Disease written by Stefaan Verbruggen and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanobiology in Health and Disease brings together contributions from leading biologists, clinicians, physicists and engineers in one convenient volume, providing a unified source of information for researchers in this highly multidisciplinary area. Opening chapters provide essential background information on cell mechanotransduction and essential mechanobiology methods and techniques. Other sections focus on the study of mechanobiology in healthy systems, including bone, tendons, muscles, blood vessels, the heart and the skin, as well as mechanobiology studies of pregnancy. Final chapters address the nascent area of mechanobiology in disease, from the study of bone conditions, skin diseases and heart diseases to cancer. A discussion of future perspectives for research completes each chapter in the volume. This is a timely resource for both early-career and established researchers working on mechanobiology. Provides an essential digest of primary research from many fields and disciplines in one convenient volume Covers both experimental approaches and descriptions of mechanobiology problems from mathematical and numerical perspectives Addresses the hot topic of mechanobiology in disease, a particularly dynamic field of frontier science
Download or read book Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis written by W. Chan and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1999-12-16 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of Atherton and Sheppard's volume, the technique of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis has matured considerably and is now the standard approach for the routine production of peptides. The focus of this new volume is much broader, and covers the essential procedures.
Download or read book Energy for a Sustainable World written by Vincenzo Balzani and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An easy read, balancing the pros and cons, this book surveys the energy issue from a broad scientific perspective while considering environmental, economic, and social factors. It explains the basic concepts, provides a historical overview of energy resources, assesses our unsustainable energy system based on fossil fuels, and shows that the energy crisis is not only a tough challenge, but also an unprecedented opportunity to become more concerned about the world in which we live and the society we have built up. By outlining the alternatives for today and the future, it gives an extensive overview on nuclear energy, solar thermal and photovoltaics, solar fuels, wind power, ocean energies and other renewables, highlighting the increasing importance of electricity and the long-term perspectives of a hydrogen-based economy. An excellent source of updated and carefully documented information on the entangled aspects of the energy issue, this book is a guide for scientists, students and teachers looking for ways out of the energy and climate crisis, and the problems and disparities generated during the fossil fuel era.
Download or read book Protein based Engineered Nanostructures written by Aitziber L. Cortajarena and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-27 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the engineering of protein-based nanostructures and nanomaterials. One key challenge in nanobiotechnology is to be able to exploit the natural repertoire of protein structures and functions to build materials with defined properties at the nanoscale using “bottom-up” strategies. This book addresses in an integrated manner all the critical aspects that need to be understood and considered to design the next generation of nano-bio assemblies. The book covers first the fundamentals of the design and features of the protein building blocks and their self-assembly illustrating some of the most relevant examples of nanostructural design. Finally, the book contains a section dedicated to demonstrated applications of these novel bioinspired nanostructures in different fields from hybrid nanomaterials to regenerative medicine. This book provides a comprehensive updated review of this rapidly evolving field.
Download or read book Bioelectricity written by Roger C. Barr and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is an introduction to electrophysiology, following a quantitative approach. The first chapter summarizes much of the mathematics required in the following chapters. The second chapter presents a very concise overview of the general principles of electrical fields and current flow, mostly es tablished in physical science and engineering, but also applicable to biolog ical environments. The following five chapters are the core material of this text. They include descriptions of how voltages come to exist across membranes and how these are described using the Nernst and Goldman equations (Chapter 3), an examination of the time course of changes in membrane voltages that produce action potentials (Chapter 4), propagation of action potentials down fibers (Chapter 5), the response of fibers to artificial stimuli such as those used in pacemakers (Chapter 6), and the voltages and currents produced by these active processes in the surrounding extracellular space (Chapter 7). The subsequent chapters present more detailed material about the application of these principles to the study of cardiac and neural electrophysiology, and include a chapter on recent developments in mem brane biophysics. The study of electrophysiology has progressed rapidly because of the precise, delicate, and ingenious experimental studies of many investigators. The field has also made great strides by unifying the numerous experimental observations through the development of increasingly accurate theoretical concepts and mathematical descriptions. The application of these funda mental principles has in turn formed a basis for the solution of many different electrophysiological problems.
