Download or read book Etude de la cin tique d oxydation de l alliage nickel molybd ne written by Marie-Josèphe Gouillon and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book tude de la cin tique d oxydation de l alliage nickel molybd ne written by Marie-Josèphe Gouillon and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Au cours de l'oxydation d'un alliage A-B dans lequel A est le métal de base et B le métal d'addition, les produits formés peuvent être variés, plusieurs cas peuvent être observés : 1-Un seul métal s'oxyde. - le métal qui s'oxyde est le métal de base A. La pellicule est constituée par l'oxyde AO dans lequel sont formés des globules du métal B ou bien le métal B non oxydé peut former une zone enrichie dans l'alliage de base ; - le métal qui s'oxyde est le métal d'addition B. L'élément B peut alors subir une oxydation interne sous forme d'oxyde BO dans la matrice du métal A pur. L'élément B peut également subir une oxydation externe avec formation d'une pellicule externe de BO. 2 - Les deux métaux A et B forment un oxyde AO et BO. Il faut alors distinguer deux cas : Les deux oxydes AO et BO sont insolubles l'un dans l'autre, la pellicule d'oxydation est alors biphasée - les deux métaux forment avec l'oxygène un composé de même structure que chacun des oxydes AO et BO. Si les métaux A et B forment avec l'oxygène un oxyde double dont la structure est différente des oxydes AO et BO, la pellicule d'oxyde est biphasée, le composé ABO2 étant dispersé dans la matrice formée par l'oxyde du constituant de base. Le phénomène d'oxydation interne peut également apparaître. On conçoit ainsi que la cinétique d'oxydation de l'alliage A-B soit différente de celle du métal A pur. Ce travail se propose de mettre en évidence ces différences et d'en donner une interprétation mathématique dans le cas particulier de l'alliage monophasé nickel-molybdène dans la partie riche en nickel de l'alliage.

Download or read book tude de la cin tique d oxydation de l alliage nickel titane written by Alain Martinez-Fortun and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cette étude nous a permis d'apporter une contribution à la recherche sur l'oxydation des alliages. On a pu voir, au cours de ces quelques chapitres, combien les moyens d'investigation mis è la disposition du chercheur sont variés, et aussi combien leur limite est vite atteinte. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, étudié la solution solide de substitution du titane dans le nickel, pour avoir plus de précisions sur sa structure, afin de pouvoir éliminer des facteurs très perturbants comme l'écrouissage. Les problèmes posés, à ce stade, sont d'ordre technologique et nous avons pu, à notre avis, les résoudre de manière satisfaisante. En ce qui concerne l'oxydation elle-même, nous avons pu nous rendre compte à la fois de difficultés soulevées par les problèmes expérimentaux comme la reproductibilité des thermogrammes et de difficultés liées à l'interprétation de nos résultats. Nous avons essayé, à partir de données théoriques générales, de dégager des prévisions relatives à la thermodynamique du système O-Ni-Ti, illustrant les conditions de formation des divers oxydes simples et doubles, NiO, TiO2 et NiTiO3. La cinétique régie par la diffusion de lacunes de nickel vers l'interface gaz-oxyde, apporte de nombreux renseignements, notamment par l'influence de la pression en P(1/2) qui laisse penser que de nombreuses lacunes ne sont pas ionisées. Il est alors possible d'avancer une série de mécanismes prédominants étant bien entendu que ceci ne résulte que du phénomène global apparent, et en tenant compte de la possibilité de coexistence de diverses autres réactions. De par la diversité des problèmes posés, il semble nécessaire, à ce stade, d'utiliser de front, de nombreuses méthodes d'étude comme la thermogravimétrie, la diffractométrie, la conductimétrie, les techniques micrographiques et la microsonde. D'une manière plus générale, cette étude nous montre que, contrairement aux prévisions du modèle de HAUFFE, qui laisse supposer une augmentation très forte de l'oxydation du nickel lorsqu'il est allié avec du titane, nous n'avons pas, en fait, de variation sensible pour cette cinétique. Il semble, à l'heure actuelle, très difficile de trouver un modèle capable de rendre compte, d'une manière satisfaisante, du comportement des alliages lors de l'oxydation, tant le nombre de paramètres à maîtriser est important. La physique des défauts, de par l'importance qu'elle a acquise ces dernières années, permettra certainement, dans un proche avenir, de justifier de nombreux mécanismes proposés pour de nouveaux alliages que la technologie ne manquera pas de mettre au point grâce à l'inépuisable diversité qu'ils offrent.

Download or read book Etude de la cin tique d oxydation de l alliage nickel titane written by Alain Martinez-Fortun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Comportement l oxydation d alliages de niobium issus du syst me Nb Ti Al Influence d ajouts de carbone de molybd ne et de palladium written by Christophe Roos and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'ETUDE DE L'OXYDATION D'ALLIAGES A BASE DE NIOBIUM DU SYSTEME NB/TI/AL S'INSCRIT DANS UN PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE NOUVEAUX ALLIAGES A HAUTES PROPRIETES MECANIQUES POUR DES APPLICATIONS TURBO-MACHINE. L'EMPLOI DE TECHNIQUES COMPLEMENTAIRES A PERMIS LA CARACTERISATION DES CINETIQUES D'OXYDATION, DE LA MORPHOLOGIE ET DE LA NATURE DES COUCHES D'OXYDE, AINSI QUE L'ETUDE METALLOGRAPHIQUE EN COUPE DES ECHANTILLONS OXYDES A DES TEMPERATURES COMPRISES ENTRE 600 ET 1100C, SOUS DIFFERENTS ATMOSPHERES OXYDANTES. LE ROLE DE LA MICROSTRUCTURE ET DE L'ETAT DE SURFACE EST DISCUTE. L'OXYDATION DES ALLIAGES CONDUIT A LA FORMATION D'UNE COUCHE EXTERNE D'OXYDE, D'UNE COUCHE INTERNE ET A LA DISSOLUTION SIMULTANEE DE L'OXYGENE DANS LE METAL SOUS-JACENT. L'AZOTE, PRESENT DANS L'AIR, RALENTIT LES CINETIQUES D'OXYDATION, LIMITE LA FORMATION DE LA COUCHE INTERNE ET MODIFIE LA MORPHOLOGIE DE LA COUCHE EXTERNE. LE MOLYBDENE RALENTIT L'OXYDATION DES ALLIAGES SOUS OXYGENE, MAIS A L'EFFET INVERSE SOUS AIR. LE CARBONE SEMBLE AVOIR UN EFFET SUR L'ADHERENCE ET LA COMPACITE DES COUCHES D'OXYDE FORMEES, MAIS NE DIMINUE PAS LES VITESSES D'OXYDATION. LE PALLADIUM APPARAIT ETRE TRES INTERESSANT PUISQU'IL RALENTIT DE FACON CONSEQUENCE LES CINETIQUES ET FORMENT DES COUCHES PLUS COMPACTES. LA SEGREGATION (NON SYSTEMATIQUE) DU PALLADIUM A L'INTERFACE COUCHE EXTERNE/COUCHE INTERNE AMELIORE CONSIDERABLEMENT L'ADHERENCE DE LA COUCHE EXTERNE. DES COMPORTEMENTS SPECIFIQUES EN RELATION AVEC LA MICROSTRUCTURE DES COUCHES D'OXYDES ONT ETE MIS EN EVIDENCE. A TRAVERS LA DETERMINATION PARTIELLE DU DIAGRAMME DE PHASE TIO#2-NB#2O#5-AL#2O#3 IL A ETE POSSIBLE DE COMPARER LA COMPOSITION EN ELEMENT METALLIQUE DE L'OXYDE AVEC CELLE DE L'ALLIAGE. CETTE COMPARAISON A MONTRE QUE LA DIFFUSION MOLECULAIRE A TRAVERS LA COUCHE EXTERNE SOUVENT FISSUREE OU POREUSE ET LES REACTIONS INTERFACIALES ETAIENT LES PROCESSUS PREPONDERANTS DE L'OXYDATION DE CES ALLIAGES. LA DIFFUSION CHIMIQUE, CONDUISANT A L'OXYDATION SELECTIVE D'UN ELEMENT DE L'ALLIAGE, PARAIT JOUER UN ROLE SECONDAIRE

Download or read book Contribution l tude de la cin tique d oxydation du molybd ne et du rh nium written by Jean Holderic and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Etude de l Influence de la vapeur d eau sur l oxydation haute temp rature d un alliage chromino formeur base de nickel written by Raphaël Rolland and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce travail s'inscrit dans un cadre de recherche qui a pour objectif essentiel l'étude de l'influence de la vapeur d'eau sur l'oxydation à haute température d'un alliage formeur de Cr2O3 à base de nickel. L'alliage étudié pour cette étude est le SY 625. L'originalité de cette étude repose sur l'utilisation d'un montage expérimental, mis en oeuvre au laboratoire. Ce montage appelé « montage vapeur d'eau » permet de réaliser l'oxydation du SY 625 à haute température (900-1100°C) en présence de vapeur d'eau (7,5 et 33% de vapeur d'eau) avec différents gaz vecteurs (oxygène, air, argon et azote) en conditions isotherme ou cyclique. Les résultats cinétiques obtenus sous air, ne montrent pas de différences notables que l'oxydation soit réalisée en conditions sèche ou humide (quelque soit le taux de vapeur d'eau). Les résultats n'ont pas montré de breakaway pour les durées d'oxydation allant jusqu'à 48 heures. Ceci est attribué au fait qu'il n'y a pas formation d'oxydes de fer sachant que l'alliage contient seulement 0,23% en masse de fer. Les résultats de DRX montrent la formation des mêmes phases quel-que-soit le gaz vecteur utilisé (en atmosphère sèche ou humide). A 900 et 1000°C, l'oxyde Cr2O3 est détecté ainsi que deux composés intermétalliques : Ni3Mo et NbNi4. En revanche à 1100°C, l'oxyde Cr2O3 est toujours présent mais les composés intermétalliques sont oxydés pour donner un oxyde mixte CrNbO4. L'oxydation du molybdène au dessus de 1000°C conduit à la formation de MoO3 qui est un oxyde volatil. Les analyses morphologiques, ont montré la présence de couches de chromine plus plastiques avec une porosité répartie sur toute l'épaisseur de la couche pour les essais réalisés en présence de vapeur d'eau. Les couches d'oxyde sont alors plus adhérentes. Ceci a été confirmé par des essais d'oxydation en conditions cycliques, qui ont montré notamment à 1100°C, une meilleure tenue mécanique de la couche d'oxyde en présence de vapeur d'eau. Les tests d'oxydation en présence d'un marquage à l'or a aussi permis de mettre en évidence un mécanisme d'oxydation mixte pour les oxydations réalisées en atmosphères riche en oxygène que l'on soit sous atmosphère sèche ou humide. En revanche, le marquage à l'or a montré la présence d'un mécanisme d'oxydation interne pour les atmosphères pauvres en oxygène, avec des couches d'oxydes présentant une adhérence parfaite. Le fait d'ajouter de la vapeur d'eau à ces atmosphères pauvres en oxygène, entraine la réapparition d'un mécanisme de diffusion mixte.

Download or read book Dictionary of Building and Civil Engineering written by Don Montague and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1996 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dual-language dictionary lists over 20,000 specialist terms in both French and English, covering architecture, building, engineering and property terms. It meets the needs of all building professionals working on projects overseas. It has been comprehensively researched and compiled to provide an invaluable reference source in an increasingly European marketplace.

Download or read book ICREEC 2019 written by Ahmed Belasri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights peer reviewed articles from the 1st International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Conversion, ICREEC 2019, held at Oran in Algeria. It presents recent advances, brings together researchers and professionals in the area and presents a platform to exchange ideas and establish opportunities for a sustainable future. Topics covered in this proceedings, but not limited to, are photovoltaic systems, bioenergy, laser and plasma technology, fluid and flow for energy, software for energy and impact of energy on the environment.

Download or read book Physical vapor deposition and thermal stability of hard oxide coatings written by Ludvig Landälv and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-26 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The state-of-the-art tools for machining metals are primarily based on a metal-ceramic composite (WC-Co) coated with different combinations of carbide, nitride, and oxide coatings. Combinations of these coating materials are optimized to withstand specific wear conditions. Oxide coatings, mainly α-Al2O3, are especially desired because of their high hot-hardness, chemical inertness with respect to the workpiece, and their low friction. The search for possible alloy elements, which may facilitate the deposition of such oxides by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, has been the goal of this thesis. The sought alloy should form thermodynamically stable or metastable compounds, compatible with the temperature of use in metal cutting application. This thesis deals with process development and coating characterization of such new oxide alloy thin films, focusing on the Al-V-O, Al-Cr-Si-O, and Cr-Zr-O systems. Alloying aluminum oxide with iso-valent vanadium is a candidate for forming the desired alloys. Therefore, coatings of (Al1-xVx)2O3, with x ranging from 0 to 1, were deposited with reactive sputter deposition. X-ray diffraction showed three different crystal structures depending on V-metal fraction in the coating: α-V2O3 rhombohedral structure for 100 at.% V, a defect spinel structure for the intermediate region, (63 - 42 at.% V), and a gamma-alumina-like solid solution at lower V-content, (18 and 7 at.%), were observed, the later was shifted to larger d-spacing compared to the pure γ-Al2O3 sample obtained if deposited with only Al-target. Annealing the Al-rich coatings in air resulted in formation of V2O5 crystals on the surface of the coating after annealing to 500 °C for 42 at.% V and 700 °C for 18 at.% V metal fraction respectively. The highest thermal stability was shown for pure γ-Al2O3-coating which transformed to α-Al2O3 after annealing to 1100° C. Highest hardness was observed for the Al-rich oxides, ~24 GPa. The hardness then decreases with increasing V-content, larger than 7 at.% V metal fraction. Doping the Al2O3 coating with 7 at.% V resulted in a significant surface smoothening compared to the binary oxide. The measured hardness after annealing in air decreased in conjunction with the onset of further oxidation of the coatings. This work increases the understanding of this complicated material system with respect to possible phases formed with pulsed DC magnetron sputtering deposition as well as their response to annealing in air. The inherent difficulties of depositing insulating oxide films with PVD, requiring a closed electrical circuit, makes the investigation of process stability an important part of this research. In this context, I investigated the influence of adding small amount of Si in Al-Cr cathode on the coating properties in a pulsed DC industrial cathodic arc system and the plasma characteristics, process parameters, and coating properties in a lab DC cathodic arc system. Si was chosen here due to a previous study showing improved erosion behavior of Al-Cr-Si over pure Al-Cr cathode without Si incorporation in the coating. The effect of Si in the Al-Cr cathode in the industrial cathodic arc system showed slight improvements on the cathode erosion but Si was found in all coatings where Si was added in the cathode. The Si addition promoted the formation of the B1-like metastable cubic oxide phase and the incorporation led to reduced or equal hardness values compared to the corresponding Si-free processes. The DC-arc plasma study on the same material system showed only small improvements in the cathode erosion and process stability (lower pressure and cathode voltage) when introducing 5 at.% Si in the Al70Cr30-cathode. The presence of volatile SiO species could be confirmed through plasma analysis, but the loss of Si through these species was negligible, since the coating composition matched the cathode composition also under these conditions. The positive effect of added Si on the process stability at the cathode surface, should be weighed against Si incorporation in the coating. This incorporation seems to lead to a reduction in mechanical properties in the as-deposited coatings and promote the formation of a B1-like cubic metastable oxide structure for the (Al,Cr)2O3 oxide. This formation may or may not be beneficial for the final application since literature indicates a slight stabilization of the metastable phase upon Si-incorporation, contrary to the effect of Cr, which stabilizes the α-phase. The thermal stability of alloys for metal cutting application is crucial for their use. Previous studies on another alloy system, Cr-Zr-O, had shown solid solution, for Cr-rich compositions in that material system, in the sought corundum structure. The thermal stability of α-Cr0.28Zr0.10O0.61 coating deposited by reactive radio frequency (RF)-magnetron sputtering at 500 °C was therefore investigated here after annealing in vacuum up to 870 °C. The annealed samples showed transformation of α-(Cr,Zr)2O3 and amorphous ZrOx-rich areas into tetragonal ZrO2 and bcc-Cr. The instability of the α-(Cr,Zr)2O3 is surprising and possibly related to the annealing being done under vacuum, facilitating the loss of oxygen. Further in situ synchrotron XRD annealing studies on the α-Cr0.28Zr0.10O0.61 coating in air and in vacuum showed increased stability for the air annealed sample up to at least 975 °C, accompanied with a slight increase in ex-situ measured nanohardness. The onset temperature for formation of tetragonal ZrO2 was similar to that for isothermally vacuum annealing. The synchrotron-vacuum annealed coating again decomposed into bcc-Cr and t-ZrO2, with an addition of monoclinic–ZrO2 due to grain growth. The stabilization of the room temperature metastable tetragonal ZrO2 phase, due to surface energy effects present with small grains sizes, may prove to be useful for metal cutting applications. The observed phase segregation of α-(Cr,Zr)2O3 and formation of tetragonal ZrO2 with corresponding increase in hardness for this pseudobinary oxide system also opens up design routes for pseudobinary oxides with tunable microstructural and mechanical properties.

Download or read book Application of Particle and Laser Beams in Materials Technology written by P. Misaelides and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995-01-31 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of advanced materials with preselected properties is one of the main goals of materials research. Of especial interest are electronics, high-temperature and superhard materials for various applications, as well as alloys with improved wear, corrosion and mechanical resistance properties. The technical challenge connected with the production of these materials is not only associated with the development of new specialised preparation techniques but also with quality control. The energetic charged particle, electron and photon beams offer the possibility of modifying the properties of the near-surface regions of materials without seriously affecting their bulk, and provide unique analytical tools for testing their quality. Application of Particle and Laser Beams in Materials Technology provides an overview of this rapidly expanding field. Fundamental aspects concerning the interactions and collisions on atomic, nuclear and solid state scale are presented in a didactic way, along with the application of a variety of techniques for the solution of problems ranging from the development of electronics materials to corrosion research and from archaeometry to environmental protection. The book is divided into six thematic units: Fundamentals, Surface Analysis Techniques, Laser Beams in Materials Technology, Accelerator-Based Techniques in Materials Technology, Materials Modification and Synchrotron Radiation.

Download or read book Pandex Current Index to Scientific and Technical Literature written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 1794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Use of Plutonium for Power Production written by and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Corrosion of Titanium written by J. D. Jackson and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Arsenic in Drinking Water written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-11-26 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Having safe drinking water is important to all Americans. The Environmental Protection Agency's decision in the summer of 2001 to delay implementing a new, more stringent standard for the maximum allowable level for arsenic in drinking water generated a great deal of criticism and controversy. Ultimately at issue were newer data on arsenic beyond those that had been examined in a 1999 National Research Council report. EPA asked the National Research Council for an evaluation of the new data available. The committee's analyses and conclusions are presented in Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update. New epidemiological studies are critically evaluated, as are new experimental data that provide information on how and at what level arsenic in drinking water can lead to cancer. The report's findings are consistent with those of the 1999 report that found high risks of cancer at the previous federal standard of 50 parts per billion. In fact, the new report concludes that men and women who consume water containing 3 parts per billion of arsenic daily have about a 1 in 1,000 increased risk of developing bladder or lung cancer during their lifetime.

Download or read book Performance of MCrAlX coatings written by Pimin Zhang and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MCrAlY coatings (M=Ni and/or Co) are widely used for the protection of superalloy components against oxidation and hot corrosion in the hot sections of gas turbines. The drive for coating systems to bestow adequate oxidation and corrosion resistance upon the components becomes urgent as an inevitable result of the necessary improvement in engine combustion efficiency and service lifetime. Through the careful design of the composition, MCrAlY coating performance can be optimized to meet the needs under different service conditions and component materials, therefore, “MCrAlX”, with “X” stands for the minor alloying elements, is used to highlight the effect. In the present thesis, the performance of new MCrAlX coatings is investigated with respect to oxidation, hot corrosion and interactions between coating-superalloy substrates. Oxidation of MCrAlX coatings can be generally categorized into initial, steady and close-to-end stages. Coating performance can be affected by various factors at different stages, therefore, experiments were designed by targeting the oxidation stages. Investigation on the initial stage oxidation behavior of MCrAlY coatings with post-deposition surface treatments reveals the different growth mechanisms of alumina scales. Surface treatments significantly reduce the alumina growth rate by suppressing transient alumina development and aiding the early formation of ?-Al2O3, which improves the long-term oxidation performance of the coating. Similarly, the modification of minor alloy elements in MCrAlX coatings also serves the purpose. The oxidation behavior of new MCrAlX coatings was investigated at the steady oxidation stage, followed by the microstructure observation, thermodynamic and kinetic simulations. As an alternative reactive element addition of Y, Ce shows a negative effect on the formation of columnar alumina scales of high strain tolerance. In comparison, Fe or Ru addition shows no influence on alumina growth, rather than strengthening the phase stability in the coating and reducing the interdiffusion between coating-substrate through different mechanisms. As the oxidation proceeds to the close-to-end stage, a reliable criterion to estimate the capability of coating to form ?-Al2O3 is of great importance to accurately evaluate coating lifetime. A temperature-dependent critical Al-activity criterion was proposed to better predict the formation of a continuous ?-Al2O3 scale based on correction of elemental activity using thermodynamic database to replace the empirical Al-concentration based criterion. Severe interdiffusion occurs between coating-substrate during high temperature oxidation, accelerating the degradation of the system. Interdiffusion behavior of diffusion couples of superalloys-MCrAlX coatings were examined. It is highlighted that the recrystallization of superficial layer of the substrate contributes to the secondary reaction zone formation and element interdiffusion controls subsequent zone thickening. Study on Type I hot corrosion behavior of new MCrAlX coatings shows that the addition of Fe has no influence on basic fluxing reactions before severe Al depletion from the coating occurs. Instead, it boosts the “effective” Al supply of coating by shifting the equilibrium concentration of Al in the ? phase to a low Al level. Besides, the pre-mature coating degradation at the coating-substrate interface was due to the fast growth of corrosion products from substrate induced large local volume expansions, resulting in early coating spallation. MCrAlY ytbeläggningar (M=Ni och/eller Co) används ofta för att skydda komponenter tillverkade av superlegeringar mot oxidation samt högtemperaturskorrosion i de heta gasturbindelarna. Förbättrad förbränningseffektivitet och livslängd hos gasturbiner, gör att ytbeläggningssystemen måste besitta adekvata oxidations- och korrosionsmotstånd. Genom att omsorgsfullt utforma den kemiska sammansättningen hos MCrAlY ytbeläggningar kan deras prestanda optimeras för att möta kraven från olika driftförhållanden samt olika substratmaterial, därför används beteckningen "MCrAlX" för att belysa förändringar av den kemiska kompositionen, där "X" står för reaktiva legeringsämnen som tillsätts i mindre mängder. I denna avhandling undersöks prestandan hos en ny MCrAlX ytbeläggning med hänsyn till oxidation, högtemperaturskorrosion och interaktionen mellan ytbeläggningen och superlegeringssubstratet. Oxidation av MCrAlX ytbeläggningar kan generellt kategoriseras i tre faser; initiala, stabila och nära-slutet fasen. Ytbeläggningens prestanda kan påverkas av olika faktorer vid de olika faserna, därför utformades olika experiment för att undersöka de olika oxidationsfaserna. Undersökningen av den initiala fasen av oxidationsbeteendet hos MCrAlX ytbeläggningar som genomgått ytbehandlingar efter ytbeläggningsdeponeringen avslöjade olika tillväxtmekanismer hos aluminiumoxidskikten. Aluminiumoxidens tillväxthastighet reducerades signifikant av ytbehandlingarna, detta genom att undertrycka utvecklingen av övergående aluminiumoxid och bistå den tidiga tillväxten av ?-Al2O3, vilket förbättrar ytbeläggningens oxidationsprestanda långsiktigt. De reaktiva legeringsämnena som tillsätts i mindre mänger påverkar ytbeläggningens oxidationsprestanda på liknande sätt. Oxidationsbeteendet hos de nya MCrAlX ytbeläggningarna i den stabila fasen följdes av mikrostrukturundersökning, termodynamiska och kinetiska simuleringar. Det framkom att Ce visar en negativ effekt på bildandet av kolumnära aluminiumoxidskikt med hög töjningstolerans som alternativt reaktivt legeringsämne till Y. Jämförelsevis ger Fe- eller Ru-tillsatser ingen påverkan på aluminiumoxidtillväxten, förutom att det förstärker fasstabiliteten i ytbeläggningen samt genom olika mekanismer reducerar interdiffusionen mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet. När oxidationsprocessen kommit till nära-slutet fasen, är det viktigt att uppskatta kapaciteten hos en ytbeläggning att bilda ?-Al2O3, detta då det är ett tillförlitligt kriterium för att noggrant kunna utvärdera ytbeläggningens livslängd. Därför föreslogs ett temperaturberoende kriterium för kritisk Al-aktivitet för att bättre kunna förutsäga bildandet av ett kontinuerligt ?-Al2O3-skikt. Kriteriet baserades på korrigering av legeringsämnens aktivitet genom att använda en termodynamisk databas, detta för att ersätta det empiriska Al-koncentrations baserade kriteriet. Vid högtemperatursoxidation sker en omfattande interdiffusion mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet, vilket accelererar degraderingen av ytbeläggningssystemet. Därför har interdiffusionsbeteendet mellan superlegeringssubstratet och MCrAlX ytbeläggningen undersökts i denna avhandling. Det framkom att rekristallisationen av ytliga skikt av substratet bidrar till formationen av den sekundära reaktionszonen och att interdiffusion kontrollerar zonens efterföljande tjocklektillväxt. Undersökningen av Typ I högtemperaturskorrosionsbeteendet hos en ny MCrAlX ytbeläggning visar att legeringstillägg av Fe inte påverkar de grundläggande flödesreaktionerna innan en kritisk Al utarmning sker i ytbeläggningen. Istället stimulerar det tillförseln av Al genom att skifta jämviktskoncentrationen av Al i ? fasen till en låg nivå av Al. Det framkom också att den tidiga degraderingen av ytbeläggningen vid gränsskiktet mellan ytbeläggningen och substratet kommer av att den snabba tillväxten av korrosionsprodukter från substratet inducerade en stor lokal volymsutvidgning, vilket ledde till tidig ytbeläggningsspallation.

Download or read book Oxidation behaviour of MCrAlX coatings written by Pimin Zhang and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MCrAlY coatings (M=Ni and/or Co) have been widely used for the protection of superalloy components against oxidation and hot corrosion in the hot sections of gas turbines. The drive to improve engine combustion efficiency while reducing emissions by increasing the operation temperature brings a big challenge for coating design. As a result, the need for improvement of MCrAlY coatings for better oxidation resistance is essential. Formation of a stable, dense, continuous, and slow-growing ?-Al2O3 layer, on the MCrAlY coating surface, is the key to oxidation protection, since the protective ?-Al2O3 scale offers superior oxidation resistance due to its lower oxygen-diffusion rate as compared with other oxides. The ability of a MCrAlY coating to form and maintain such a protective scale depends on the coating composition and microstructure, and can be improved through optimization of deposition parameters, modification of coating surface conditions, and so on. Part of this thesis work focuses on studying the effect of post-deposition surface treatments on the oxidation behavior of MCrAlX coatings (X can be yttrium and/or other minor alloying elements). The aim is to gain fundamental understanding of alumina scale evolution during oxidation which is important for achieving improved oxidation resistance of MCrAlX coatings. Oxide scale formed on coatings at initial oxidation stage and the effect of surface treatment were investigated by a multi-approach study combining photo-stimulated luminescence, microstructural observation and weight gain. Results showed that both mechanically polished and shot-peened coatings exhibited superior performance due to rapid formation of ?-Al2O3 fully covering the coating and suppressing growth of transient alumina, assisted by the high density of ?-Al2O3 nuclei on surface treatment induced defects. The early development of a two-layer alumina scale, consisting of an inward-grown inner ?-Al2O3 layer and an outer layer transformed from outward-grown transient alumina, resulted in a higher oxide growth rate of the as-sprayed coating. The positive effect of the surface treatments on retarding oxide scale growth and suppressing formation of spinel was also observed in oxidation test up to 1000 hrs. As the oxidation proceeds to the close-to-end stage, a reliable criterion to estimate the capability of coating to form ?-Al2O3 is of great importance to accurately evaluate coating lifetime, which is the aim of the other part of the thesis work. Survey of published results on a number of binary Ni-Al and ternary Ni-Cr-Al, Ni-Al-Si systems shows that the empirical Al-concentration based criterion is inadequate to properly predict the formation of a continuous ?-Al2O3 scale. On the other hand, correlating the corresponding Al-activity data, calculated from measured chemical compositions using the Thermo-Calc software, to the experimental oxidation results has revealed a temperature dependent, critical Al-activity value for forming continuous ?-Al2O3 scale. To validate the criterion, long-term oxidation tests were performed on five MCrAlX coatings with varying compositions and the implementation of the Al-activity based criterion on these coatings successfully predicted ?-Al2O3 formation, showing a good agreement with experiment results.