Download or read book Tritium Monitoring of Groundwater and Surfaces written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are numerous facilities, both within the US and in the rest of the world, within the complex of radiation laboratories and production plants where tritium has been released into the environment because of historic or ongoing mission-related operations. Many of environmental restoration projects have detected low levels of tritium contamination in local streams, ponds, and/or ground water. Typically these waters are moving or have the potential to move offsite and are viewed as a potential risk to the public and environment. Los Alamos National Laboratory will modify the well-proven long-range alpha detection (LRAD) technique for detection of ionizing radiation to optimize a system for detecting tritium in groundwater and other surfaces. The LRAD technique relies on detection of ionized air molecules rather than direct detection of ionizing radiation. The detected electrical current is proportional to the number of ionized air molecules present, which is in turn a measure of the amount of contamination present. Although this technique has been used commercially to measure alpha contamination on objects and surfaces, the technique is also ideal for monitoring low-energy beta particles. The authors have demonstrated beta detection using 54Mn, 14C, 147Pm, 99Tc, 9°Sr, and 36Cl sources. Thus, the detector technology and detection of beta particles using this technology have both been demonstrated. The extreme short range of tritium beta particles necessitates an optimization of the detector system. In this paper, the authors will discuss these new designs.

Download or read book A Simple Monitor for Tritium Contamination on Surfaces written by Donald W. Colvin and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Monitoring of Tritium contaminated Surfaces Including Skin written by R. A. Surette and published by Chalk River, Ont. : Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories. This book was released on 1994 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dcc-1 and dcc-2 experiments have provided the first data on dryout and quench behavior of internally heated uo2 debris in water. the pressure range of this data extends from 1 to 170 atmoshperes. both of the experiments used the annual core research reactor (acrr) at sandia national laboratories to simulate the effects of radioactive decay heating. the debris in dcc-1 ranged from 75 microns to in excess of 10 mm in diameter, with a mean diameter of 0.75 mm. the bed depth was 0.5 m and the porosity was 0.345. dryout heat fluxes ranged from about 41 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at a saturation temperature of 100 degrees celcius to about 69 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at 340 degrees celcius. this measured pressure dependence is a factor of two to three lower than predicted by the analytical models. this is believed to be due to the breadth of the debris distribution, but the evidence is inconclusive. quenches of dried debris took hours to complete. quench fronts progressed uniformly without the liquid fingers observed in large particle tests. the debris distribution in dcc-2 was much narrower than in dcc 1, with the majority of particles having diameters between 0.5 and 8 mm. a small amount of "fines" with diameters down to 75 microns was added to the mixture. in dcc-2, thermally stable local dry zones were observed at bed power below the conventional dryout point. these are believed to be caused by the concentration of fines creating a low permeability zone. data on global dryout, in which the bed bottom can dry out, agree well with analytical predictions. quenches of dry zones took about 10 minutes to complete. the quench fronts were not uniform, having a liquid finger which penetrated to the bottom of the bed before the quench was complete.

Download or read book Tritium Analysis of Ground and Surface Water written by Lois Annette Etre and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation of the Potential Impacts from Tritium Soil Contamination in the CP 5 Yard written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a review of available data, significant contributions to low-level tritium soil contamination in the CP-5 yard have been made by airborne tritium fallout and rainout from the CP-5 ventilation system stack. Based on the distribution of tritium in the yard, it is also likely that leaks in secondary system piping which lead to the cooling towers were a significant contributor to tritium in CP-5 yard subsurface soil. Based on the foregoing analysis, low-level tritium contamination will not prohibit the release of the yard for unrestricted use in the future. Worst case dose estimates based on very conservative assumptions indicate that a 25 rmem annual effective dose equivalent limit will not be exceeded under the most restrictive residential-use family farm scenario. Given the impermeable nature of the glacial till under CP-5, low-level concentrations of tritium may be occasionally detected in the deep well (3300 12D), but the peak concentration will not approach the levels calculated by RESRAD; however, continued monitoring of the deep well is recommended. To ensure that all sources of potential tritium release have been removed from the CP-5 complex, removal of tritiated water from each rod-out hole and an evaluation of the physical integrity of the rod-out holes is recommended. This will also allow for an evaluation of tritium concentrations in shallow groundwater under CP-5 by sampling groundwater that is currently being forced into the drain tile system. Additional surface and subsurface soil sampling and analysis will be required to determine the final release status of soils around the Building 330 complex relative to elevated concentrations of CS-137, CO-60,Co-57, and Eu-152 identified during the 1993 IT Corporation characterization. The potential radiological impact from isolated elevations of the latter radionuclides is relatively low and can be evaluated as part of the final status survey of outdoor areas surrounding the Building 330 complex. In summary, the following activities are recommended: Remove tritiated water from each rod-out hole; Monitor rod-out hole tritium concentrations as they fill up with shallow groundwater; Continue groundwater monitoring and Perform surface and subsurface soil sampling around the CP-5 complex as part of the final status survey.

Download or read book Regional Survey of Tritium in Surface and Ground Water in the Los Alamos Area New Mexico written by William D. Purtymun and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Some Critical Observations Concerning the Handling of High Levels of Tritium Radioactivity written by B. E. Vaughan and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The data presented demonstrate substantial nonvolatile transfer of tritium from contaminated surfaces to skin by direct contact. Since radioactivity on the contaminated surfaces is not necessarily detectable by gas-flow monitoring methods, this route of entry of tritium into body tissue must be considered an unrecognized, potential hazard, where the handling of apparatus exposed to high levels of tritium is concerned. The liability of contact-transferred tritium in skin, its chemical form and location within the skin, and the exact radioactivity content of the contaminated surfaces are particular problems remaining to be established by exact methods. The demonstration of non-volatile contact transfer is reported here because of its significance to health safety practice.

Download or read book Tritium Monitoring in Groundwater and Evaluation of Model Predictions for the Hanford Site 200 Area Effluent Treatment Facility written by Douglas B. Barnett and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Groundwater Flow and Tritium Migration in Coastal Plain Sediments Savannah River Site South Carolina written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater modeling was performed to assess groundwater flow and contaminant migration for a tritium plume at the Savannah River Site (SRS). The study supports the Corrective Measures Study and Interim Action Plan regulatory documents for the Old Radioactive Waste Burial Ground (ORWBG). Modeling scenarios were designed to provide data for an economic analysis of alternatives, and subsequently evaluate the effectiveness of the selected remedial technologies for tritium reduction to surface waters. Scenarios assessed include no action, vertical and surface barriers, pump-treat-reinject, and vertical recirculation wells. Hydrostratigraphic units in the area consist of fluvial, deltaic, and shallow marine sand, mud, and calcareous sediments that exhibit abrupt facies changes over short distances. The complex heterogeneity of the sediments, along with characterization data, and tritium contaminant source data required a three-dimensional model be developed in order to accurately illustrate the size, shape and orientation of the plume. Results demonstrate that the shallow confining zone in the region controls the migration path of the plume. The size and shape of the plume were modeled in three-dimensions using detailed core, geophysical and cone-penetrometer data, depth-discrete contaminant data, monitoring well data, and seepline/surface water samples. Three-dimensional tritium plume maps were created for the>20,000,>500 and>50 pCi/ml concentration levels. The three-dimensional plume maps and volumetric calculations indicate that 63 percent of the total activity and 12 percent of the volume above 50 pCi/ml resides in a layer less than 6-m thick riding on top of the shallow confining zone.

Download or read book Vorl ufiger Lehrplan Jahrgangsstufe Gymnasium Gesamtschule written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tritium Control Technology written by P. H. Lamberger and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tritium in the Environment written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by Ncrp. This book was released on 1979 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Columbia River Monitoring written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Surface Environmental Surveillance Project (SESP) is conducted by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the US Department of Energy (DOE). This report presents the results of a special study conducted as part of the SESP to supplement the routine Columbia River monitoring program and provide information relative to the dispersion and distribution of Hanford origin contaminants entering the river through the seepage of ground water along the Hanford Site. Sampling was conducted along cross sections to determine the distribution of tritium within the Columbia River at Richland, Washington. The investigation was also designed to evaluate the relationship between the average tritium concentrations in the river water at this location and in water collected from the routine SESP river monitoring system located at the city of Richland drinking water intake (Richland Pumphouse). This study was conducted during the summers of 1987 and 1988. Water samples were collected along cross sections located at or near the Richland Pumphouse monitoring station.

Download or read book Subsurface in Situ Tritium Monitoring Instrument Development written by D. L. Decker and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater monitoring for tritium at the Nevada Test Site, report includes monitoring equipment testing and benchmarks.

Download or read book Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring at Offsite Nuclear Test Areas written by Jenny B. Chapman and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Program for Enhanced Sampling and Analysis of Tritium written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium is one of the major contaminants released into surface water from the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS). All releases to surface water occur to one of the five major onsite streams, which eventually discharge into the Savannah River. The Savannah River is the source of water for two drinking water treatment plants (WTP), which are located approximately 100 miles downriver of SRS. As a result of unplanned liquid discharges in 1986 and 1991, representatives of these WTPs have expressed an interest in obtaining increased information on tritium concentrations in the river. The Enhanced Tritium Monitoring (ETM) program was developed to meet these concerns.

Download or read book Modelling the Environmental Transport of Tritium in the Vicinity of Long Term Atmospheric and Sub surface Sources written by Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (Program). Tritium Working Group and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The BIOMASS (Biosphere Modelling and Assessment Methods) programme seeks to improve methods of assessing the impact of radionuclides in the environment (any man-made or natural element that emits radiation and that may cause cancer after long term exposure through drinking water). This report describes the results of studies undertaken by the Tritium working group established to identify gaps in modelling approaches regarding the transfer of radionuclides in particular parts of the biosphere of potential radiological significance. It discusses six model test exercises and the field sampling programme undertaken to environmental spread of tritium in long term atmospheric and sub-surface sources.