Download or read book Tripartite Interactions Among Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus Vector Thrips and Soybean Plants written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is an important food, forage, oil seed and potential biodiesel crop, exported throughout the world mainly by three leaders- Brazil, United States and Argentina (Shahbande, 2020). During 2019-2020, the export volume of soybeans by Brazil, United States and Argentina was 84, 45.59, and 8.0 million metric tonnes respectively (Shahbande, 2020). The rest of the world purchases this valuable commodity for food, oil and feed purposes. Orthotospoviruses cause billions of dollars in losses to many agricultural commodities around the world. Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is one of the eight economically important seed and vector transmitted viruses presently infecting soybeans in the United States, Canada and Egypt. Being a seed and vector transmitted virus, SVNV poses a risk of virus propagation to other countries as well as reduction in oil quality and quantity of soybeans. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information to the farmers, scientists and others about the effect of SVNV on vectors and soybean plants. The information thus obtained could be utilized by IPM specialists to create strategies against the virus and vector, by better understanding the chemical ecology, nutritional chemistry of virus infected plants and vector biology, including feeding preference, and population changes. This thesis is comprised of seven chapters. In chapter 1, I described the literature on the geographical dispersal of the SVNV and its vectors species throughout the world, reservoir host plants of the vector and virus, disease diagnostics tools for SVNV, effect of SVNV on the seed qualitative parameters and management perspectives of the vectors. In chapter 2, I described the duration of each larval and pupal instar of SVNV infected and SVNV uninfected thrips and established the life table of soybean thrips infected with SVNV. I found that SVNV infected thrips had increased fertility and longevity. I postulated that SVNV changed the plant nutritional chemistry or defense pathways which ultimately improved the survival of soybean thrips. The information gained through this chapter would be useful to design the experiments to understand the transcriptomics and proteomics of the virus infected plants and vectors and to assess if modulation in the insect hormones ecdysone and juvenile hormone occur. Chapter 3 describes the external and internal genitalia of female thrips. I found similarities and differences with the Bode (1975) description of female ovipositor of Thrips physapus. Overall, both the T. physapus and Neohydatothrips variabilis had an ADR gland (appendage gland) which opens into the ovipositor. Secretions from this gland might have some significant role in thrips biology and future research would provide valuable information about that. I found that the N. variabilis female lays eggs along the sides of veins. Chapter 4 describes the alternative host reservoirs of thrips vector species in Pennsylvania and the overwintering behavior of N. variabilis, role of weather factors on the thrips population dynamics, thrips abundance, preference and non-preference for different cultivars of soybeans, effect of thrips on the protein, carbohydrate, fiber and oil content in different soybean cultivars, effect of virus on the plant physiology and morphology. Under field conditions thrips on average were less than 2 per plant but their numbers increased rapidly in the month of August, when rainfall is abundant and humidity is high. I also observed thrips preferred feeding and oviposition sites (near the leaf veins in upper canopy) which would help the IPM specialist to scout thrips number. On this basis I suggest scouting for thrips numbers in the month of July and August. Under controlled conditions, thrips numbers become much higher and have a negative impact on plants. Plant photosynthesis was also affected by virus presence under growth chamber conditions. Since SVNV is potentially moving along with seeds throughout the world, I wanted to determine if SVNV is present in Pakistan. To do so, I interviewed many farmers and scientists to determine their awareness of SVNV. I found that in Pakistan farmers and scientists were not aware of this disease by the name of soybean vein necrosis (SVND), but the color photographs of SVNV infected leaves helped them to identify its presence. There are some fundamental differences between the production of soybean in the US and Pakistan and between the timing of symptom appearance in the two countries. In the United States, even though soybean is planted in May, virus symptoms appear in August (northern states PA, Indiana, Iowa) while in Pakistan, soybean is planted in July and symptoms were evident in August, just one month after crop planting. In Pakistan, a very high diversity of thrips fauna is present, and due to the tropical climate, no hibernation or overwintering of thrips takes place. Thrips remain active throughout the year, and they shift to soybeans when the crop becomes available, affecting its quality and productivity. Another observation was that scientists and farmers were relying on the heavy use of insecticides to control the pests on soybean crop, which tended to mask the underlying problems. In addition, soybean was cultivated along with mung beans and mash beans. Mung beans and mash beans are considered the diet of poor people in Asia and mung beans can host SVNV. While N. variabilis was not found by me in Pakistan, other species of thrips were found on soybeans and may serve as SVNV vectors. I also found SVNV in soybean plants and thrips in Pakistan. I confirmed this through ELISA and real time PCR. In Pakistan, soybean cultivars vary in their susceptibility or resistance to SVNV. In Pakistan farmers in the Punjab region location do not cultivate much soybean. However, we found that most farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) region were growing soybeans. A soybeans ancestor, Glycine soja, is a traditional crop of Kashmir in Pakistan. Farmers have the ability to grow them for livestock and feed purposes including human consumption. That may be a reason people of KPK warmly accepted the introduction of this crop, but not in Punjab, Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. My research in Pakistan provides a valuable information that SVNV is not only present in United States, Canada and Egypt but is also present in Pakistan. Further research on the SVNV isolates from Pakistan and the world would clarify the similarities and origin of SVNV. Another important aspect of SVNV is its epidemiology. The virus infected thrips move between SVNV infected and healthy plants. Exactly how thrips choose to settle on the plants is mediated by olfactory, gustatory and tactile cues. I determined the volatile profile of SVNV inoculated and naturally infected plants infested with thrips. I also analyzed free essential, non-essential amino acids and metabolites, other organic acids and lipids in different plant niches. I found that virus infection reduces the essential free amino acids in the plant leaf but in SVNV infected via thrips & thrips infested plants, the non-essential and essential amino acids were reduced. I conclude that SVNV infected plants via mechanical inoculation emit volatile which attract vectors for oviposition, and that the progeny leaves the plants due to poor nutritional quality. The volatile profile of the upper canopy leaves can be used to attract soybean thrips to yellow sticky traps and hence increase the efficacy of pest management programs. However, the individual role of each compound needs to be determined through Y-tube tests to determine what compound or compounds could be responsible for this preference. Overall, my thesis generates information for the scientists and the farming community about SVNV, its vectors and plant interactions which could be utilized for further pest management.

Download or read book A Review on Ecology of Interactions in Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus SVNV written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV, Genus: Orthotospovirus, Family: Tospoviridae, Order Bunyavirales) is a vector and seed transmitted virus that infects soybean in different countries around the world. The purpose of this review paper was to provide information about SVNV, its geographic dispersal, vectors, disease transmission mode, alternative host plants, diagnostic tools and management. SVNV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus reported in all soybean growing states in the USA, Egypt and Canada. SVNV can replicate in plants belonging to six different families, including the Leguminosae member mung bean, which is a major component of the diet of poor people of Asia. The most efficient and abundant SVNV vector species is Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach.) (Sericothripinae: Thripidae). Five other insect species have the potential to transmit the virus, but their rate of transmission is very low. In addition to leaf necrosis, this virus can decrease seed oil content by 0.1% that may lead to a decrease in quality of SVNV infected seed in oilseed markets. In fact, in the infected seeds the quantity of the undesirable linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is increased. Broad presence of SVNV in all soybean growing regions points to the need to manage vector and virus. However, research is needed to determine various management options for the virus and vector including breeding for genetic resistance.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids written by K. Subramanya Sastry and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 2936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids provides an up-to-date information on the viruses and viroids infecting all types of cultivated and weed plants at global level; and is unique among plant virology texts as it is organized alphabetically by the genus name of the host plant infected. It allows the reader to readily determine all of the different viruses currently reported naturally infecting the plant genus and species. Information is provided for each virus and viroids on common synonyms, current taxonomic status, geographical distribution, symptoms induced, other known hosts, means of transmission and properties of both the virus particles and the genome. Where ever the same virus is known to infect multiple hosts, host-specific information, biological properties and genome characters are presented under each host affected. The index can be utilized to identify other crops infected by the same virus, showing which other crops might be at risk of infection in the event of introduction of a virus that has not previously reported in an area, or which might serve as potential virus reservoirs for infection of more sensitive or economically important crops than the host in which it is initially identified. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the viruses and viroids are followed based on the current guidelines of the 10th ICTV Report, covering up to 2018 and also about many new viruses and viroids that have been reported but not yet recognized as species by ICTV, have been included in this Encyclopedia. The uniqueness of this Encyclopedia is that all the known viruses and viroids affecting more than 1010 plant species at global level are described and the plant species are arranged in alphabetical order of the scientific name of the plant along the relevant information on 1518 viruses and viroids and is the ready-reckoner of the global plant species and their viruses and viroids for students, scientists, teachers of Plant Pathology& Virology; and also for the crop protection professionals, agricultural policymakers, seed companies and quarantine agencies.

Download or read book Viruses and Virus Diseases of Vegetables in the Mediterranean Basin written by Gad Loebenstein and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Advances in Virus Research focuses on mycoviruses. The authors and reviews represent the most current and cutting-edge research in the field. A broad range of research is presented from research experts. Contributions from leading authorities Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Download or read book A Century of Plant Virology in India written by Bikash Mandal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a compilation of research work carried out on plant viruses during past 100 years in India. Plant viruses are important constraints in Indian agriculture. Tropical and sub-tropical environments and intensive crop cultivation practices ideally favours perpetuation of numerous plant viruses and their vectors in India, which often cause wide spread crop losses. Of all the plant pathogens, studies of plant viruses have received a special attention as they are difficult to manage. A large body of literature has been published on the plant virus research from India during past 100 years; however the information is so far not available in one place. This book provides comprehensive information on the biology, molecular biology, epidemics, crop losses, diagnosis and management of viruses and viroids occurring in India. Description of properties of the viruses are provided in the chapters comprising of different genera such as Allexivirus, Begomovirus, Babuvirus, Badnavirus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, Cucumovirus, Closterovirus, Ilavirus, Mandrivirus, Potyvirus, Tospovirus, Tungrovirus and Sobemovirus. Virus-vector research related to aphid, thrips and whitefly is discussed. The work on the management aspects of plant viral diseases has been described with reference to the conventional, antiviral and transgenic approaches. Further, the quarantine mechanism developed in India for the exclusion of viruses and vectors has also been included. The book also provides useful information about the capacity building on the research and education on Plant Virology in India. Overall, the book covers a wide range of accounts of research findings and innovations in Plant Virology in India during past 100 years. The book will be a resourceful reference to the students, scientists, agricultural professionals and policy makers.

Download or read book Virus Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Crops written by Paula Tennant and published by CABI. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes interactions of plant viruses with hosts and transmission vectors in an agricultural context. Starting with an overview of virus biology, economics and management, chapters then address economically significant plant diseases of tropical and subtropical crops. For each disease, symptoms, distribution, economic impact, causative virus, taxonomy, host range, transmission, diagnostic methods and management strategies are discussed.

Download or read book Characterization of Plant Viruses written by Alangar Ishwara Bhat and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-03-20 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides detailed information on methodologies used in biological, serological and nucleic acid based assays for the detection, diagnosis and management of plant viruses. The content is divided into six main parts, the first of which presents techniques used in the biological characterization and transmission of viruses, while Part II covers purification and techniques concerning the physico-chemical properties of viruses. In turn, Part III focuses on in vitro expression, production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies; and on various serological assays including precipitin tests, ELISA, blot immunoassays, immunosorbent electron microscopy and lateral flow immunoassays. Part IV addresses the isolation of DNA and RNA from plants and nucleic acid based assays such as dot-blot, polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, rolling circle amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and next-generation sequencing approaches. Part V discusses cloning, sequencing, sequence analysis and the production of infectious clones, while the last part (Part VI) provides biotechnological approaches for the management of viruses. Given its scope, the book will be a valuable resource for every laboratory, student and teacher, and for everyone interested in plant virology, plant pathology, plant biology and molecular biology, offering them a practical manual on various aspects of plant viruses.

Download or read book Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops written by Ramon Albajes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), established in 1962, is an intergovernmental organization of 13 countries: Albania, Algeria, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. Four institutes (Bari, Italy; Chania, Greece; Montpellier, France; and Zaragoza, Spain) provide postgraduate education at the Master of Science level. CIHEAM promotes research networks on Mediterranean agricultural priorities, supports the organization of specialized education in member countries, holds seminars and workshops bringing together technologists and scientists involved in Mediterranean agriculture and regularly produces diverse publications including the series Options Méditerranéennes. Through these activities, CIHEAM promotes North/South dialogue and international co-operation for agricultural development in the Mediterranean region. Over the past decade, the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza has developed a number of training and research-supporting activities in the field of agroecology and sustainability of agricultural production systems. Some of these activities have been concerned with the rational use of pesticides and more particularly with the implementation of integrated control systems in order to gain in efficacy and decrease both the environmental impact and the negative repercussions for the commercialization of agricultural products.

Download or read book Potato Production Systems written by Jeffrey C. Stark and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide to potato production systems management contains 20 chapters and more than 350 color photographs. Beginning with the history of potato culture, it spans all aspects of potato production, pest and planting management, storage, and marketing. Written by a team of over 35 scientists from North America, this book offers updated research-based information and serves as a unique, valuable tool for researchers, extension specialists, students, and farm managers. More than a description of principles, it contains practical analytical tools, charts, and methods to create guidelines for best production practices and cost estimates. Some key areas include: Potato Growth and Development, Potato Variety Selection and Management, Seed and Planting Management, Seed Production and Certification, Field Selection, Crop Rotation, and Soil Management, Integrated Pest Management for Potatoes, Potato Nutrient Management, Irrigation Management, Tuber Quality, Economics and Marketing, Production Costs, among others. Potato Production Systems should be a valuable reference for successful culture of the "noble tuber."

Download or read book Cucumber Mosaic Virus written by Peter Palukaitis and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Review of R S Bagnall s Thysanoptera Collections written by Laurence Alfred Mound and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Plant Virus Epidemiology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-12-15 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published since 1953, Advances in Virus Research covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews providing a valuable overview of the current field of virology. In 2004, the Institute for Scientific Information released figures showing that the series has an Impact Factor of 2.576, with a half-life of 7.1 years, placing it 11th in the highly competitive category of Virology. * Edited by an experienced plant pathologist who has over 50 years experience in plant virus epidemiology* Covers topics such as Evolutionary epidemiology of plant virus disease, The control of tropical plant virus diseases, and Control of plant virus diseases* A valuable resource for students and researchers alike

Download or read book Plant Resistance to Viruses written by David Evered and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the environmental consequences of the widespread use of pesticides has increased, and evidence of pesticide-resistant virus vectors have continued to emerge. This volume presents a timely survey of the mechanisms of plant resistance and examines current developments in breeding for resistance, with particular emphasis on advances in genetic engineering which allow for the incorporation of viral genetic material into plants. Discusses the mechanisms of innate resistance in strains of tobacco, tomato, and cowpea; various aspects of induced resistance, including the characterization and roles of the pathogenesis-related proteins; antiviral substances and their comparison with interferon; and cross-protection between plant virus strains. Also presents several papers which evaluate the status of genetic engineering as it relates to breeding resistant plants. Among these are discussions of the potential use of plant viruses as gene vectors, gene coding for viral coat protein, satellite RNA, and antisense RNA, and practical issues such as the durability of resistant crop plants in the field.

Download or read book Recent Advances in Plant Virology written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses that infect plants are responsible for reduction in both yield and quality of crops around the world, and are thus of great economic importance. This has provided the impetus for the extensive research into the molecular and cellular biology of these pathogens and into their interaction with their plant hosts and their vectors. However interest in plant viruses extends beyond their ability to damage crops. Many plant viruses, for example tobacco mosaic virus, have been used as model systems to provide basic understanding of how viruses express genes and replicate. Others permitted the.

Download or read book Applied Plant Virology written by L. P. Awasthi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 851 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Plant Virology: Advances, Detection, and Antiviral Strategies provides an overview on recent developments and applications in the field of plant virology. The book begins with an introduction to important advances in plant virology, but then covers topics including techniques for assay detection and the diagnosis of plant viruses, the purification, isolation and characterization of plant viruses, the architecture of plant viruses, the replication of plant viruses, the physiology of virus-infected hosts, vectors of plant viruses, and the nomenclature and classification of plants. The book also discusses defense strategies by utilizing antiviral agents and management strategies of virus and viroid diseases. With contributions from an international collection of experts, this book presents a practical resource for plant virologists, plant pathologists, horticulturalists, agronomists, biotechnologists, academics and researchers interested in up-to-date technologies and information that advance the field of plant virology. Covers the detection, control and management of plant viruses Discusses antiviral strategies, along with mechanisms of systemic induced resistance to enhance the defense of plants against viruses Provides contributory chapters from expert plant virologists from different parts of the world

Download or read book The Onion Thrips written by J. Wilcox and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps written by Donald L. J. Quicke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for small-bodied tropical taxa. The superfamily comprises two cosmopolitan families - Braconidae and Ichneumonidae - that have largely attracted separate groups of researchers, and this, to a considerable extent, has meant that understanding of their adaptive features has often been considered in isolation. This book considers both families, highlighting similarities and differences in their adaptations. The classification of the whole of the Ichneumonoidea, along with most other insect orders, has been plagued by typology whereby undue importance has been attributed to particular characters in defining groups. Typology is a common disease of traditional taxonomy such that, until recently, quite a lot of taxa have been associated with the wrong higher clades. The sheer size of the group, and until the last 30 or so years, lack of accessible identification materials, has been a further impediment to research on all but a handful of ‘lab rat’ species usually cultured initially because of their potential in biological control. New evidence, largely in the form of molecular data, have shown that many morphological, behavioural, physiological and anatomical characters associated with basic life history features, specifically whether wasps are ecto- or endoparasitic, or idiobiont or koinobiont, can be grossly misleading in terms of the phylogeny they suggest. This book shows how, with better supported phylogenetic hypotheses entomologists can understand far more about the ways natural selection is acting upon them. This new book also focuses on this superfamily with which the author has great familiarity and provides a detailed coverage of each subfamily, emphasising anatomy, taxonomy and systematics, biology, as well as pointing out the importance and research potential of each group. Fossil taxa are included and it also has sections on biogeography, global species richness, culturing and rearing and preparing specimens for taxonomic study. The book highlights areas where research might be particularly rewarding and suggests systems/groups that need investigation. The author provides a large compendium of references to original research on each group. This book is an essential workmate for all postgraduates and researchers working on ichneumonoid or other parasitic wasps worldwide. It will stand as a reference book for a good number of years, and while rapid advances in various fields such as genomics and host physiological interactions will lead to new information, as an overall synthesis of the current state it will stay relevant for a long time.