Download or read book Transport of Organic Micropollutants Through Nanofiltration NF and Reverse Osmosis RO Membranes written by Tae-Uk Kim and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transport and Removal Mechanisms of Trace Organic Pollutants by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes written by Jinwen Wang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective and focus of this study is to fully understand trace organic pollutant transport through NF/RO membranes. An extension of the classical solution-diffusion model had been developed that relates transport through NF/RO membranes directly to membrane structure descriptors (i.e., effective barrier layer pore size, porosity and thickness, etc.). In general, model predictions agreed well with experimental data suggesting the model captures the phenomenological behavior of commercial NF/RO membranes for separations relevant to modern water treatment objectives. The model also provides new mechanistic insights about the "effective structure" of NF/RO composite membranes and how trace organic solutes are rejected. These results suggest it is possible and important to fine-tune the surface energy of membrane and membrane structure (pore size, porosity, thickness) to achieve high membrane selectivity for certain solute. The effects of feed solution ionic strength, pH and divalent cation content on NF/RO membrane structure and performance were elucidated experimentally and fitted with the newly developed model. Generally, water permeabilities of all three membranes decreased with ionic strength and divalent cation content, but increased with pH. For RO membranes, neutral solute rejection decreased with pH and divalent cation content, but increased with ionic strength and the salt rejection remained independent with water chemistry except for very low pH of 3; for a NF membrane, solute rejection was more sensitive to water chemistry and neutral solute rejection decreased with ionic strength, pH, but increased with divalent cation content. Ultimately, these new insights may be useful in selection of already commercial or design of new NF/RO membranes for removal of chemicals of emerging concern in water treatment. Four different organic solute removals by six different commercial NF/RO membranes in laboratory re-created groundwater matrix were experimentally determined. SWRO membranes exhibited excellent removal efficiency (> 90%) for both NDMA and 1,4-dioxane in groundwater, while NF membranes showed inefficient separation. Correlation studies suggested that both size exclusion and thermodynamic partitioning play important roles in trace organics removal and a partition coefficient, which combines both steric effects and solute-membrane interactions, can be employed to predict organic solute rejection by NF/RO membranes.
Download or read book Rejection of Emerging Organic Contaminants by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes written by Victor Augusto Yangali Quintanilla and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-05-11 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution of water sources with emerging contaminants (micropollutants) is a fact known worldwide. Although the risks of micropollutants in sources of water are partly recognized, interpretation of consequences are controversial; thus, the future effects of altered water with micropollutants remains uncertain and may constitute a point of conc
Download or read book Comparing Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Treating Recycled Water written by Jorg E. Drewes and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2008 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to explore whether n
Download or read book Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater written by Jurate Virkutyte and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2010-08-14 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few years there has been a growing concern over the increasing concentration of micropollutants originating from a great variety of sources including pharmaceutical, chemical engineering and personal care product industries in rivers, lakes, soil and groundwater. As most of the micropollutants are polar and persistent compounds, they are only partially or not at all removed from wastewater and thus can enter the environment posing a great risk to the biota. It is hypothesized that wastewater is one of the most important point sources for micropollutants. Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater gives a comprehensive overview of modern analytical methods and will summarize novel single and hybrid methods to remove continuously emerging contaminants - micropollutants from the aqueous phase. New trends (e.g. sensor technology, nanotechnology and hybrid treatment technologies) are described in detail. The book is very timely because the new techniques are still in the development phase and have to be realized not only in the laboratory but also on a larger scale. The content of the book is divided into chapters that present current descriptive and analytical methods that are available to detect and measure micropollutants together with detailed information on various chemical, biological and physicochemical methods that have evolved over the last few decades. Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater will also enable readers to make well informed choices through providing an understanding of why and how micropollutants must be removed from water sources, and what are the most appropriate and available techniques for providing a cost and technologically effective and sustainable solutions for reaching the goal of micropollutant-free water and wastewater. The book will be suitable for water and wastewater professionals as well for students and researchers in civil engineering, environmental engineering and process engineering fields.
Download or read book Nanofiltration 2 Volume Set written by Andrea Iris Schäfer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-09 with total page 1267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated guide to the growing field of nanofiltration including fundamental principles, important industrial applications as well as novel materials With contributions from an international panel of experts, the revised second edition of Nanofiltration contains a comprehensive overview of this growing field. The book covers the basic principles of nanofiltration including the design and characterizations of nanofiltration membranes. The expert contributors highlight the broad ranges of industrial applications including water treatment, food, pulp and paper, and textiles. The book explores photocatalytic nanofiltration reactors, organic solvent nanofiltration, as well as nanofiltration in metal and acid recovery. In addition, information on the most recent developments in the field are examined including nanofiltration retentate treatment and renewable energy-powered nanofiltration. The authors also consider the future of nanofiltration materials such as carbon- as well as polymer-based materials. This important book: Explores the fast growing field of the membrane process of nanofiltration Examines the rapidly expanding industrial sector's use of membranes for water purification Covers the most important industrial applications with a strong focus on water treatment Contains a section on new membrane materials, including carbon-based and polymer-based materials, as well as information on artificial ion and water channels as biomimetic membranes Written for scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, environment, food and materials, the second edition of Nanofiltration provides a comprehensive overview of the field, outlines the principles of the technology, explores the industrial applications, and discusses new materials.
Download or read book Trace Organic Removal by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Processes written by Long Nghiem and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-06 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph delineates the retention mechanisms of emerging trace organic contaminants by several nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis membranes. Retention of neutral trace organics by a tight NF or RO membrane is dominated by steric (size) exclusion, whereas both electrostatic repulsion and steric exclusion govern the retention of negatively charged trace organics by a loose NF membrane. Speciation of trace organics may lead to a dramatic change in retention as a function of pH, with much greater retention observed for ionized, negatively charged trace organics. Retention of the negatively charged trace organics decreases as the solution's ionic strength increases due to charge shielding and double layer compression. For uncharged trace organic species, intrinsic physicochemical properties of the trace organic molecules can substantially affect their retention. This monograph also critically demonstrates the possible complexity of a real membrane filtration system where trace organic contaminants are of concern. Factors such as operating conditions and feed solution composition can influence the filtration of trace organics.
Download or read book Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration M46 written by AWWA Staff and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book TECHNEAU written by Christian Kazner and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2009-06-14 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The best papers from the three-day conference on Safe Drinking Water from Source to Tap June 2009 in Maastricht are published in this book covering the themes of challenges of the water sector and adaptive strategies, treatment, distribution, risk assessment and risk management, sensors and monitoring, small scale systems, simulation, alternative water supply & sources, consumer involvement, and future drinking water. Worldwide, the water supply sector is facing tremendous challenges. Every new emerging contaminants and pathogens and aging infrastructures that are vulnerable for deliberate contamination pose a threat to the quality of water supplies. Shortage of good quality and readily treatable resources is increasing due to global warming, urbanisation and pollution from agriculture and industry. Regulators and consumers are becoming more demanding. Techneau - the largest European project on drinking water - addresses these challenges by developing adaptive supply system options and new and improved treatment and monitoring technologies. Future system options to be studied are flexible, small scale and multi-source supplies, utilising non conventional resources like brackish ground water, treated wastewater and urban groundwater.
Download or read book Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs in Water written by Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-14 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the main international research findings on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as emerging contaminants in water. It focuses on the major routes of exposure, and the destinations and life cycles of NSAIDs in water, as well as the manifestations of toxicity in different organisms. It also reviews the methods used in the detection, analysis and quantification of NSAIDs in water as well as the biological and chemical methods of removing them. Lastly, the book offers an overview of the legal frameworks in place and provides conclusions and recommendations for the future. Given its scope, the book is an indispensable resource for scientists in academia and industry, as well as for decision-makers involved in contamination assessment and environmental analysis and NGOs interested in the problem of water contamination by NSAIDs.
Download or read book Membrane Technology written by Sundergopal Sridhar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributed by multiple experts, the book covers the scientific and engineering aspects of membrane processes and systems. It aims to cover basic concepts of novel membrane processes including membrane bioreactors, microbial fuel cell, forward osmosis, electro-dialysis and membrane contactors. Maintains a pragmatic approach involving design, operation and cost analysis of pilot plants as well as scaled-up counterparts
Download or read book Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration written by Robert Bergman and published by AWWA Manuals. This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated coverage is given of selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration systems (NF) in water treatment. Chapter topics encompass theory and applications, design, equipment, installation, operations, and maintenance. Includes tables, figures, appendixes, references, and glossary, with full-color throughout.
Download or read book Water Salt and Nitrosamine Transport Across Clean and Biofouled Reverse Osmosis Membranes written by Sophie Walewijk and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reverse Osmosis (RO) uses semi-permeable membranes to remove contaminants from water, producing highly purified water from saline or polluted water. This technology is gaining increased attention for treating wastewater for potable reuse, an application that requires reliable removal of contaminants, such as carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, considered dangerous to human health, . N-nitrosamines, including the disinfection by-product N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), can pass through RO membranes. Biofouling of RO membranes is a challenging problem in the application of RO technology for seawater desalination and water reclamation. Biofouling occurs when microorganisms that feed on nutrients in waters form a layer on the RO membrane surface, reducing water passage. Importantly, this process generally reduces rejection of contaminants by the membrane. Currently it is not known to what extent biofouling affects the passage of small, neutral organic compounds such as NDMA and by what mechanisms biofouling diminishes membrane performance. This thesis examined the effect of biofouling on the passage of five nitrosamines and evaluated the relative contributions of four proposed fouling mechanisms using physical models. The four models evaluated were: enhanced concentration polarization (ECP), hydraulic resistance (HR), surface masking (SM), and charge neutralization (CN). Fouling by surface masking is a newly proposed mechanism by which a certain fraction of the membrane area is completely blocked to water passage. Results show the changes in rejection of small neutral organic compounds caused by biofouling, quantify the contribution of concentration polarization to biofouling, and introduce surface masking as a biofouling mechanism to attribute the portion of biofouling not explained by ECP. In laboratory experiments, the transport of water, sodium chloride and nitrosamines through clean NF90 membranes were evaluated with a combined solution-diffusion concentration polarization (SD-CP) model. The sensitivity of the mass transfer coefficient, k, on modeling solute rejection was evaluated by estimating k in three ways: Sherwood estimation, Sutzkover estimation and Murthy Gupta fitting of k to the SD-CP model. The SD-CP model best modeled the rejection of small neutral organic solutes by the NF90 membrane by using k as a fitting parameter. Values of k obtained in this way were 1.5 times higher than those obtained by the traditional Sherwood approach. A technique was developed to build biolayers on RO membranes. Biolayer development occurred over four distinct phases: (1) lag-phase bacterial growth, (2) rapid bacterial growth, (3) slowed bacterial growth, and (4) stagnated bacterial growth due to depletion of the electron donor. Establishment of a biofilm of 24.3 [unknown symbol]m resulted in 75% flux decline, 2.5-fold increase in salt passage, and 13-30% increase in the passage of five different nitrosamines. These increases occurred primarily over bacterial growth phases (2) and (3). To evaluate concentration polarization caused by a biolayer, its porosity needs to be estimated. For realistic porosities (> 0.2), enhanced concentration polarization only marginally contributed to biofouling. Charge neutralization was not considered significant because changes in rejection of charged compounds (salts) and uncharged compounds (nitrosamines) were comparable. Although hydraulic resistance of exopolymeric substances (EPS) was not ruled out, the majority of the observed flux decline was attributed to surface masking.
Download or read book Environmental Remediation Through Carbon Based Nano Composites written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-25 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines carbon-based nanocomposite materials and their application in various environmental fields, such as wastewater treatment, and air and soil remediation. Featuring illustrations, and tables summarizing the latest research, it gathers up-to-date information on the application of carbon nanocomposites in the removal of environmental pollutants from different sources. Given its scope, the book is a valuable textbook for research students, and a useful handbook and reference resource for researchers, academics and industrial scientists working in the field of environmental pollutants and their safe removal.
Download or read book Water Treatment Membrane Processes written by Lyonnaise des eaux-Dumez (Firm) and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1996 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With global demand for water in the 20th century expected to increase ten-fold, this work focuses on the membrane filtration issues for drinking water.
Download or read book Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Sunita Varjani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Emerging Organic Micropollutants summarizes the current knowledge of emerging organic micropollutants in wastewater and the possibilities of their removal/elimination. This book attempts a thorough and exhaustive discussion on ongoing research and future perspectives on advanced treatment methods and future directions to maintain and protect the environment through microbiological, nanotechnological, application of membrane technology, molecular biological and by policymaking means. In addition, the book includes the latest developments in biotechnology and bioengineering pertaining to various aspects in the field of emerging organic micropollutants, including their sources, health effects and environmental impacts. Includes testing methods for the analysis and characterization of emerging organic micropollutants in wastewater Discusses the environmental impact and health hazards of emerging organic micropollutants in wastewater Provides a useful guide to identify priority areas of research demand in the remediation/removal of emerging organic micropollutants
Download or read book Modelling and Simulation of Nano ltration Membranes written by Gamze Artug and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofiltration (NF) is a relatively recent membrane process and offers a plethora of application areas due to its selective removal for ions and removal of organic matter above 200 g/mol molar mass. Application fields enlarged substantially in the last 25 years. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for process design and optimisation tools. Therefore, current research studiesfocus on a better understanding of mass transport phenomenon as well as the application and enhancement of the existing models to the real process streams. In this thesis work, characterisation of NF membranes and investigations of their mass transport phenomenon through both experimental and modelling studies were of concern. For these purposes, flat sheet samples of four commercially available membranes were selected. Since the performance of a NF membrane is related to its structural and charge properties, membrane characterisation studies by microscopy, contact angle and electrokinetic measurements were conducted. A systematic experimental program was applied covering a wide spectrum of feed streams concerning both charged and uncharged solutes. Particularly charged streams regarding single salts and their mixtures were emphasised. Moreover, the effects of the operating conditions and the solution pH on membrane performances were investigated. Standard performance characterisation experiments, consisting of pure water permeability, organic and single salt rejection measurements, gave initial information on the membrane charge and performance characteristics. In mixture solutions of salts, distinctive behaviours of membranes to different ion types at different combinations were observed. Furthermore, artificial seawater experiments were conducted in order to determine the convenience of the considered NF membranes for this recently recognised process as an intensification step in the pre-treatment of seawater. A practical tool was developed for the performance description and prediction purposes. For this purpose, currently available models were scrutinized. A physical model, based on extended Nernst-Planck equation describing mass transport through membrane active layer in conjunction with different partition equations at membrane and bulk interfaces, was built. Some modelling parameters were obtained either directly from the characterisation data or by applying some other straightforward models using experimental data. For the latter purpose, Fortran 90 programming code was used. As the programming efforts increase with the number of components in the feed stream, an equation based software Comsol Multiphysics was utilised. Herewith, model could be applied straightforwardly to multicomponents streams. Simulations were conducted systematically started from single salts, extended to salt mixtures and finally for seawater. A good agreement between experimental and simulation results were obtained. Suggestions were made to improve both the predictive ability and the reliability of the model. Incorporating the predictive model with system economics in a case study indicated that such an approach enables determining the optimum operating conditions and selecting the most appropriate membrane characteristics for the regarding process.
