Download or read book Trade Liberalization in Peru written by Elin Baldárrago and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-03-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While trade integration has been an engine of global growth and prosperity, as suggested by theory, some sectors have been negatively affected by increased import competition. We test if this negative effect is significant in a context of high intranational migration, as theory indicates that labor mobility could reduce it. We focus on the 2004-14 period of trade liberalization in Peru (a major beneficiary of trade integration), which allows for methodological improvements relative to similar studies. We find that districts competing with liberalized imports experienced significantly lower growth in consumption per capita despite some emigration in response to increased import competition. This underscores the need to support the “losers of trade liberalization” even amidst high labor mobility.
Download or read book The Geography of Trade Liberalization written by Omar Awapara and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo.
Download or read book The Geography of Trade Liberalization written by Omar Awapara and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo. Omar Awapara is Director of Political Science at UPC (Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas) and Global Instructor at the University of Arizona, the USA.
Download or read book The Timing and Sequencing of a Trade Liberalization Policy written by Julio J. Nogues and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Historical Perspective of Peru s Trade Liberalization Policies of the 80s written by Julio J. Nogués and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sustaining Trade Reform written by Elías A. Baracat and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factually, the principal finding of this book is that the trade policy reforms introduced by Peru in the 1990s have continued over several changes of president, whereas similar reforms in Argentina have been reversed. In both countries, the reforms included the introduction of new mechanisms for managing trade policy as well as the reduction of restrictions. Throughout the decade beginning in 2000, Peru’s liberalization expanded. The new institutions became more robust, and through them pressures for protection were effectively contained. At the same time, Argentine trade policy returned to the high-protection import substitution regime in place before the 1990s reforms. Multiple restrictions have been imposed, mostly through a reversion to informal methods that abjure the governance characteristics that the 1990s reforms introduced. The difference between the two cases cannot be explained by economic parameters such as resource endowments or external shocks. Peru’s reforms manifest the buoyant and confident attitude toward the global economy that reform leaders were able to introduce into Peruvian politics. In the words of former president Alan García, there is an eagerness to “climb up on the wave of growth.” In comparison, Argentina’s current development strategy sees international trade as detrimental to Argentina’s interests unless participation by Argentine buyers and sellers is guided by government intervention. The Peruvian case provides examples of successfully managing the politics of reform and the technical aspects of policy so as to establish transparent and participatory processes that weigh accurately the impact of trade policy on all affected domestic parties. The Argentine case demonstrates that the World Trade Organization legal system is not an effective restraint on a government that wants to revert to an import substitution regime. International cooperation has been useful when it has recognized and influenced domestic sovereignty over economic regulation; however, it is not been useful when approached as a matter of international regulation of national actions.
Download or read book The effects of Alternative Free Trade agreements on Peru Evidence from a Global Computable General Equilibrium Model written by Antoine Bouët, Simon Mevel, and Marcelle Thomas and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peru written by World Trade Organization Staff and published by . This book was released on 2000-11 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) is a permanent feature of the World Trade Organisation as set up under the Marrakesh Agreement in January 1995. Under the TPRM, the trade policies of all WTO Members are subject to periodic review. The reviews are conducted by the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) on the basis of a policy statement by the Member under review and a comprehensive report drawn up by the WTO Secretariat. This report covers Peru's economic environment, trade policy regime framework and objectives, trade policies and practices by measure and trade policies by sector. The report concludes that, despite external shocks such as El Nino and international financial crisis, Peru has achieved significant growth, sharply reduced inflation and attracted considerable foreign capital. Major factors in this performance have been sound macroeconomic policies, continued liberalisation of Peru's trade and investment regimes, the privatisation process and efforts to develop a reliable regulatory framework. A still relatively modest GDP per capita (some US$2,500 per person), which in real terms is no higher than in the mid 1960s, highlights the need for Peru to achieve higher rates of growth. Eliminating remaining impediments to greater economic efficiency would be of crucial importance in this regard both by enhancing the international competitiveness of Peruvian producers and exporters, and by making Peru more attractive as an investment destination. A fresh round of reforms might include further customs simplification, more even and predictable tariff protection, the elimination of minor remaining local-content or export performance requirements, and greater transparency in support programmes. Current support for certain agricultural activities is out of line with the principle of sectoral neutrality. Pressing forward the privatisation and concession programmes would create new opportunities for private investments and inject greater competition in the domestic market.
Download or read book Industry Composition Trade Barriers and Their Welfare Implications Evidence from Peru s Trade Liberalization written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To what extent do differences in competition across industries affect the gains from trade? This paper develops a trade model with differences in productivity and competition across industries. The model provides sufficient statistics to quantify competition in every industry and welfare. The model highlights three main mechanisms that determine welfare of a country when tariffs decrease: efficiency gains from reallocation of production, changes in industry profits, and changes in relative prices. I bring the theory to the data using datasets of the universe of Peruvian exporters and agreed tariffs over preferential trade agreements of the last 10 years. The decreases in tariffs in Peru have not been uniform across industries: whereas the tariffs of most Peruvian industries have been reduced to zero, a few industries are protected from foreign competition. The calibration shows that reductions in tariffs have a limited impact on welfare if they target non-protected industries.
Download or read book Searching for a Better Society written by John Sheahan and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As in most of the rest of Latin America, Peruvian economic strategy has gone in something of a circle, from long-established orientation toward an open economy with minimal state intervention to a period of state-led development, then back again to what looks like the starting point. In the 1960s, the Peruvian people had their first real chance to make a democratic choice between continuation of the country's open-economy orientation or change, & they chose change. Using this as his starting point, Sheahan explains how their choice was not provoked by any economic crisis but by other major influences. The majority of Peruvians, he shows, were seeking objectives more fundamental than economic growth. They were, with conflicting visions but with many good reasons, "searching for a better society." While positive accomplishments have been important, enough went wrong to lead Peru back to a more market-determined economic system in 1990. Sheahan addresses the consequences of this return to the earlier economic strategy & what might be done to shape the process of development-in Peru & in Latin America more generally-toward less unfair societies. Searching for a Better Society is different from the great majority of economic studies of developing countries in its emphasis on the basic role of social dissatisfaction with the country's traditional liberal economic system & on the complexity of social goals involved in evaluation of the choice & consequences of economic policies.
Download or read book The Peru US Trade Promotion Agreement TPA Possible Impact on Peruvian Agricultre written by and published by IICA. This book was released on with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peru Toward a More Open Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Antidumping Mechanisms and Safeguards in Peru written by Richard Charles Webb and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Peru's experience in the application of antidumping and safeguard measures is characterized by a radical change in the philosophy and procedures of trade at the beginning of the 1990s, and by an increasing use of these mechanisms. Trade liberalization was accompanied by the liberalization of foreign currency transactions and of financial and labor markets. Also, the internal revenue administration was modernized, institutions for regulation and competition defense were created, and state enterprises were transferred to private owners or concessionaires. New laws and institutions were created to regulate markets, including INDECOPI, a novel government agency charged with antimonopoly regulation and consumer defense, and which houses the Antidumping and Subsidies Commission. This highly autonomous and technical Commission became the central player in the implementation of WTO rules and procedures for fair trade. Since the reform was launched, a total of 81 trade protection cases have been presented, of which 57 were followed by a dumping investigation. The application of antidumping duties was approved for 29 of the cases investigated. Only two cases of safeguard investigations were recorded, one of which (Chinese textile clothing articles) is still in the negotiation phase. This paper reviews that case experience in detail, concluding that Peru has clearly differentiated between unfair competition and dumping on the one hand, and damage and safeguards on the other, and has applied strict technical criteria to the former and broader political considerations to the latter. Despite recent indications of a partial retreat from those principles, the decade-old reform is expected to last. "-- World Bank web site.
Download or read book The Informal Manufacturing Sector and Trade Liberalization Policies in Peru written by Jorge C. Vega and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report analyzes the charactreristics and performance of informal manufacturing firms in Peru (i.e., those firms unrecorded by Government offices.) These firms pay no taxes, and do not comply with most laws in areas such as zoning and labor relations. The focus of this study is the behavior of informal manufacturing forms during the import liberalization period in Peru from 1979-1984. An extended analysis covering the periods before and after the import liberalization process is also presented.
Download or read book Trade Policy Industrialization and Productivity Growth written by Carlos E. Paredes and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Growth without Development written by Rubén Berríos and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how some growing countries are experiencing economic development, while others are falling behind. It addresses the fundamental issues of development strategies by examining country-specific policies that have resulted in success or failure. The author focuses on Peru and makes comparisons with Chile and South Korea, exploring the question of why the latter two countries have been more successful, while Peru has lagged behind, despite bountiful natural resources and the potential to develop into a robust economy. The central question is to understand why some countries achieve economic development, while others face enormous challenges, and fail to do so.
Download or read book Reinventing the State written by Carol Wise and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2003-01-17 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description
