Download or read book Trade Liberalization And Trade Preferences Revised Edition written by Michael Michaely and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009-08-07 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade liberalization is arguably a major issue in the conduct of commercial policy. As a component of it, the relationship between universal, multilateral trade liberalization and the conclusion of preferential trade agreements — that is, a process of liberalization which discriminates between trading partners — has been a focus of analysis and debate. This book is designed to enhance understanding of the salient elements of these issues.The book searches for answers to significant questions that have not been raised before, and elaborates those discussed earlier in the literature but not yet settled. Some parts of the book are purely analytical, while others focus on general principles and comprehension of concrete instances and developments. The book formulates a variety of new methods, including the construction of new instruments of measurement, to enable both ex-ante predictions and ex-post assessments of the impact of liberalization and trade preferences. The revised edition incorporates the outcome of two important studies, exploring the impact of liberalization on trade structure and the pattern of regional trade relationships.
Download or read book American Opinion on Trade written by Alexandra Guisinger and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction -- The changing landscape of trade and trade knowledge -- Trade preferences and politics -- Economic vulnerability, self-interest, and individual trade preferences -- Community and trade preferences -- Racial diversity and white Americans' support for trade protection -- The negative perceptions of trade's national effect -- Could positive information shift national level beliefs? -- Conclusions -- References
Download or read book Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization written by Joseph F. Francois and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern.
Download or read book Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization written by Joseph F. Francois and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of concern that tariff reductions in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd) countries will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, the erosion of trade preferences may become a stumbling block for multilateral trade liberalization. An econometric analysis of actual preference use shows that preferences are underused because of administrative burdens-estimated to be equivalent to an average of 4 percent of the value of goods traded. To quantify the maximum scope for preference erosion, the compliance cost estimates are used in a model-based assessment of the impact of full elimination of oecd tariffs. Taking into account administrative costs eliminates erosion costs in the aggregate and greatly reduces the losses for countries most affected by preference erosion.
Download or read book Trade Liberalization written by Romain Wacziarg and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compelling two-volume collection presents the major literary contributions to the economic analysis of the consequences of trade liberalization on growth, productivity, labor market outcomes and economic inequality. Examining the classical theories that stress gains from trade stemming from comparative advantage, the selection also comprises more recent theories of imperfect competition, where any potential gains from trade can stem from competitive effects or the international transmission of knowledge. Empirical contributions provide evidence regarding the explanatory power of these various theories, including work on the effects of trade openness on economic growth, wages, and income inequality, as well as evidence on the effects of trade on firm productivity, entry and exit. Prefaced by an original introduction from the editor, the collection will to be an invaluable research resource for academics, practitioners and those drawn to this fascinating topic.
Download or read book Preference Erosion and Multilatera Trade Liberalization written by Joseph F. Francois and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Global Political Economy of Trade Protectionism and Liberalization written by Tony Heron and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the widely-accepted premise that free trade is the best means of maximising overall societal welfare, why has it proven so difficult to achieve in certain industries? This book tackles arguably the most perennial and deep-rooted of all questions in political economy, and questions the incumbent orthodox liberal theories of collective action. Using a historical institutionalist framework to explore and explain the political economy of trade protectionism and liberalization, this book is based on detailed case studies of the textiles and clothing sector in the EU, United States, China, Caribbean Basin and sub-Saharan Africa. From this, the book expands to discuss the origins of trade protectionism and examine the wider political effects of liberalization, offering an explanation of why a successful conclusion to the WTO ‘Doha’ round has proven to be so elusive. The book argues that the regulation of global trade - and the economic consequences that this has for both developed and developing countries - has been the result of the particular way in which trade preferences are mediated through political institutions. The Global Political Economy of Trade Protectionism and Liberalization will be of interest to those studying and researching international and comparative political economy, developing area studies, economics, law and geography.
Download or read book The Economics of Regional Trading Arrangements written by Richard W. T. Pomfret and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1997-10-16 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economics of Regional Trading Arrangements provides a unified analysis of policies which discriminate among trading partners. Regionalism became a major issue in international commercial diplomacy during the early 1990s. The proliferation of RTAs was viewed by some as a challenge, and by others as a complement, to the establishment of the World Trade Organization as the successor to GATT. This book analyses the new RTAs. It situates them in the broader realm of discriminatory trade polices for which there is a well-defined body of theory and empirical studies, before asking whether the new regionalism requires new theoretical analysis. The approach is to combine in roughly equal proportions history, theory, and a review of empirical studies. This is appropriate given the key theoretical result is the welfare ambiguity of discriminatory trade policy changes. Empirical studies can provide a sense of which of the potentially offsetting effects are more or less important. Since some effects may take a long time to have their full impact and may be systemic, it is also useful to observe how RTAs have evolved in practice.
Download or read book Trade Preferences and Political Equilibrium Associated with Trade Liberalization written by Shoya Ishimaru and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper, motivated by the so-called North-South problem in trade, analyzes ex ante trade preferences and the source of potential political conflicts regarding trade lib- eralization. Developing a dynamic extension of the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin model with imperfect labor mobility and tracking overall dynamic paths from the autarky to free-trade steady states, we demonstrate that in the presence of intersectoral migration barrier, bilateral free trade agreements can be welcomed (opposed) by the majority of workers in a capital-abundant (labor-abundant) country, which is inconsistent with the welfare prediction by Stolper and Samuelson (1941). This paper also proposes a numerical algorithm to solve for the entire transition path of the model under rational expectation. Our simulation experiments further reveal that preannounced and delayed implementation can facilitate a bilateral free trade agreement by partially neu- tralizing short-run transitional gains and losses so as to persuade the losers to support the reform without affecting the beneficiaries' trade preferences.
Download or read book U S Trade Policy and the Caribbean written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over 40 years, the United States has relied on unilateral trade preferences to promote export-led development in poor countries. Congressionally authorized trade preferences give market access to selected developing country goods, duty-free or at tariffs below normal rates, without requiring reciprocal trade concessions. The Caribbean Basin has benefitted from multiple preferential trade arrangements, the best known being those linked to the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) begun in the mid-1980s. Since then, the growing number of reciprocal U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) in the region have effectively replaced preferential trade arrangements, signaling a shift in U.S. trade policy and raising questions with respect to the future of those mostly smaller countries still relying on trade preferences. This report discusses the evolution of U.S. trade policy toward the Caribbean, focusing on the implications of moving from unilateral tariff preferences to reciprocal FTAs. The U.S. Congress has approved multiple trade preference programs over the past three decades (production sharing, GSP, CBERA, CBI II, CBTPA, and HOPE Act of 2006). Each one amended trade rules and tariff preferences in ways designed to increase imports from CBI countries. Trade grew and many of the goals for development were supported. Evaluations of the benefits, however, suggested that they may not have been as robust as originally expected. Benefits tended to be concentrated in a few countries and products, often skirting industries with the greatest potential to stimulate exports. Also, the benefits of preferences are being eroded by multilateral trade liberalization and recently implemented FTAs. A number of issues and circumstances are converging during the 110th Congress that will be a challenge for U.S. trade policy in the Caribbean region. Among these circumstances are the expiring trade preference programs, their limited use by remaining eligible countries, and the reluctance of these countries to make the transition to an FTA with the United States without some guarantee of a "development component" to the agreement. These concerns persist, despite the promise of permanent market access and increased investment that an FTA holds out. The Caribbean countries, long accustomed to dependent economic relationships, appear content to take a cautious and leisurely path toward any new arrangement with the United States. For U.S. trade policy, which is still committed to achieving regional integration, these circumstances present a special challenge. Broader integration may be difficult to reconcile with the needs of very small developing countries, which are highly vulnerable to the vicissitudes of global economic trends and may require new and creative solutions, particularly if U.S. policy is still driven by the historical focus on development and regional security issues in addition to trade liberalization. In the context of continuing with trade preferences in similar or altered form, or opting for an FTA, the solution is not immediately obvious. This report will be updated. For more information on the Caribbean region, see CRS Report RL32160, Caribbean Region: Issues in U.S. Relations, by Mark P. Sullivan.
Download or read book What Determines Individual Trade Policy Preferences written by Kenneth F. Scheve and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides new evidence on the determinants of individual trade policy preferences using an individual-level data set identifying both stated trade policy preferences and potential trade exposure through several channels for the United States in 1992. There are two main empirical results. First, we find that factor type dominates industry of employment in explaining support for trade barriers. This result is consistent with a Heckscher-Ohlin model of the United States in which the country is well endowed with skilled labor relative to the rest of the world. The result suggests that there is high intersectoral labor mobility in the United States over the time horizons relevant to individuals when evaluating trade policy. Second, we find that home ownership also matters for individuals' trade policy preferences. Independent of factor type, home ownership in counties with a manufacturing mix concentrated in comparative disadvantage industries is strongly correlated with support for trade barriers. This finding suggests that in addition to current factor incomes driving preferences as in standard trade models, in reality preferences also depend on asset values. To the extent that trade policy is like other government policies which affect citizens by changing relative product prices, our findings have implications for how individuals form preferences over a wide range of economic policies.
Download or read book Trade Liberalization Between the USA and Less Developed Countries written by Pantelis Issidoros Pantelides and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The USA Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) was implemented in 1976. Under this system tariffs charged on imports of manufactured and semi-manufactured products from developing countries were granted preferential tariff reductions in comparison with the most-favored-nation (MFN) duties charged on products from other sources. The objectives of this new system was to establish new international trade incentives that would contribute to raising the material wealth of the developing countries through trade rather than aid. This study offers a detailed description and a comprehensive discussion of the USA GSP and its relation to the operation of multinational companies"--Abstract.
Download or read book Preferences about Preferences written by Brendan James Connell and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National trade preference schemes are an integral component of North-South trade relations. Yet the varying degree of trade liberalization across different preference schemes is considerable, especially in the case of the EU. This thesis attempts to find what factors can account for the differing amount of trade liberalization between the EU's trade preference schemes. To do this, both process tracing and the congruence method are used to analyze two different instances of European trade and development policy--the EU's 2012 revision of GSP and the EU's Economic Partnership Agreement with the Caribbean. I find the liberalization of EU trade preferences is driven primarily by three factors: (1) Domestic commercial interests; (2) EU concerns about global economic competitiveness; and (3) Desires for WTO compatibility. I also find NGOs to represent the main opposition for the EU's current trade and development agenda rather than import-competing sectors as "conventional" trade theory would predict.
Download or read book Remaking U S Trade Policy written by Nitsan Chorev and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chorev focuses on trade liberalization in the United States from the 1930s to the present as she explores the political origins of today's global economy.
Download or read book Expanding Frontiers of Global Trade Rules written by Nitya Nanda and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-02-07 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining theoretical analysis with insights derived from interactions with trade negotiators, this book analyzes the issues surrounding the creation of newtrade rules', addressing trade topics including the trade and development linkage.
Download or read book The Regulation of International Trade Volume 3 written by Petros C. Mavroidis and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive analysis of GATS that considers its historical context, the national preferences that shaped it, and a path to a GATS 2.0. The previous two volumes in The Regulation of International Trade analyzed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the first successful agreement to generate multilateral trade liberalization, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which the GATT laid the groundwork. In this third volume, Petros Mavroidis turns to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a WTO treaty that took effect in 1995, and offers a comprehensive analysis that considers the historical context of the GATS, the national preferences that shaped it, and a path to a GATS 2.0.
Download or read book Trade Preferences written by John F. Hornbeck and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
