Download or read book Balanced Trade written by Jesse Richman and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How should a principled nation which believes in the benefits of mutually beneficial trade respond to the predations of mercantilist trading partners and imbalanced trade? Many argue that the response should be to do little or nothing. Balanced Trade argues that achieving the full benefits of international trade requires an effective response. Although trade deficits provide short-term gains in consumption, these are combined with long-term losses in consumption, innovation, investment, employment and power. Furthermore, market mechanisms do not correct trade imbalances that result from mercantilism, nor do they compensate for the long term shift in production and consumption towards the mercantilist. Balancing trade can make important short run and long run contributions to economic stability and prosperity. In America today, despite the growing evidence that imbalanced free trade is not working, many American economists remain adamant in their promotion of free trade. They are also quick to label actions taken to balance trade as protectionism. The political system has also failed to effectively address the problem of imbalanced trade, and the Federal Reserve has often exacerbated rather than addressed the challenge. We show that the classical economic arguments against mercantilism do not justify doing nothing. Effectively responding to imbalanced trade and mercantilism requires careful selection of strategy in order to achieve multiple objectives: balancing trade while maintaining the benefits of international trade, avoiding unnecessary inefficiencies, and maintaining compliance with international law. One of the best options is the Scaled Tariff. By targeting countries with which the United States has a large current account deficit, the Scaled Tariff would efficiently, legally, and effectively balance trade. It would be applied to all imported goods from trade surplus countries that have had a sizable trade surplus with the United States over the most recent four economic quarters.The tariff rate would be designed to take in a portion (e.g. 50%) of the bilateral trade deficit (goods plus services) as revenue. No particular product is protected; the scaled tariff simply changes the terms of trade between the two countries, much as currency devaluation would change the terms of trade with all countries.

Download or read book Is the U S Trade Deficit Sustainable written by Catherine L. Mann and published by Peterson Institute. This book was released on 1999 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global financial crisis of 1997-98 and the widening US trade deficit have precipitated fresh inquiry into a set of perennial questions about global integration and the US economy. How has global integration affected US producers and workers, and overall growth and inflation? Is a chronic and widening deficit sustainable, or will the dollar crash, perhaps taking the economy with it? If the problem was one of "twin deficits," as many thought, why has the trade deficit continued to grow even as the budget deficit narrowed to zero? If US companies are so competitive, why does the trade deficit persist? Is the trade deficit a result of protectionism abroad? Will it lead to protectionism at home? What role do international capital markets have? Each chapter presents relevant data and a simple analytical framework as the basis for concise discussions of these major issues. The final section of the book provides an outlook for the deficit and suggests alternative policy courses for dealing with it. This book is designed for policymakers and others who are interested in the US role in the world economy. It is also suitable for courses in international economics, business, and international affairs.

Download or read book The Euro s Effecton Trade Imbalances written by Mr.Helge Berger and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When does trade become a one-way relationship? We study bilateral trade balances for a sample of 18 European countries over the period from 1948 through 2008. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade imbalances among euro area members widened considerably, even after allowing for permanent asymmetries in trade competitiveness within pairs of countries or in the overall trade competitiveness of individual countries. This is consistent with indications that pair-wise trade tends to be more balanced when nominal exchange rates are flexible. Intra-euro area imbalances also seem to have become more persistent with the introduction of the euro, some of which is linked to labor market inflexibility. Reviewing the direction of imbalances, we find that bilateral trade surpluses are decreasing in the real exchange rate, decreasing in growth differentials, and increasing in the relative volatility of national business cycles. Finally, countries with relatively higher fiscal deficits and less flexible labor and product markets exhibit systematically lower trade surpluses than others.

Download or read book International Trade written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Great Rebalancing written by Michael Pettis and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How trade imbalances spurred on the global financial crisis and why we aren't out of trouble yet China's economic growth is sputtering, the Euro is under threat, and the United States is combating serious trade disadvantages. Another Great Depression? Not quite. Noted economist and China expert Michael Pettis argues instead that we are undergoing a critical rebalancing of the world economies. Debunking popular misconceptions, Pettis shows that severe trade imbalances spurred on the recent financial crisis and were the result of unfortunate policies that distorted the savings and consumption patterns of certain nations. Pettis examines the reasons behind these destabilizing policies, and he predicts severe economic dislocations that will have long-lasting effects. Demonstrating how economic policies can carry negative repercussions the world over, The Great Rebalancing sheds urgent light on our globally linked economic future.

Download or read book The United States Trade Deficit of the 1980s written by Chris C. Carvounis and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1987 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carvounis has written a splendid, brief explanation of the current U.S. trade deficit and its probable consequences. After providing a brief history of the deficit, he surveys and critiques the two leading explanations advanced by economic theory (monetarist and structuralist). . . . Carvounis finds the monetarist suggestions politically impractical and the structuralist solution unworkable as well as politically improbable. . . . The writing is crisp and well documented. Choice The United States Trade Deficit of the 1980s probes the causes and consequences, as well as possible responses to the trade imbalance. In a thorough examination of the origins of the trade imbalance, the study takes into account the magnitude of the problem, focusing on bilateral trade balances, sectoral balances, and future outlook. The causes and consequences of the deficit are explained through an exhaustive comparison between the monetarist and structuralist schools. In a comprehensive, nonideological approach, the book provides valuable critiques and conclusions with respect to both positions.

Download or read book Adjusting the U S Trade Imbalance written by Lester C. Thurow and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China written by Wei Wang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-05-09 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China’s trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China’s trade surplus, and gives empirical analysis on provinces and products with important VS activities in order to assess China’s trade value-added. Exploring the vertical division of labour, and foreign direct investment (FDI) driving China’s import and export imbalance, the book is divided into eight chapters, each covering an aspect of VS in China. The first chapter outlines the aims and method of the study. Chapter two covers VS trade pattern and trade surplus. Chapter three looks at FDI and the import and export imbalance, and chapter four covers the relationship between VS and import and export of foreign invested enterprises. The fifth chapter considers the causes and prospects for growth in China-US and China-Japan trade. Chapters six and seven give an empirical analysis of VS and trade surplus, and a breakdown of VS per industry in China’s provinces. Finally, chapter eight considers rebalancing imports and exports in China. Measures VS across China including the developed provinces based on the newest input-output table Presents the main provinces and products closely related to VS Gives evidence on global VS trade patterns from China’s national data

Download or read book U S Trade Deficit Causes Consequences and Cures written by Albert E. Burger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On October 23 and 24, 1987, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hosted its twelfth annual economic policy conference, "The U.S. Trade Deficit: Causes, Consequences, and Cures." This book contains the papers and comments delivered at that conference. A sharp decline in the value of the dollar against major foreign cur rencies began in March 1985 and continued through December 1987. Despite this decline, the U.S. trade deficit experienced considerable growth during this time. Many consider the simultaneous occurrence of these two events over so long a period to be a problem requiring a policy response. The conference addresses this issue. Various papers discuss the cause of the trade deficit, the reason for its size and persistence, its relation ship with other macroeconomic variables, its impact on other industrialized countries, and various policy proposals aimed at reducing the deficit. Session I Peter Hooper and Catherine L. Mann provide an analytical setting for the conference with their "The U.S. External Deficit: Its Causes and Persistence." Their observation that the unprecedentedly large U. S. trade imbalance is striking in both its size and its persistence could well be the subtitle of each of the papers presented. The macroeconomic studies, which Hooper and Mann summarize in their review of the existing literature, uniformly conclude that the deficit has not responded to fundamental macroeconomic determinants-relative U.S. income growth and the dollar's exchange rate-in the way that earlier, smaller U.S.

Download or read book The United States Trade Imbalance written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. merchandise trade deficit has deteriorated rapidly from a $9 billion surplus i n 1975 to a deficit of $34.19 billion in 1978.

Download or read book Making Of An Economic Superpower The Unlocking China s Secret Of Rapid Industrialization written by Yi Wen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself.

Download or read book Trade Wars are Class Wars written by Matthew C. Klein and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a very important book."--Martin Wolf, Financial TimesA provocative look at how today's trade conflicts are caused by governments promoting the interests of elites at the expense of workers Longlisted for the 2020 Financial Times & McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award "Worth reading for [the authors'] insights into the history of trade and finance."--George Melloan, Wall Street Journal Trade disputes are usually understood as conflicts between countries with competing national interests, but as Matthew C. Klein and Michael Pettis show, they are often the unexpected result of domestic political choices to serve the interests of the rich at the expense of workers and ordinary retirees. Klein and Pettis trace the origins of today's trade wars to decisions made by politicians and business leaders in China, Europe, and the United States over the past thirty years. Across the world, the rich have prospered while workers can no longer afford to buy what they produce, have lost their jobs, or have been forced into higher levels of debt. In this thought-provoking challenge to mainstream views, the authors provide a cohesive narrative that shows how the class wars of rising inequality are a threat to the global economy and international peace--and what we can do about it.

Download or read book How Trade Deficits Work written by Kate Canino and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2011-01-15 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the causes of trade deficits, its effects on a country and how such a deficit might be reduced.

Download or read book U S Trade Deficit Issues written by Carl T. Yankovich and published by Nova Science Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2010 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. trade deficit has risen more or less steadily since 1992. In 2006, the trade imbalance reached $811.5 billion, an increase of $20 billion over the 2005 deficit, and a total increase of about $765 billion since 1992. The trade deficit's growth in 2006 was largely the consequence of increase of import purchases of nearly $210 billion, a slight deceleration from import growth in 2005. Exports in 2006 increased a smaller $162 billion, but this was an acceleration over the 2005 results. As a percentage of GNP, the trade deficit in 2006 was 6.1%, a decrease from 6.3% in 2005. The investment income component of the trade balance moved from a surplus of $10.3 billion in 2005 up to a surplus of $36.6 billion in 2006. The large and growing size of U.S. foreign indebtedness caused by successive trade deficits suggests that the investment income surplus is likely to soon be pushed toward deficit. The size of the U.S. trade deficit is ultimately rooted in macroeconomic conditions at home and abroad. U.S. saving falls short of what is sought to finance U.S. investment. Many foreign economies are in the opposite circumstances, with domestic saving exceeding domestic opportunities for investment. This difference of wants will tend to be reconciled by international capital flows. The shortfall in domestic saving relative to investment tends to draw an inflow of relatively abundant foreign savings seeking to maximise returns and, in turn, the saving inflow makes a higher level of investment possible. For the United States, a net financial inflow also leads to a like-sized net inflow of foreign goods -- a trade deficit. Absent a major shift in the underlying domestic and foreign macroeconomic determinants, most forecasts predict the continued widening of the U.S. trade deficit in 2007, but the rate of increase of the trade deficit is expected to slow. The benefit of the trade deficit is that it allows the United States to spend now beyond current income. In recent years that spending has largely been for investment in productive capital. The cost of the trade deficit is a deterioration of the U.S. investment-income balance, as the payment on what the United States has borrowed from foreigners grows with its rising indebtedness. Borrowing from abroad allows the United States to live better today, but the payback must mean some decrement to the rate of advance of U.S. living standards in the future. U.S. trade deficits do not now substantially raise the risk of economic instability, but they do impose burdens on trade sensitive sectors of the economy. Policy action to reduce the overall trade deficit is problematic. Standard trade policy tools (e.g., tariffs, quotas, and subsidies) do not work. Macroeconomic policy tools can work, but recent and prospective government budget deficits will reduce domestic saving and most likely tend to increase the trade deficit. Most economists believe that, in time, the trade deficit will most likely correct itself, without crisis, under the pressures of normal market forces. But the risk of a more calamitous outcome can not be completely discounted.

Download or read book Trade Imbalance written by Susan Ariel Aaronson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-10-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many countries, citizens allege that trade policies undermine specific rights such as labor rights, the right to health, or the right to political participation. However, in some countries, policy makers use trade policies to promote human rights. Although scholars, policy makers and activists have long debated this relationship, in truth we know very little about it. This book enters this murky territory with three goals. First, it aims to provide readers with greater insights into the relationship between human rights and trade. Second, it includes the first study of how South Africa, Brazil, the United States, and the European Union coordinate trade and human rights objectives and resolve conflicts. It also looks at how human rights issues are seeping into the WTO. Finally, it provides suggestions to policy makers for making their trade and human rights policies more coherent.

Download or read book The U S Trade Deficit written by U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Report of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission, November 14, 2000"--Page 2 of cover.

Download or read book The American Trade Balance and Probable Tendencies written by Joseph Russell Smith and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: