Download or read book Prokaryotic Toxin Antitoxins written by Kenn Gerdes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-19 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prokaryotic Toxins – Antitoxins gives the first overview of an exciting and rapidly expanding research field. Toxin – antitoxin (TA) genes were discovered on plasmids 30 years ago. Since then it has become evident that TA genes are highly abundant in bacterial and archaeal chromosomes. TA genes code for an antitoxin that combine with and neutralize a cognate toxin. When activated, the toxins inhibit protein synthesis and cell growth and thereby induce dormancy and multidrug tolerance (persistence). Remarkably, in some species, the TA gene families have undergone dramatic expansions. For example, the highly persistent major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis has »100 TA loci. The large expansion of TA genes by some organisms is a biological mystery. However, recent observations indicate that TA genes contribute cumulatively to the persistence of bacteria. This medically important phenomenon may thus for the first time become experimentally tractable at the molecular level.
Download or read book Bacterial Persistence written by Jan Michiels and published by Humana. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a comprehensive collection of methods that have been instrumental to the current understanding of bacterial persisters. Chapters in the book cover topics ranging from general methods for measuring persister levels in Escherichia coli cultures, protocols for the determination of the persister subpopulation in Candida albicans, quantitative measurements of Type I and Type II persisters using ScanLag, to in vitro and in vivo models for the study of the intracellular activity of antibiotics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacterial Persistence: Methods and Protocols brings together the most respected researchers in bacterial persistence whose studies will remain vital to understanding this field for many years to come.
Download or read book Toxin Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria written by Juan Carlos Alonso and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitously present in bacterial genomes, are not essential for normal cell proliferation. The TA systems regulate fundamental cellular processes, facilitate survival under stress conditions, have essential roles in virulence and represent potential therapeutic targets. These genetic TA loci are also shown to be involved in the maintenance of successful multidrug-resistant mobile genetic elements. The TA systems are classified as types I to VI, according to the nature of the antitoxin and to the mode of toxin inhibition. Type II TA systems encode a labile antitoxin and its stable toxin; degradation of the antitoxin renders a free toxin, which is bacteriostatic by nature. A free toxin generates a reversible state with low metabolic activity (quiescence) by affecting important functions of bacterial cells such as transcription, translation, DNA replication, replication and cell-wall synthesis, biofilm formation, phage predation, the regulation of nucleotide pool, etc., whereas antitoxins are toxin inhibitors. Under stress conditions, the TA systems might form networks. To understand the basis of the unique response of TA systems to stress, the prime causes of the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and their contribution to therapy failure and the development of chronic and recurrent infections, must be known in order to grasp how TA systems contribute to the mechanisms of phenotypic heterogeneity and pathogenesis that will enable the rational development of new treatments for infections caused by pathogens.
Download or read book The Toxins and Venoms and Their Antibodies written by Marius Emmanuel Pozzi-Escot and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Persister Cells and Infectious Disease written by Kim Lewis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of chapters from the leading experts in the relatively new and burgeoning field of persister cell studies. Persisters play a leading role in the recalcitrance of chronic infections, and enable the development of classical antibiotic resistance. The focus of the book is on studies that provide an understanding of the mechanisms of persister formation, antibiotic tolerance and role in disease, at the molecular level.
Download or read book The Effect of Toxins on the Growth of Bacteria and the Destruction of Toxins Through Bacterial Growth written by Clifford Nicks Stark and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxines and Antitoxines written by Carl Oppenheimer and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Toxins and Venoms and Their Antibodies written by M. Emm. Pozzi-Escot and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-06-02 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Toxins and Venoms and Their Antibodies" by M. Emm. Pozzi-Escot is a medical study of the true toxins, substances of cellular origin and of albuminoid nature, and unknown composition. The book also sheds light on other toxic substances, the nitrogenized alkaloidal bases introduced into science through the researches of Selmi, Armand Gautier, and von Behring, which are highly hydrogenized nitrogenous crystallizable principles of definite chemical composition—the products of the more or less advanced breaking down of albuminoids.
Download or read book Blood Serum Therapy and Antitoxins written by Georg E. Krieger and published by . This book was released on 1895 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chimeric Toxins written by Haya Lorberboum-Galski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-05-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacteria and plants produce powerful toxins that can cause a variety of diseases, some of which are lethal for many animal species. The mechanisms of action are common to many of these toxins and represent general pathways for the interaction of a number of biomolecules with target cells, such as binding to specific surface receptors, internalizati
Download or read book Toxin antitoxin Systems in Bacteria written by Christopher David Aakre and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are genetic modules widely present on bacterial chromosomes. These systems comprise a toxin and cognate antitoxin that are encoded together in an operon; normally, the toxin and antitoxin are synthesized and form a non-toxic complex. Under times of stress, however, the more labile antitoxin can be degraded, which frees the toxin to inhibit growth. TA systems have been implicated in a number of important processes, including plasmid stability, phage resistance, persistence, and virulence. Yet, there are a number of unanswered questions about these genetic modules. What are the cellular targets of toxins? How do antitoxins antagonize their cognate toxins? Do toxins and antitoxins interact in a one-to-one manner - one antitoxin for one toxin - or do they form large networks of cross-reacting systems? To answer these questions, I have studied the targets, mechanisms, and specificity of TA systems in bacteria. For my first project, I identified SocAB, a novel TA system in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Unlike canonical TA systems, in which the antitoxin is less stable than the toxin, I found that the toxin SocB is unstable and constitutively degraded by the protease ClpXP. This degradation requires its antitoxin, SocA, which acts a proteolytic adaptor. Furthermore, I found that SocB blocks replication progress through an interaction with the sliding clamp, thus expanding the number of known cellular targets for TA systems. For my second project, I studied interaction specificity in the ParDE TA family. I found that toxins and antitoxins in this family exhibit a strong preference for interacting with their cognate pair, and that specificity is determined by a small subset of coevolving residues at the interface of these two proteins. To understand how the identity of these coevolving residues controls interaction specificity, I generated a library of ~104 variants at these coevolving positions in the ParD antitoxin. By reacting this library against both cognate and non-cognate ParE toxins, I identified promiscuous ParD variants that are densely connected to specific variants in sequence space. These promiscuous states may facilitate changes in TA specificity and promote the expansion of these paralogous systems by duplication and divergence.
Download or read book Toxins Antitoxins written by Frederick George Novy and published by . This book was released on 1896 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbial Toxins written by P. Gopalakrishnakone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-14 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the field of Toxinology has expanded substantially. On the one hand it studies venomous animals, plants and micro organisms in detail to understand their mode of action on targets. While on the other, it explores the biochemical composition, genomics and proteomics of toxins and venoms to understand their three interaction with life forms (especially humans), development of antidotes and exploring their pharmacological potential. Therefore, Toxinology has deep linkages with biochemistry, molecular biology, anatomy and pharmacology. In addition, there is a fast developing applied subfield, clinical toxinology, which deals with understanding and managing medical effects of toxins on human body. Given the huge impact of toxin-based deaths globally, and the potential of venom in generation of drugs for so-far incurable diseases (for example, Diabetes, Chronic Pain), the continued research and growth of the field is imminent. This has led to the growth of research in the area and the consequent scholarly output by way of publications in journals and books. Despite this ever growing body of literature within biomedical sciences, there is still no all-inclusive reference work available that collects all of the important biochemical, biomedical and clinical insights relating to Toxinology. The Handbook of Toxinology aims to address this gap and cover the field of Toxinology comprehensively.
Download or read book Microbes Toxins written by Etienne Burnet and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism written by P. Gopalakrishnakone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological toxins are an important part of our world, a reality with which we need to cope, so in parallel with understanding their mechanisms of action and thereby improving our fundamental knowledge, there are successful efforts to utilize them as therapeutics against some debilitating human and animal diseases. In view of the complexity of different types of biotoxins and the broad range of toxin structure, physiology, utility, and countermeasures including regulatory issues, it was thus aimed to compile a book on biotoxins and bioweapons. This reference work in the Toxinology handbook series gathers together knowledge from around the globe about naturally inspired and manufactured biological weapons. The authors describe how they work; how authorities may detect their presence, prevent their use, and diagnose their impacts; and the means by which medical and paramedical professionals may treat victims. Also described are how they have been used to further our knowledge and what insights they have given us into evolutionary and physiological processes. Finally, it is also discussed how these toxins can be used as therapeutics and what the implications of such therapeutics are to their use as biothreat agents. This volume provides a reference accessible to scientists, educators, and medical experts alike with an interest in biotoxins, focusing on the major toxins used as bioweapons. Regulatory agencies will also benefit from the information provided in this book. Some in the intended audience may need to understand how they elicit their effects and how we can defend ourselves against them. Others may be interested in the sometimes colorful histories that surround this subset of biotoxins that can be and, in some cases, have been used as weapons.
Download or read book Biological Mass Spectrometry written by A.L. Burlingame and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2005-11-28 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes and integrates the techniques of many advances in both chromatographic and mass spectrometric technologies. This book also covers various biophysical applications, such as H/D exchange for study of conformations, protein-protein and protein-metal and ligand interactions. It also describes atto-to-zepto-mole quantitation of 14C and 3H.
Download or read book Bacterial Toxins written by John Stephen and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
