Download or read book Toxic Combustion Products Testing of Polymers Used in Oxygen Systems A Review of Testing at WSTF written by FY. Hshieh and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews some of the toxic combustion products testing, in ambient pressure, previously performed at NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF). The paper also presents some results from recent toxic combustion products testing in high-pressure oxygen of polymers typically used in oxygen systems. The review shows that generation of combustion toxicants is both material-dependent and temperature (or fire)-dependent. Fire conditions, the location and means of sampling, and analytical instruments used are the controlling parameters for the analysis of toxic combustion products. FTIR can provide continuous, real-time measurements of combustion product gases; however, it is difficult to obtain quantitative FTIR measurements. Appropriate sampling probe, filters, gas transfer line, and FTIR software are definitely needed. Nondispersive infrared (IR) is an effective tool for real-time carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide measurements. Combustion products analyzers (electrochemical method) and Draeger® Tubes are limited to the analysis of light combustion product gases, and they are less efficient compared with FTIR. The results of combustion testing in high-pressure oxygen environments show that combustion of polymers in high-pressure oxygen environments generated much less carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The toxic potency of the combustion gas is presumably lower than that of combustion gas generated from ambient-pressure oxygen (or air) environments.
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen enriched Atmospheres written by B. E. Newton and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2003 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire written by P. J. Fardell and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 1993 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report does not seek to single out synthetic polymers as a special case. It aims to provide an overview of the whole subject of combustion toxicity and threat to life, whilst supplying specific information on the most frequently encountered polymeric materials, and combustion products such as dioxins which have received high levels of media attention. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database provides useful references for further reading.
Download or read book Toxicity Testing of Combustion Products of Polyurethane and Polyvinyichioride written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhalation of toxic combustion products is the major cause of death during fires. This problem is also prominent In military equipment, because of the widespread use of plastics, especially PUR and PVC. Increased knowledge of the combustion products formed and their toxicity could decrease the risks. This report describes the development and validation of a test that can be used to estimate the toxicity of the combustion products of plastics. In this test, 2-100 g of plastics are combusted, and rats are exposed to the complete smoke mixture. In addition to survival, also sublethal effects, such as respiratory depression and lung damage are investigated. For the validation process, a number of combustion experiments was performed, aimed at demonstrating that the test is useful to compare the toxicity of several plastics. The toxicity risk of polyurethane (PUR) could be estimated, both with PUR foam and with PUR rigid plates. The test allows the combustion to be performed under conditions with varying oxygen concentrations and temperatures. This was demonstrated using PUR and polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples. The toxic effects of PUR were mainly attributed to carbon monoxide and by hydrogen cyanide. The toxicity of PVC was partly due to the formation of carbon monoxide and by hydrogen chloride. Quantitatively, the results were in reasonably good agreement with literature data.
Download or read book Practical Guide to Smoke and Combustion Products from Burning Polymers written by Sergei Levchik and published by Smithers Rapra. This book was released on 2011-03-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Practical Guide presents one of the most complete overviews of this important topic, covering smoke generation (including obscuration, toxicity, corrosivity), small and large scale smoke assessment, regulation of smoke, and methods of controlling smoke by plastics formulation. In particular this book focuses on the assessment of fire hazard and fire risks from combustion products and is an important book for plastics processors, regulatory personnel, and fire research and safety engineers. This book presents a state of the art overview of smoke formation from natural and synthetic polymeric materials. Also presented is a discussion on why different commercial polymers have different intrinsic tendencies to generate smoke and ways in which smoke generation can be assessed. Mechanisms and general approaches for decreasing smoke formation are examined.This book also gives an overview of flammability tests for measuring smoke formation. In particular, the criticality of assessing smoke formation in realistic scale is discussed. An overview is provided of regulations, codes and standards for critical application of polymeric materials where smoke generation is controlled. Common commercial approaches to decrease smoke formation in specific polymer systems and for specific applications are also presented. Finally, a balanced opinion on the controversial issue of smoke and associated combustion gases is given.
Download or read book Fire Toxicity of Plastics written by Rapra Technology Limited and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 1989 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Plastics Flammability and Combustion Toxicology written by Arthur H. Landrock and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1983 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of Recommended Test Method for Toxicological Assessment of Inhaled Combustion Products written by M. M. Birky and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Flammability Handbook for Plastics written by Carlos J. Hilado and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-05-11 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FROM THE INTRODUCTION "Considerable effort has gone into the study of various aspects of flammability and of various plastic materials, so that these materials which are proving so useful to man will always be used in ways which will not compromise his safety. The task is a continuing one, because the family of plastics continues to grow, and, a
Download or read book Combustibility of Plastics written by F. Fire and published by Springer. This book was released on 1991 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although many people may want to know how plastics bum, the question of how plastics bum is only a part of a much larger question: "How does anything bum?" To examine the burning process of plastics in isolation does not make any sense and may lend credence to the idea that plastics are a special material with a special hazard. An analogy would be to study how "carbonless" carbon paper bums and then to relate the burning characteristics and combustion products of this single type of paper to all other types of paper, and even to other wood products and to wood itself. The testing of one type of product from a very large family of products that are physically similar, and the relation of these test results to all other members of that family, has no basis in the scientific method. Those who do so are ignorant of science-unless they have some hidden reason for wanting to ascribe certain properties to all related materials.
Download or read book Risk Evaluation Approach for Polymers in Oxygen Breathing Systems written by Barry E. Newton and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An approach for fire risk assessment of polymers in oxygen breathing systems is presented. The approach separates the fire risk of polymers into the probability of ignition and the consequence (severity) of ignition. Recommended methods for estimating the probability of ignition, the severity of fire damage, and the severity of any toxic combustion product exposure are provided. The ignition probability and severity of fire damage are based on ASTM G63. The severity of toxic combustion product exposure is based on ISO 15001 and a new methodology developed as part of a toxicity risk research program. Consistent with international risk assessment standards for medical devices (ISO 14971), the approach then combines the elements of risk according to the risk evaluation method. To complete the risk assessment, mitigation strategies are also presented for various results of the risk evaluation.
Download or read book Hazardous Chemicals in the Polymer Industry written by NicholasP. Cheremisinoff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides accurate, up-to-date information on the hazardous properties of several hundred generic and specific polymeric additives used in elastomer and plastics processing operations, detailing the symproms of overexposure as well as resonsible packaging, shipping and emergency-response procedures. Essential safety data is offered.
Download or read book Toxicity Considerations of Combustion Products from Cellular Plastics written by P. R. Nicholl and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This particular report is a review of the available literature. No new work is described and no claim is made to have completely covered the field. In preparing this report it became clear that there were a number of relevant publications that were not immediately available. Rather than wait months for such publications to arrive, it was decided to write a report on the basis of what was available now, and, if necessary, to issue supplementary reports as more information was received. There have been some previous reviews on the subject of toxic gases. An early review (1963) by DuFour was quite comprehensive and covered most of the common plastics wood and other celiulosic materials. Autian (1970) reviewed the toxicological aspects of flammability and combustion of polymeric materials. Armstrong and Commerford (1972) have written the most comprehensive review so far of urethane toxicity considerations. There have been brief reviews in papers by Martin and Wagner has made a survey of the toxic species evolved in the pyrolysis and combustion of polymers. In this report emphasis has been placed on flexible and rigid polyurethanes and foamed polystyrene as these are the most important cellular plastics. Some attention has been given to other materials for purposes of comparison and particularly to PVC, not only in connection with foamed vinyls, but because flexible polyurethane foam is often used in conjunction with vinyl plastics.
Download or read book Development of Recommended Test Method for Toxicological Assessment of Inhaled Combusion Products written by Center for Fire Research (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polymer Oxygen Compatibility Testing written by JM. Waller and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oxygen (O2) compatibility of six polymers used in O2 service was evaluated after 48 h exposures at 121 °C (250 °F) to O2 pressures of 620 and 6200 kPa (90 and 900 psia). Three elastomers were tested: chloroprene rubber (C873-70), fluorocarbon rubber (Viton® A), and silicone rubber (MVQ type); and three thermoplastics were tested: polyhexamethylene adipamide (Zytel® 42), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon® 500A), and polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Neoflon® CTFE M400H). Post-aged changes in mass, dimensions, tensile strength, elongation at break, durometer hardness, and thermomechanical properties were evaluated. For selected materials, gaseous nitrogen- (GN2-) aged controls were used to ascertain the effect of thermal versus oxidative degradation. Finally, the effect of O2 aging on selected ignition (AIT) and combustion (?Hc) properties was determined. As expected, aged polymers were less ignitable and combustible. Special attention was given to Neoflon CTFE; namely, the possible effect of percent crystallinity (quick- versus slow-quenched) on the aging, ignition, and combustion behavior was evaluated.
Download or read book Test Developments for Polymers in Oxygen Enriched Environments written by F. Benz and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two newly developed methods are discussed that examine ignition and flammability characteristics of polymers in oxygen-enriched environments. These methods were tested with three types of polymers (acrylonitrile butadiene, high-density polyethylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene). The first method comprises a tube furnace assembly and a quartz tube through which a test gas is flowed over a polymer sample located in a combustion boat. The combustion gas flowing through the infrared test cell is analyzed for pyrolysis products using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. By measuring the spectral characteristics of the reactant products (spectral absorption bands) as a function of the sample temperature, it is possible to determine some of the pyrolysis properties of the materials. Inspection of the sample while the temperature increases is made possible by viewing the sample through an oblique field-of-view angle to the quartz sampling tube. The sample is monitored visually or recorded with a video camera. Visual monitoring for flame emissions allows for positive identification of the auto-ignition temperature (AIT). With the exception of the high-density polyethylene, the AIT results were in good agreement with previously published values. The FTIR spectrometer was demonstrated to be extremely sensitive for characterizing the compatibility of polymer materials with oxygen. The second method discussed is a modification to a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). This device, which utilizes a silicon photodiode coupled to the DSC chamber via a light pipe assembly, is used to detect radiative flame emissions from a polymer test sample, The modification provides a method of identifying the AIT threshold, while simultaneously measuring endothermic and exothermic responses. The photodiode detector assembly has been adapted for use with the high-pressure DSC cell configuration. The visible wavelength bandpass of the silicon photodiode has a weak response to the radiation heat of the sample or DSC chamber for temperatures under 500 K. Thus, flames with temperatures in excess of 500 K are easily distinguished from the radiative response of the chamber or slow reaction rates (no visible flame emissions). The testing of the DSC demonstrated the merit of using the radiative flame emissions as the primary signature for the identification of the auto-ignition condition. The method reduces or eliminates ambiguity associated with interpretation of exothermic reactions. Thus, the new instrumentation provides viable methods of determining the AIT for polymers in oxygen-enriched environments.
