Download or read book Towards Robust Regional Estimates of Carbon Sources and Sinks Using Atmospheric Transport Models written by Kevin Gurney and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessment of Uncertainties in Atmospheric Transport and Surface Flux of Carbon from the North American Terrestrial Biosphere written by Caroline Normile and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The North American terrestrial biosphere acts as a strong sink of atmospheric CO2 and therefore plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. The atmospheric inversion approach is used to quantify the magnitude and distribution land-atmosphere carbon exchange, and requires accurate atmospheric transport and surface flux prior. We evaluate the relative sensitivity of simulated atmospheric total, biological, and fossil fuel CO2 mole fractions in the atmospheric boundary layer and integrated column over North America to changes in transport model and surface fluxes. We run three versions of a mesoscale model that incorporate different physics parameterization schemes and identical surface fluxes; we run the same mesoscale transport model with two different surface fluxes. All simulations are conducted for North America during 2008. Observed CO2 mole fractions reveal that seasonal amplitude ranges from 13 ppm in the West to over 34 ppm in the Midcontinent, and the models tested match these amplitudes to within a few ppm. Biology drives both the magnitude of the seasonal amplitude and regional differences in amplitude. Fossil fuels exhibit a seasonal cycle that is smaller than biological CO2, but not trivial. During the growing season, variations in surface fluxes yield mean differences in regionally, seasonally averaged atmospheric boundary layer total CO2 mole fractions that are larger for all regions than those resulting from varied transport model. The relative contributions of biological and fossil fuel to total mean difference CO2 show distinct quantitative patterns for varied flux and transport, and can provide information for attributing model-model differences in total CO2. Seasonal amplitude is much greater in the ABL than in the integrated column. Simulated total biological, and fossil fuel integrated column XCO2 are about 1/10th the magnitude of their signal in the atmospheric boundary layer. Flux and transport differences are also found in the integrated column at approximately 1/10th their atmospheric boundary layer values. While transport error is a significant problem for identifying terrestrial carbon fluxes, it is not an overwhelming one. Our work indicates that there is potential for remotely sensed integrated column XCO2 to distinguish between the flux signal and transport errors. Understanding transport error deserves more study, motivating current and future observational campaigns and modeling.While reducing transport uncertainty in atmospheric inversions has received considerable attention in recent years, quantification of carbon surface flux uncertainty remains a challenge. Model-observation studies can help identify model temporal and spatial limitations. To this end, we organize 166 CO2 flux tower measurement sites across North America by region, climate, and vegetation type into 23 groupings. The data span from 2000 through 2014 and are compared to output from eight atmospheric inverse estimates and 17 terrestrial biosphere models. We generate a mean year of observed and simulated net ecosystem exchange for each regional vegetation group and for each model. The NOAA CarbonTracker inverse estimates, major carbon flux inverse products, almost always underestimate amplitude of the seasonal cycle (biased positive relative to observations) and have a small spread. Furthermore, the inversions dont typically improve upon the prior with respect to the observations. Groups characterized by large seasonal amplitudes are not well represented by the models. For these groups, drawdown is underestimated. The terrestrial biosphere models often encompass the observations, but may have too much model-model variability. No one model is best everywhere. Model performance varies by vegetation and location. Certain biomes are well represented, certain biomes are not, and some models are reliably better than others. In general, evergreen forests in the north and east are better represented by the models than grasslands or crops in the midcontinent and southwest. Our large-scale, regional approach to model-observation analyses provides insight into the vegetation- and location-dependent performance of many inverse and terrestrial biosphere model estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange. This can help inform selection and application of surface flux priors in future inversions.
Download or read book Challenging Problems and Solutions in Intelligent Systems written by Guy de Trė and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-25 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents recent research, challenging problems and solutions in Intelligent Systems– covering the following disciplines: artificial and computational intelligence, fuzzy logic and other non-classic logics, intelligent database systems, information retrieval, information fusion, intelligent search (engines), data mining, cluster analysis, unsupervised learning, machine learning, intelligent data analysis, (group) decision support systems, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, knowledge-based systems, imprecision and uncertainty handling, electronic commerce, distributed systems, etc. The book defines a common ground for sometimes seemingly disparate problems and addresses them by using the paradigm of broadly perceived intelligent systems. It presents a broad panorama of a multitude of theoretical and practical problems which have been successfully dealt with using the paradigm of intelligent computing.
Download or read book Land Change Science written by Garik Gutman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-24 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a synthesis of the NASA funded work under the Land-Cover and Land-Use Change Program. Hundreds of scientists have worked for the past eight years to understand one of the most important forces that is changing our planet-human impacts on land cover, that is land use. Its contributions span the natural and the social sciences, and apply state-of-the-art techniques for understanding the earth: satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems, modeling, and advanced computing. It brings together detailed case studies, regional analyses, and globally scaled mapping efforts. This is the most organized effort made to understand the dominant force that has been responsible for changing the Earth’s biosphere. Audience: This publication will be of interest to students, scientists, and policy makers. This volume includes a CD-ROM containing full color images of a selection of illustrations which are printed in black-and-white in the book.
Download or read book Science for Environmental Protection written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-12-21 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In anticipation of future environmental science and engineering challenges and technologic advances, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the overall capabilities of the agency to develop, obtain, and use the best available scientific and technologic information and tools to meet persistent, emerging, and future mission challenges and opportunities. Although the committee cannot predict with certainty what new environmental problems EPA will face in the next 10 years or more, it worked to identify some of the common drivers and common characteristics of problems that are likely to occur. Tensions inherent to the structure of EPA's work contribute to the current and persistent challenges faced by the agency, and meeting those challenges will require development of leading-edge scientific methods, tools, and technologies, and a more deliberate approach to systems thinking and interdisciplinary science. Science for Environmental Protection: The Road Ahead outlines a framework for building science for environmental protection in the 21st century and identified key areas where enhanced leadership and capacity can strengthen the agency's abilities to address current and emerging environmental challenges as well as take advantage of new tools and technologies to address them. The foundation of EPA science is strong, but the agency needs to continue to address numerous present and future challenges if it is to maintain its science leadership and meet its expanding mandates.
Download or read book Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere written by John Lin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-09 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 200. Trajectory-based (“Lagrangian”) atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling has gained in popularity and sophistication over the previous several decades. It is common practice now for researchers around the world to apply Lagrangian models to a wide spectrum of issues. Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere is a comprehensive volume that includes sections on Lagrangian modeling theory, model applications, and tests against observations. Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series. Comprehensive coverage of trajectory-based atmospheric dispersion modeling Important overview of a widely used modeling tool Sections look at modeling theory, application of models, and tests against observations
Download or read book The Global Carbon Cycle written by David Archer and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A must-have introduction to this fundamental driver of the climate system The Global Carbon Cycle is a short introduction to this essential geochemical driver of the Earth's climate system, written by one of the world's leading climate-science experts. In this one-of-a-kind primer, David Archer engages readers in clear and simple terms about the many ways the global carbon cycle is woven into our climate system. He begins with a concise overview of the subject, and then looks at the carbon cycle on three different time scales, describing how the cycle interacts with climate in very distinct ways in each. On million-year time scales, feedbacks in the carbon cycle stabilize Earth's climate and oxygen concentrations. Archer explains how on hundred-thousand-year glacial/interglacial time scales, the carbon cycle in the ocean amplifies climate change, and how, on the human time scale of decades, the carbon cycle has been dampening climate change by absorbing fossil-fuel carbon dioxide into the oceans and land biosphere. A central question of the book is whether the carbon cycle could once again act to amplify climate change in centuries to come, for example through melting permafrost peatlands and methane hydrates. The Global Carbon Cycle features a glossary of terms, suggestions for further reading, and explanations of equations, as well as a forward-looking discussion of open questions about the global carbon cycle.
Download or read book Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-09-10 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Climate Change 2007 volumes of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provide the most comprehensive and balanced assessment of climate change available. This IPCC Working Group I report brings us completely up-to-date on the full range of scientific aspects of climate change. Written by the world's leading experts, the IPCC volumes will again prove to be invaluable for researchers, students, and policymakers, and will form the standard reference works for policy decisions for government and industry worldwide.
Download or read book The Continental Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe written by Han Dolman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the current greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring capabilities of Europe, identifies and quantifies the uncertainties involved, and outlines the direction to a continental scale GHG monitoring network. The book uniquely addresses both the methodology of carbon cycle science and the science itself, providing a synthesis of carbon cycle science. The methods included provide the first comprehensive coverage of a full GHG accounting and monitoring system.
Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions Fluxes and Processes written by A. Tremblay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-30 with total page 743 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a time when an unquestionable link between anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and climatic changes has finally been acknowledged and * widely documented through IPCC reports, the need for precise estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) production rates and emissions from natural as well as managed ecosystems has risen to a critical level. Future agreements between nations concerning the reduction of their GHG emissions will - pend upon precise estimates of the present level of these emissions in both natural and managed terrestrial and aquatic environments. From this viewpoint, the present volume should prove to a benchmark contribution because it provides very carefully assessed values for GHG emissions or exchanges between critical climatic zones in aquatic en- ronments and the atmosphere. It also provides unique information on the biases of different measurement methods that may account for some of the contradictory results that have been published recently in the literature on this subject. Not only has a large array of current measurement methods been tested concurrently here, but a few new approaches have also been developed, notably laser measurements of atmospheric CO concentration 2 gradients. Another highly useful feature of this book is the addition of - nitoring and process studies as well as modeling.
Download or read book The Complete Guide to Climate Change written by Brian Dawson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-11-28 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative and easy to use A to Z guide to the key scientific, geographical and socio-political concepts central to the study of climate change. Taking you through the latest thinking on global warming, environmental damage and risk, this book has everything you will need to know perhaps the biggest issue facing mankind today.
Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Sinks written by Dave Reay and published by CABI. This book was released on 2007 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this first comprehensive handbook of the earth's sinks for greenhouse gases, leading researchers from around the world provide an expert synthesis of current understanding and uncertainties. It will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in conservation, ecology and environmental studies.
Download or read book Hot House written by Robert G. Strom and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-27 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming is addressed by almost all sciences including many aspects of geosciences, atmospheric, the biological sciences, and even astronomy. It has recently become the concern of other diverse disciplines such as economics, agriculture, demographics and population statistics, medicine, engineering, and political science. This book addresses these complex interactions, integrates them, and derives meaningful conclusions and possible solutions. The text provides an easy-to-read explanation of past and present global climate change, causes and possible solutions to the problem, including the politics and reasons why this is such a politically charged issue.
Download or read book Plant Growth and Climate Change written by James I. L. Morison and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence grows daily of the changing climate and its impact on plants and animals. Plant function is inextricably linked to climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. On the shortest and smallest scales, the climate affects the plant’s immediate environment and so directly influences physiological processes. At larger scales, the climate influences species distribution and community composition, as well as the viability of different crops in managed ecosystems. Plant growth also influences the local, regional and global climate, through the exchanges of energy and gases between the plants and the air around them. Plant Growth and Climate Change examines the major aspects of how anthropogenic climate change affects plants, focusing on several key determinants of plant growth: atmospheric CO2, temperature, water availability and the interactions between these factors. The book demonstrates the variety of techniques used across plant science: detailed physiology in controlled environments; observational studies based on long-term data sets; field manipulation experiments and modelling. It is directed at advanced-level university students, researchers and professionals across the range of plant science disciplines, including plant physiology, plant ecology and crop science. It will also be of interest to earth system scientists.
Download or read book Readings from the Treatise on Geochemistry written by Heinrich D Holland and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-05-25 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Readings from the Treatise on Geochemistry offers an interdisciplinary reference for scientists, researchers and upper undergraduate and graduate level geochemistry students that is more affordable than the full Treatise. For professionals, this volume will provide an overview of the field as a whole. For students, it will provide more in-depth introductory content than is found in broad-based geochemistry textbooks. Articles were selected from chapters across all volumes of the full Treatise, and include: The Origin and Earliest History of the Earth, Compositional Evolution of the Mantle, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks, Soil Formation, Geochemistry of Groundwater, Geologic History of Seawater, Hydrothermal Processes, and Biogeochemistry of Primary Production in the Sea. Comprehensive, interdisciplinary and authoritative content selected by leading subject experts Robust illustrations, figures and tables Affordably priced sampling of content from the full Treatise on Geochemistry
Download or read book Understanding Climate Change written by Sarah Burch and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2014-07-31 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conversations about climate change are filled with challenges involving complex data, deeply held values, and political issues. Understanding Climate Change provides readers with a concise, accessible, and holistic picture of the climate change problem, including both the scientific and human dimensions. Understanding Climate Change examines climate change as both a scientific and a public policy issue. Sarah L. Burch and Sara E. Harris explain the basics of the climate system, climate models and prediction, and human and biophysical impacts, as well as strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing adaptability, and enabling climate change governance. The authors examine the connections between climate change and other pressing issues, such as human health, poverty, and other environmental problems, and they explore the ways that sustainable responses to climate change can simultaneously address those issues. An effective and integrated introduction to an urgent and controversial issue, Understanding Climate Change contains the tools needed for students, instructors, and decision-makers to become constructive participants in the human response to climate change.
Download or read book Summary Report written by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
