Download or read book Towards an Improved Understanding of how Roots and Mycorrhizal Fungi Influence Soil Organic Matter Dynamics in Temperate Forests written by Katilyn Victoria Beidler and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest soils help slow the pace of climate change by storing more carbon (C) than they release back to the atmosphere, but the degree to which soil will persist as C sinks remains uncertain. A key reason for this uncertainty relates to knowledge gaps about how roots and their associated microbes (including symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi) influence soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Roots and mycorrhizal fungi can participate in both the storage and release of soil C by modifying the activity of free-living bacterial and fungal decomposers. My dissertation research addresses how roots, and their mycorrhizal fungal symbionts contribute to soil C storage and loss through their effects on decay processes. I found that living roots and mycorrhizal fungi can slow litter decay in temperate forests by competing with free living microbial decomposers for soil resources. I demonstrate that the initial chemical quality of litter inputs can modify both the suppressive effects of living mycorrhizal roots on decay and the fate of root litter derived C in SOM. I show that depending on initial litter chemistry and decay stage, root inputs might stimulate the decomposition of older SOM or enhance the accumulation of new C in stable SOM pools. I found that the decomposition of dead mycorrhizal fungal biomass (necromass) depends more on the initial chemical quality of the fungi than the soil environment in which it decays and that fungal necromass fosters a unique community of microbial decomposers which was similar across sites differing in their vegetation and soil conditions. These findings further our understanding of context‐dependent drivers of root-mycorrhizal-microbial interactions and demonstrate that such interactions can play an underappreciated role in soil C storage and loss in temperate forests.

Download or read book Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Sally E. Smith and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments. Over 50% new material Includes expanded color plate section Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza Presents new taxonomy Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area

Download or read book Interactions Among Roots Mycorrhizas and Free living Microbial Communities Differentially Impact Soil Carbon Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant roots, their associated microbial community and free-living soil microbes interact to regulate the movement of carbon from the soil to the atmosphere, one of the most important and least understood fluxes of terrestrial carbon. Our inadequate understanding of how plant-microbial interactions alter soil carbon decomposition may lead to poor model predictions of terrestrial carbon feedbacks to the atmosphere. Roots, mycorrhizal fungi and free-living soil microbes can alter soil carbon decomposition through exudation of carbon into soil. Exudates of simple carbon compounds can increase microbial activity because microbes are typically carbon limited. When both roots and mycorrhizal fungi are present in the soil, they may additively increase carbon decomposition. However, when mycorrhizas are isolated from roots, they may limit soil carbon decomposition by competing with free-living decomposers for resources. We manipulated the access of roots and mycorrhizal fungi to soil insitu in a temperate mixed deciduous forest. We added 13C-labelled substrate to trace metabolized carbon in respiration and measured carbon-degrading microbial extracellular enzyme activity and soil carbon pools. We used our data in a mechanistic soil carbon decomposition model to simulate and compare the effects of root and mycorrhizal fungal presence on soil carbon dynamics over longer time periods. Contrary to what we predicted, root and mycorrhizal biomass did not interact to additively increase microbial activity and soil carbon degradation. The metabolism of 13C-labelled starch was highest when root biomass was high and mycorrhizal biomass was low. These results suggest that mycorrhizas may negatively interact with the free-living microbial community to influence soil carbon dynamics, a hypothesis supported by our enzyme results. Our steady-state model simulations suggested that root presence increased mineral-associated and particulate organic carbon pools, while mycorrhizal fungal presence had a greater influence on particulate than mineral-associated organic carbon pools. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the activity of enzymes involved in organic matter decomposition was contingent upon root-mycorrhizal-microbial interactions. Using our experimental data in a decomposition simulation model, we show that root-mycorrhizal-microbial interactions may have longer-term legacy effects on soil carbon sequestration. Lastly, our study suggests that roots stimulate microbial activity in the short term, but contribute to soil carbon storage over longer periods of time.

Download or read book Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil written by Nancy Collins Johnson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-03 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage offers a better understanding of mycorrhizal mediation that will help inform earth system models and subsequently improve the accuracy of global carbon model predictions. Mycorrhizas transport tremendous quantities of plant-derived carbon below ground and are increasingly recognized for their importance in the creation, structure, and function of soils. Different global carbon models vary widely in their predictions of the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon pool, ranging from a large sink to a large source. This edited book presents a unique synthesis of the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems, as well as a clear examination of new discoveries and challenges for the future, to inform land management practices that preserve or increase below ground carbon storage. Synthesizes the abundance of research on the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems from a variety of leading international researchers Focuses on the specific role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil processes, with an emphasis on soil development and carbon storage, including coverage of cutting-edge methods and perspectives Includes a chapter in each section on future avenues for further study

Download or read book Litter Decomposition a Guide to Carbon and Nutrient Turnover written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2005-11-22 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Litter Decomposition describes one of the most important processes in the biosphere - the decay of organic matter. It focuses on the decomposition process of foliar litter in the terrestrial systems of boreal and temperate forests due to the greater amount of data from those biomes. The availability of several long-term studies from these forest types allows a more in-depth approach to the later stages of decomposition and humus formation. Differences between the decay of woody matter and foliar litter is discussed in detail and a different pattern for decomposition is introduced. While teachers and students in more general subjects will find the most basic information on decomposition processes in this book, scientists and graduate students working on decomposition processes will be entirely satisfied with the more detailed information and the overview of the latest publications on the topic as well as the methodological chapter where practical information on methods useful in decomposition studies can be found. Abundant data sets will serve as an excellent aid in teaching process and will be also of interest to researchers specializing in this field as no thorough database exists at the moment. Provides over 60 tables and 90 figures Offers a conceptual 3-step model describing the different steps of the decomposition process, demonstrating changes in the organic-chemical structure and nutrient contents Includes a synthesis of the current state of knowledge on foliar litter decomposition in natural systems Integrates more traditional knowledge on organic matter decomposition with current problems of environmental pollution, global change, etc. Details contemporary knowledge on organic matter decomposition

Download or read book Emerging Frontiers in Ecological Stoichiometry written by Michelle Evans-White and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Uptake and Transfer of Organic Nitrogen in Soil written by Matthew David Whiteside and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the mechanisms that turn over organic matter within soils; releasing trace gases to the environment and providing nutrients to plants is a central theme in ecosystem ecology. Mycorrhizal fungi (root mutualists) are known to improve plant uptake of inorganic nitrogen (N) in soil. Recent studies suggest that plant acquisition of organic N may ultimately be the rate limiting step in plant growth, although, the role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant organic N acquisition has not been well documented--especially in the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This dissertation utilizes a new fluorescent technique (quantum dots) to investigate the ability of these fungi to improve plant uptake of organic N in the laboratory and natural soils. Chapter 1 examines the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of organic N by plant roots using a new method (quantum dots). I found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in contradiction to the prevailing paradigm, were able to directly absorb labile and recalcitrant organic N compounds in the laboratory. Chapter 2 investigates whether arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi improve plants' ability to compete for ON in natural soil, and whether anthropogenic N deposition would effect this process; again through the use of quantum dots. I found that both arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi were able to access labile and recalcitrant organic N compounds in the boreal forests of Alaska, and that inorganic N enrichment leads to a reduction in overall organic N uptake via the mycorrhizal pathway. Chapter 3 tests whether AM fungi would improve plant uptake of amino acids, and examines mechanisms that may influence this process. I found that AM fungi improve organic N uptake in plants across all 20 proteinaceous amino acids, and that these fungi may specifically target organic N compounds that plants are unable to access without the mycorrhizal association. This research adds to growing body of literature that mycorrhizal fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, directly influence organic N acquisition in plants. Additionally, this research advances my scientific knowledge in ecosystem processes that link aboveground and belowground organisms. Lastly, this work suggests that we as humans, can alter these belowground processes, which could ultimately effect above ground plant communities.

Download or read book Root and Rhizosphere Interactions of Temperate Forest Tree Species in a Changing Climate written by Marie Jasmijn Zwetsloot and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Root-soil interactions are crucial parts of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. To get a better understanding of their role in forest ecosystem feedbacks to climate change, this dissertation explored (1) how tree species variation in root phenolic profiles influence soil C cycling and (2) to what extent seasonal drought affects fine root growth dynamics in a mixed-species forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst). For the first question, I modified a root exudate collection system in order to measure root phenolic composition of two coniferous and four deciduous forest tree species using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). I tested the effects of nine of these phenolic compounds on soil microbial respiration. These findings helped inform the next incubation experiment, which made use of 13C-labeling techniques and different microbial assays to analyze the mechanistic effects of phenolic-glucose interactions on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and associated soil microbial dynamics. Overall, my experimental results showed that root phenolic composition is highly species-specific and can have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on soil microbial respiration. Moreover, I found that root phenolic effects on soil biogeochemistry are more persistent than glucose, influencing SOM decomposition rates and associated enzyme activities as well as inducing shifts in bacterial community composition. To answer the second question, I studied root growth dynamics in a mature mixed beech-spruce forest in southern Germany under throughfall-exclusion over a four-year period by means of minirhizotron imaging. While fine root production of both F. sylvatica and P. abies decreased under throughfall-exclusion, I found an increase in fine root lifespan in response to seasonal water limitation. Yet, in the interspecific stands of F. sylvatica and P. abies, a decline in root production was not observed, suggesting that the belowground productivity of mixed-species forests is less affected by seasonal drought than monospecific forest stands. In conclusion, these findings show the varying magnitude and direction of root phenolic effects on SOM decomposition and the responsiveness of fine roots to drought, emphasizing the importance of studying root-facilitated C cycling in a changing climate.

Download or read book Tropical Forest Ecosystem Responses to Increasing Nutrient Availability written by Jürgen Homeier and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deforestation and land use change have led to a strong reduction of tropical forest cover during the last decades. Climate change will amplify the pressure to the remaining refuges in the next years. In addition, tropical regions are facing increasing atmospheric inputs of nutrients, which will have unknown consequences for the structure and functioning of these systems, no matter if they are within protected areas or not. Even remote areas are expected to receive rising amounts of nutrients. The effects of higher rates of atmospheric nutrient deposition on the biological diversity and ecosystem functioning of tropical ecosystems are poorly understood and our knowledge of nutrient fluxes and nutrient limitation in tropical forest ecosystems is still limited. Yet, it will be of paramount importance to know the effects of increased nutrient availability to conserve these ecosystems with their biological and functional diversity. During the last years, research efforts have more and more focused on the understanding of the role of nutrients in tropical ecosystems and several coordinated projects have been established that study the effects of experimental nutrient addition. This Research Topic combines results from experiments and from observational studies with the aim to review and conclude on our current knowledge on the role of additional nutrients in ecosystems.

Download or read book Ecology and Management of Forest Soils written by Dan Binkley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary soil science and conservation methods of effective forestry Forests and the soils that serve as their foundation cover almost a third of the world’s land area. Soils influenced by forest cover have different properties than soils cultivated for agricultural use. Ecology and Management of Forest Soils provides a clear and comprehensive overview of the composition, structure, processes, and management of the largest terrestrial ecosystem. From composition and biogeochemistry to dynamics and management, this essential text enables readers to understand the vital components of sustainable, long-term forest soil fertility. The interaction of trees, animals, microbes, and vegetation alter the biology and chemistry of forest soils—these dynamics are also subject to human management, requiring conservationists to be conversant in the philosophy and methods of soil science. Now in its fifth edition, this classic text includes new coverage of uptake of organic nitrogen in forests, 15N retention studies, the effects of N additions on C accumulation, evidence-based examples of the dynamics of soils, and more. Extensive updates and revisions to topics such as spatial implications of megafires, long‐term organic matter accumulation, soil characterization, and molecular soil measurement techniques reflect contemporary research and practices in the field. This informative overview of forest soils integrates clear and accurate descriptions of central concepts and logically organized chapters to provide readers with foundational knowledge of major soil features, processes, measurement techniques, and management methods. This authoritative survey of the management and ecology of forest soils: Offers full-color photographs and illustrations, real-world examples and case studies, and clear overviews to each topic Presents up-to-date and accessible coverage of contemporary forest science literature and research Addresses topical issues relevant to areas such as ecology, forest management, conservation, and government policy Provides a comprehensive, global perspective on forest soils, from tropical to temperate to boreal Presents balanced coverage of soil science principles and their practical application to forest management Ecology and Management of Forest Soils offers students in areas of soil science and forestry, natural resource and environmental management, ecology, agronomy, and conservation an invaluable overview of the field, while providing forestry professionals an efficient and current work of reference.

Download or read book Vegetation Effects on Soil Organic Matter in Forested Ecosystems written by Sandra Spielvogel and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Plant microbe Interactions Influence Ecosystem Processes written by Jessica Andrea Moore and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-microbe interactions shape ecosystem processes such as productivity and decomposition of organic matter. Plants interact with mycorrhizal fungal hyphae to acquire nutrients from soil in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon. The mycorrhizal interaction is therefore a key influence on ecosystem carbon dynamics. Mycorrhizal fungi are key players in soil carbon cycling as they stimulate plants to allocate carbon belowground, and mycorrhizal fungal hyphae interact with microbial decomposers of soil carbon. However, there are few studies on mycorrhizal fungal hyphal interactions with roots and soil organisms in light of soil carbon accrual and release, important ecosystem processes. In my doctoral research, I examined interactions among plants, mycorrhizal fungal hyphae, and soil microbes in order to better understand the role of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in soil C dynamics through combining models with experiments. In my first chapter, I discussed the direct role of mycorrhizal fungi on organic matter decomposition and subsequent shifts in soil carbon. I compared the effect of mycorrhizal hyphal decomposition to decomposition by free-living microbes using a carbon simulation model. In my second chapter, I tested how roots and mycorrhizal fungal hyphae indirectly affect decomposition of organic matter through interactions with free-living microbes. I found non-additive effects of roots and mycorrhizal fungal hyphae on soil microbial activity and hypothesized the effects were driven by nutrient demand. Thus, in my third chapter, I examined microbial decomposition of carbon and nutrient substrates across a range of root and mycorrhizal hyphal influence. My dissertation advances the field of ecosystem ecology by evaluating the role of plant-microbe interactions in soil carbon dynamics.

Download or read book Biochar Application written by T. Komang Ralebitso-Senior and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-05-07 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar Application: Essential Soil Microbial Ecology outlines the cutting-edge research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics, as well as the microbial ecology of biochar application to soil, the use of different phyto-chemical analyses, possibilities for future research, and recommendations for climate change policy. Biochar, or charcoal produced from plant matter and applied to soil, has become increasingly recognized as having the potential to address multiple contemporary concerns, such as agricultural productivity and contaminated ecosystem amelioration, primarily by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and improving soil functions. Biochar Application is the first reference to offer a complete assessment of the various impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems, and includes chapters analyzing all aspects of biochar technology and application to soil, from ecogenomic analyses and application ratios to nutrient cycling and next generation sequencing. Written by a team of international authors with interdisciplinary knowledge of biochar, this reference will provide a platform where collaborating teams can find a common resource to establish outcomes and identify future research needs throughout the world. Includes multiple tables and figures per chapter to aid in analysis and understanding Includes a comprehensive table of the methods used within the contents, ecosystems, contaminants, future research, and application opportunities explored in the book Includes knowledge gaps and directions of future research to stimulate further discussion in the field and in climate change policy Outlines the latest research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics Offers an assessment of the impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems

Download or read book Mycorrhizosphere and Pedogenesis written by Ajit Varma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-13 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book highlights importance of mycorrhiza in soil genesis wherein it reflects mycorrhizal occurrence and diversity, various tools to characterize them and its impact on soil formation/health together with crop productivity. The edited compendium provides glimpses on the mycorrhizal fungi and their prominent role in nutrient transfer into host plants, and presenting view on application of mycorrhiza for crop biofortification. It focuses on the mechanisms involve in weathering process employed by mycorrhiza with highlighting the current and advanced molecular approaches for studying mycorrhizal diversity. Further, book emphasizes following aspects in details: significance of AMF in phytoremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites, the role of mycorrhiza in soil genesis using scientometric approach, the concept of mycorrhizosphere, xenobiotic metabolism, molecular approaches for detoxifying the organic xenobiotics and the role of mycorrhizosphere in stabilizing the environment in an eco-friendly way. In addition, the book will be benign to researchers that involved in mycorrhiza characterization especially by deploying metagenomics/PCR based and non PCR based molecular techniques that may be utilized to study the microbial diversity and structure within the mycorrhizosphere.

Download or read book Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate written by Mark S. Ashton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-07 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to provide an accessible overview for advanced students, resource professionals such as land managers, and policy makers to acquaint themselves with the established science, management practices and policies that facilitate sequestration and allow for the storage of carbon in forests. The book has value to the reader to better understand: a) carbon science and management of forests and wood products; b) the underlying social mechanisms of deforestation; and c) the policy options in order to formulate a cohesive strategy for implementing forest carbon projects and ultimately reducing emissions from forest land use.

Download or read book Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Leho Tedersoo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a timely overview and synthesis of biogeographic patterns of plants and fungi and their mycorrhizal associations across geographic scales. Written by leading experts in the field, it provides an updated definition of mycorrhizal types and establishes the best practices of modern biogeographic analyses. Individual chapters address the basic processes and mechanisms driving community ecology, population biology and dispersal in mycorrhizal fungi, which differ greatly from these of prokaryotes, plants and animals. Other chapters review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the distribution, ecology and biogeography of all mycorrhizal types and the most important fungal groups involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis. The book argues that molecular methods have revolutionized our understanding of the ecology and biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis and that rapidly evolving high-throughput identification and genomics tools will provide unprecedented information about the structure and functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis on a global scale. This volume appeals to scientists in the fields of plant and fungal ecology and biogeography.

Download or read book Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles written by Geoffrey Michael Gadd and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-05-04 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book promotes further understanding of the contribution that fungi make to the biogeochemical cycling of elements, the chemical and biological mechanisms involved, and their environmental and biotechnological significance.