Download or read book Top dying of Norway Spruce with Special Reference to Rhizosphaera Kalkhoffii Bubak written by Stephanos Diamandis and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Top dying of Norway Spruce with Special Reference to Rhizosphaera Kalkhoffi Bubak written by Stephanos Diamandis and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, in Great Britain and countries situated along the coastal fringe of Northwestern Europe, "top-dying" has become the most destructive disease of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The disease affects healthy trees in the dormant period during years characterized by mild, windy winters (March included). The first effect to appear on trees in the interior of thinned plantations is reduction of height growth which may be followed by foliage loss. It is thought that this pattern is also followed by edge trees. When dry flay to August periods follow such winters the growth reduction is steep, anddeterioration of the health status of affected trees is speeded up. Occurrence of severe outbreaks of the disease may result when weather such as the above takes place for more than two consecutive years. The present outbreak in N.E. Scotland is regarded as commencing in 1971t thereafter continuously developing due to unusually mild windy winters accompanied by dry summers (May included) during the period 1971-75. Data for wind duration, air temperature and rainfall for the years 1961-75 were used as variables and annual height increments from three repeat stands were used as the dependent variable in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Significant correlations with height growth, which precedes needle-browning, were always found for edge trees of stands and occasionally for trees inside stands. Trees, once affected by the disease, go through four distinguishable stages of deteriorating health until they die. These stages can be recognized by the significantly different amounts of needle loss. During the "top-dying" annual cycles-1971-75 and 1975-76 needle-browning in all tree-health categories started building up in mid, late winter-spring and culminated just before and in the early flushing period. Sudden, sharp increase of the rate of needle-browning was found to be closely associated with short spells characterized by clear sunny, warm weather accompanied by high velocity wind and low or even freezing temperature at night, occurring in the dormant period. Needle-browning was successfully prevented by bagging shoots from the early flushing period until late August. Tip needles of current and second year were found to retain a significantly lower water content than base needles (expressed on needle dry weight) as did needles from bare 1 shoots compared withbaggedones during the period January-May. Water uptake by roots of Norway spruce plants, four years of age was significantly lower when cold water was supplied. Uptake at l u was found to be only 49.51% of that at 20G. Close observations and a number of experiments failed to show that R. kalkhoffii Bubak or any other needle fungus has a primary involvement in "top-dying". Similarly, no fungus likely to be strongly pathogenic to Norway spruce was isolated from various tissues of current and second year shoots. Strong evidence suggested that the fungus R. kalkhoffii isolated from Norway spruce and dealt with in this work is a different strain from those isolated in the U.S.A. and Japan from other host species. Its optimum temperature for diameter growth on malt agar was 18C. Malt agar pH's ranging from 3.5 to 9 (before autoclaving) did not have any significant effect on growth. It was shown to be a very successful colonizer of dying needles during its infection period which in 1976-77 started building up in August, culminated in October and stopped in late February. The hypothesis was developed that "top-dying" is caused by severe water stress created by adverse climatic conditions, chiefly mild, windy weather during the dormant period enforced by drought in the first part of the growing season. When conditions such as these occur for more than two consecutive years severe outbreaks of the disease may occur. In a test of this hypothesis, one young Norway spruce plant out of two tested, exhibited in vitro symptoms very similar to those recorded in the field after a 75 hr, exposure period under conditions consisting of air temperature 14C, relative humidity 70% and photoperiod of 12 hrs.
Download or read book Top Dying of Norway Spruce in Great Britain written by J. S. Murray and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees written by D. H. Phillips and published by Springer. This book was released on 1992-06-18 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gives a review of the diseases of the major genera of forest and ornamental trees. The introduction deals with the causes, symptoms and diagnosis of disease, and with control measures which include plant health legislation. Over 100 diseases are illustrated with either photographs or drawings.
Download or read book Physiological Plant Ecology II written by Otto L. Lange and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 747 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: O. L. LANGE, P. S. NOBEL, C. B. OSMOND, and H. ZIEGLER In the original series of the Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, plant water relations and photosynthesis were treated separately, and the connection between phenomena was only considered in special chapters. O. STOCKER edited Vol ume III, Pjlanze und Wasser/Water Relations of Plants in 1956, and 4 years later, Volume V, Parts I and 2, Die COrAssimilation/The Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide appeared, edited by A. PIRSON. Until recently, there has also been a tendency to cover these aspects of plant physiology separately in most text books. Without doubt, this separation is justifiable. If one is specifically inter ested, for example in photosynthetic electron transport, in details of photophos phorylation, or in carbon metabolism in the Calvin cycle, it is not necessary to ask how these processes relate to the water relations of the plant. Accordingly, this separate coverage has been maintained in the New Series of the Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. The two volumes devoted exclusively to photosynthesis are Volume 5, Photosynthesis I, edited by A. TREBST and M. AVRON, and Volume 6, Photosynthesis II, edited by M. GIBBS and E. LATZKO. When consider ing carbon assimilation and plant water relations from an ecological point of view, however, we have to recognize that this separation is arbitrary.
Download or read book Forest Health written by John L. Innes and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1993 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the current state of knowledge about forest declines, particularly as they relate to air pollution. Many declines are shown to be unrelated to air pollution and, in other cases, the links between air pollution and the condition of the trees is extremely tenuous. Factors such as nutrient depletion due to past management practices and drought are shown to have had a major influence on the health of trees. In many cases, the evidence for a decline in tree condition is at best ambiguous, and much of the concern appears to have been generated by political and media interest rather than by a critical evaluation of the available data. A detailed examination of the comprehensive data collected in the British forest health monitoring program over the last five years indicates the complexity of the process involved and illustrates the dangers of taking data from a single year at face value. Many of the indices used to assess trees are of questionable value when compared over time or space, as their subjective nature precludes any reliable comparisons. Studies of annual increment and wood quality indicate that the international market for timber is unlikely to be affected in either the long or the short term.
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture with Subject Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1979-10 with total page 2006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 1394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Conifer Cold Hardiness written by F.J. Bigras and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conifer Cold Hardiness provides an up-to-date synthesis by leading scientists in the study of the major physiological and environmental factors regulating cold hardiness of conifer tree species. This state-of-the-art reference comprehensively explains current understanding of conifer cold hardiness ranging from the gene to the globe and from the highly applied to the very basic. Topics addressed encompass cold hardiness from the perspectives of ecology, ecophysiology, acclimation and deacclimation, seedling production and reforestation, the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors, and methods for studying and analyzing cold hardiness. The content is relevant to geneticists, ecologists, stress physiologists, environmental and global change scientists, pathologists, advanced nursery and silvicultural practitioners, and graduate students involved in plant biology, plant physiology, horticulture and forestry with an interest in cold hardiness.
Download or read book British Reports Translations and Theses written by British Library. Lending Division and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book British Reports Translations and Theses written by British Library. Document Supply Centre and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issue for Mar. 1981 contains index for Jan.-Mar. 1981 in microfiche form.
Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Forest Decline and Air Pollution written by Ernst-Detlef Schulze and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last decade, forest decline has become increasingly apparent. The decline in forest health was often reported to be associated with air pollution. The present study on Norway spruce stands in the Fichtelgebirge analyses various processes interacting within forest ecosystems. It covers transport and deposition of air pollutants, the direct effects of pollutants on above-ground plant parts, the responses of soil to acid rain, and the changing nutrient availability, and the accompanying effects on plant metabolism and growth. The role of fungi, microorganisms and soil animals in the decline of these stands is also assessed. The volume is concluded with a synthesis evaluation of the influence of different factors, and their interactions on forest decline.
Download or read book Physiological Plant Ecology written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acid Rain and Forest Decline in W Germany written by W. O. Binns and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globaal overzicht van de verschijnselen bij sparren, beuken en dennen in West-Duitsland ten gevolge van zure regen en het onderzoek hieromtrent
Download or read book Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees written by D. H. Phillips and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Naslagwerk over ziekten (veroorzaakt door schimmels, bakterien en virussen) van belangrijke bomen voor bossen en parken in Engeland, met uitgebreide illustraties van symptomen
Download or read book Physiological Plant Ecology II written by J. Derek Bewley and published by Encyclopedia of Plant Physiolo. This book was released on 1982 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part 2=Volume 12B.
