Download or read book Tolerance to Thermal Stress and Dominant Symbiont Community written by Ruben van Hooidonk and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Reef building corals are in a mutualistic symbiosis with single-celled dinoflaggelates of the genus Symbiodinium. Several different clades of Symbiodinium associate with coral,...with each clade having unique physiological characteristics that enable the coral symbiosis to be successful in a wide range of environmental conditions...But this successful symbiosis is threatened by climate change. Elevated seawater temperatures can disrupt the symbiosis and cause coral bleaching this has led to mass coral mortality on reefs worldwide...By changing the symbionts corals might be able to increase their thermal threshold...or might be able to recover after a bleaching event with an increased tolerance...To establish tolerance and relate it to the ability to change symbiont community the dominant clade of symbionts in 9 species of coral prior, and post experimental bleaching was established. To quantify tolerance, thermal stress was increased weekly and the photosynthetic efficiency of the symbionts in the corals was quantified using Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry...We found that corals prior to bleaching contain an uniform symbiont community, dominated by one Symbiodinium type. After being severely bleached residual symbionts remaining were not the same as those that originally dominated the colony; and the residual symbionts that were left in bleached tissue were not always the same type, BOTh within and between species"--Introduction.

Download or read book Coral Bleaching written by Madeleine J. H. van Oppen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most serious consequences of global climate change for coral reefs is the increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events and, since the first edition of this volume was published in 2009, there have been additional mass coral bleaching events. This book provides comprehensive information on the causes and consequences of coral bleaching for coral reef ecosystems, from the genes and microbes involved in the bleaching response, to individual coral colonies and whole reef systems. It presents detailed analyses of how coral bleaching can be detected and quantified and reviews future scenarios based on modeling efforts and the potential mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation. It also briefly discusses emerging research areas that focus on the development of innovative interventions aiming to increase coral climate resilience and restore reefs.

Download or read book The Importance of the Rare written by Rachel Silverstein and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reef ecosystems throughout much of the tropics are predicted to decline in coral cover and diversity as a result of ongoing climate change (ocean acidification, temperature increases, sea level rise), disease, pollution, and overfishing. Corals may be able to respond to some of these stressors by associating with diverse algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) which vary in their physiological traits and therefore expand corals' realized niche space. This dissertation used high-sensitivity molecular techniques to investigate the presence and functional role of "background" or "rare" Symbiodinium, which occur at low abundance, and therefore may not be detected using standard molecular methods. First, in order to determine the prevalence of mixed-clade symbiont communities (including potentially low-abundance populations), I used a highly-sensitive, real-time PCR assay to analyze archived DNA from a collection of geographically and phylogenetically diverse corals. I found that mixed-clade Symbiodinium communities were common, and that clades C and D were present in all 39 coral species examined. These findings provide strong evidence that no coral species is restricted to hosting only a single symbiont type. I then investigated the functional role of low-abundance symbionts through a series of bleaching and recovery experiments involving the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa. I monitored changes in symbiont community structure using newly-designed quantitative PCR assays, and monitored symbiont community function using chlorophyll fluorometry. Corals hosted only clade C symbionts before bleaching (except for 2 of 139 cores which hosted trace amounts of clade D as well). All bleached colonies (both herbicide-bleached and heat-bleached) recovered with dominant communities of clade D symbionts at both 24oC and 29oC recovery temperatures. Therefore, low-abundance (or even undetectable) symbionts became dominant in corals after disturbance. Increased temperatures, without acute disturbance, underwent less-dramatic, slower symbiont community changes. Corals that bleached, but which were not exposed to heat either during bleaching or during recovery, recovered with fewer D1a symbionts than corals bleached by heat or acclimated to higher temperatures. During a third experiment, I used these same corals to investigate how changes in symbiont clade, past thermal history, and host genotype, affect coral thermotolerance during a second heat stress exposure. I found that, during heat stress, previously-bleached corals hosting D1a symbionts lost fewer symbionts and exhibited less photochemical damage than corals hosting C3 symbionts. Prior heat exposure, either during bleaching or during recovery, did not increase coral thermotolerance, unless it was also associated with symbiont community shifts to D1a-dominance. This demonstrates that rare (or even undetectable symbionts) can become dominant, and can eventually play a critical role in coral bleaching response. Finally, a two-part experiment investigated the effect of incremental warming and cooling on these corals. D1a symbionts in corals that were incrementally heated to 33oC had higher photochemical efficiency than cores containing C3 symbionts, and experienced less symbiont loss. During cooling, however, the photochemical efficiency of D1a was either equal to, or lower than C3. Despite this, fewer D1a symbionts were still lost compared to C3. This suggests that photochemical efficiency and symbiont loss may be decoupled from one another during stress, and that D1a symbionts may be generally more resistant to expulsion, regardless of their performance in hospite. This study also shows that M. cavernosa corals hosting D1a can expand their realized thermal niches wider corals hosting C3 symbionts, reinforcing the importance of functional redundancy in dynamic environments. Together, these studies show that mixed algal symbiont communities can increase both the resistance and resilience of corals to stress and disturbance. These findings have indicate that symbiont community shifts have the potential to allow reef corals to rapidly adapt or acclimatize to environmental change.

Download or read book A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report.

Download or read book The Future of Coral Reefs Subject to Rapid Climate Change Lessons from Natural Extreme Environments written by Emma F. Camp and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination of corals and reef-associated organisms which endure in extreme coral reef environments is challenging our understanding of the conditions that organisms can survive under. By studying individuals naturally adapted to unfavorable conditions, we begin to better understand the important traits required to survive rapid environmental and climate change. This Research Topic, comprising reviews, and original research articles, demonstrates the current state of knowledge regarding the diversity of extreme coral habitats, the species that have been studied, and the knowledge to-date on the mechanisms, traits and trade-offs that have facilitated survival.

Download or read book Coral Reef Resilience written by Loke Ming Chou and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are coral reefs sufficiently resilient to withstand the changing environmental conditions of the future? Research is necessary to gain a better understanding of how reefs will respond and how resilient they are. Various approaches to characterize and analyze reef responses from the molecular to community and habitat levels are all essential. Trends could be analyzed from spatially extensive and/or long-term monitoring data and applied to novel management strategies. Reef resilience research continues to remain relevant and important to the future of coral reefs. The contributions in this volume provide a further dimension to the understanding of reef resilience.

Download or read book Corals in Space and Time written by John Edward Norwood Veron and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As concerns about the change in global climate and the loss of biodiversity have mounted, attention has focused on the depletion of the ozone layer and the destruction of tropical rainforests. But recently scientists have identified another seriously endangered ecosystem: coral reefs. In Corals in Space and Time, J.E.N. Veron provides a richly detailed study of corals that will inform investigations of these fragile ecosystems. Drawing on twenty-five years of research, Veron brings together extensive field observations about the taxonomy, biogeography, paleontology, and biology of corals. After introducing coral taxonomy and biogeography, as well as relevant aspects of coral biology for the non-specialist, he provides an interpretation of the fossil record and paleoclimates, an analysis of modern coral distribution, and a discussion of the evolutionary nature and origins of coral species. Revealing a sharp conflict between empirical observations about the geographical variation within species, Veron introduces a non-Darwinian theory of coral evolution. He proposes that the evolution of coral species is driven not primarily by natural selection, but by constantly shifting patterns of ocean circulation, which produce changing variations of genetic connectivity. This mechanism of speciation and hybridization has far-reaching consequences for the study of all types of corals and potentially many other groups of organisms as well.

Download or read book Symbiosis Cellular Molecular Medical and Evolutionary Aspects written by Malgorzata Kloc and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-02 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in symbiosis research. It covers molecular, organellar, cellular, immunologic, genetic and evolutionary aspects of symbiotic interactions in humans and other model systems. The book also highlights new approaches to interdisciplinary research and therapeutic applications. Symbiosis refers to any mutually beneficial interaction between different organisms. The symbiotic origin of cellular organelles and the exchange of genetic material between hosts and their bacterial and viral symbionts have helped shaped the current diversity of life. Recently, symbiosis has gained a new level of recognition, due to the realization that all organisms function as a holobiome and that any kind of interference with the hosts influences their symbionts and vice versa, and can have profound consequences for the survival of both. For example, in humans, the microbiome, i.e., the entirety of all the microorganisms living in association with the intestines, oral cavity, urogenital system and skin, is partially inherited during pregnancy and influences the maturation and functioning of the human immune system, protects against pathogens and regulates metabolism. Symbionts also regulate cancer development, wound healing, tissue regeneration and stem cell function. The medical applications of this new realization are vast and largely uncharted. The composition and robustness of human symbionts could make them a valuable diagnostic tool for predicting impending diseases, and the manipulation of symbionts could yield new strategies for the treatment of incurable diseases.

Download or read book Adaptation and Phenotypic Plasticity to Climate Change written by Timothy Ravasi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene written by Charles Birkeland and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the effects of human activities on coral reefs, which provide important life-supporting systems to surrounding natural and human communities. It examines the self-reinforcing ecological, economic and technological mechanisms that degrade coral reef ecosystems around the world. Topics include reefs and limestones in Earth history; the interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae; diseases of coral reef organisms; the complex triangle between reef fishes, seaweeds and corals; coral disturbance and recovery in a changing world. In addition, the authors take key recent advances in DNA studies into account which provides new insights into the population biology, patterns of species distributions, recent evolution and vulnerabilities to environmental stresses. These DNA analyses also provide new understandings of the limitations of coral responses and scales of management necessary to sustain coral reefs in their present states. Coral reefs have been essential sources of food, income and resources to humans for millennia. This book details the delicate balance that exists within these ecosystems at all scales, from geologic time to cellular interactions and explores how recent global and local changes influence this relationship. It will serve as an indispensable resource for all those interested in learning how human activities have affected this vital ecosystem around the world.

Download or read book Estuaries A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the Western Indian Ocean written by Salif Diop and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides recent environmental, ecological and hydrodynamic information for the major estuaries and the coastal marine systems of the Western Indian Ocean Region. It covers various functions and values of the region’s estuarine ecosystems and their respective habitats, including the land/ocean interactions that define and impact ecosystem services. The Western Indian Ocean region covered by this volume consists of the continental coastal states of Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania and the island states of Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Comoros.

Download or read book Coral Health and Disease written by Eugene Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-27 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens with case studies of reefs in the Red Sea, Caribbean, Japan, Indian Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef. A section on microbial ecology and physiology describes the symbiotic relations of corals and microbes, and the microbial role in nutrition or bleaching resistance of corals. Coral diseases are covered in the third part. The volume includes 50 color photos of corals and their environments

Download or read book The Cnidaria Past Present and Future written by Stefano Goffredo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a broad panorama of the current status of research of invertebrate animals considered belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, such as hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, and coral. In this book the Cnidarians are traced from the Earth’s primordial oceans, to their response to the warming and acidifying oceans. Due to the role of corals in the carbon and calcium cycles, various aspects of cnidarian calcification are discussed. The relation of the Cnidaria with Mankind is approached, in accordance with the Editors’ philosophy of bridging the artificial schism between science, arts and Humanities. Cnidarians' encounters with humans result in a broad spectrum of medical emergencies that are reviewed. The final section of the volume is devoted to the role of Hydra and Medusa in mythology and art.

Download or read book Variance Matters Individual Differences and Their Consequences for Natural Selection Within and Among Coral Holobionts written by Vianney Denis and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-08-17 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mutualism written by Judith L. Bronstein and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mutualisms, interactions between two species that benefit both of them, have long captured the public imagination. Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Mutualistic symbioses were crucial to the origin of eukaryotic cells, and perhaps to the invasion of land. Mutualisms occur in every terrestrial and aquatic habitat; indeed, ecologists now believe that almost every species on Earth is involved directly or indirectly in one or more of these interactions. Mutualisms are essential to the reproduction and survival of virtually all organisms, as well as to nutrient cycles in ecosystems. Furthermore, the key ecosystem services that mutualists provide mean that they are increasingly being considered as conservation priorities, ironically at the same time as the acute risks to their ecological and evolutionary persistence are increasingly being identified. This volume, the first general work on mutualism to appear in almost thirty years, provides a detailed and conceptually-oriented overview of the subject. Focusing on a range of ecological and evolutionary aspects over different scales (from individual to ecosystem), the chapters in this book provide expert coverage of our current understanding of mutualism whilst highlighting the most important questions that remain to be answered. In bringing together a diverse team of expert contributors, this novel text captures the excitement of a dynamic field that will help to define its future research agenda.

Download or read book Applied Environmental Metabolomics written by David J. Beale and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-06-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Environmental Metabolomics: Community Insights and Guidance from the Field brings together contributions from global experts who have helped to define and develop the exciting and rapid advances that are taking place in the field of environmental metabolomics. This book is aimed at expert users, students, researchers, and academics in metabolomics and systems biology. It not only demonstrates the best practice in experimental design but also provides insight into state-of-the-art instrumentation and the depth of analysis one can expect to get by using various sampling, chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Common experimental and technical pitfalls are also highlighted. This book provides a unique insight into the world of environmental metabolomics and will help the practicing scientist avoid repeating similar costly mistakes, steering them efficiently toward the generation of high-quality data and high-impact publications. Highlights overarching principles and considerations for researchers to leverage when planning, conducting, and evaluating environmental metabolomics research Applies key insights and lessons learned from leaders in the field Provides real-world case study applications of multiple environmental metabolomics techniques Integrates the Metabolomics Standards Initiative into case study examples Encompasses standard operating protocols for metabolomics to help new entrants to the field

Download or read book Symbiotic Relationships as Shapers of Biodiversity written by Carlos Prada and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-31 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: