Download or read book Time lapse Seismic Monitoring of Subsurface Fluid Flow written by Sung H. Yuh and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-lapse seismic monitoring repeats 3D seismic imaging over a reservoir to map fluid movements in a reservoir. During hydrocarbon production, the fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature of a reservoir change, thereby altering the acoustic properties of the reservoir. Time-lapse seismic analysis can illuminate these dynamic changes of reservoir properties, and therefore has strong potential for improving reservoir management. However, the response of a reservoir depends on many parameters and can be diffcult to understand and predict. Numerical modeling results integrating streamline fluid flow simulation, rock physics, and ray-Born seismic modeling address some of these problems. Calculations show that the sensitivity of amplitude changes to porosity depend on the type of sediment comprising the reservoir. For consolidated rock, high-porosity models show larger amplitude changes than low porosity models. However, in an unconsolidated formation, there is less consistent correlation between amplitude and porosity. The rapid time-lapse modeling schemes also allow statistical analysis of the uncertainty in seismic response associated with poorly known values of reservoir parameters such as permeability and dry bulk modulus. Results show that for permeability, the maximum uncertainties in time-lapse seismic signals occur at the water front, where saturation is most variable. For the dry bulk-modulus, the uncertainty is greatest near the injection well, where the maximum saturation changes occur. Time-lapse seismic methods can also be applied to monitor CO2 sequestration. Simulations show that since the acoustic properties of CO2 are very different from those of hydrocarbons and water, it is possible to image CO2 saturation using seismic monitoring. Furthermore, amplitude changes after supercritical fluid CO2 injection are larger than liquid CO2 injection. Two seismic surveys over Teal South Field, Eugene Island, Gulf of Mexico, were acquired at different times, and the numerical models provide important insights to understand changes in the reservoir. 4D seismic differences after cross-equalization show that amplitude dimming occurs in the northeast and brightening occurs in the southwest part of the field. Our forward model, which integrates production data, petrophysicals, and seismic wave propagation simulation, shows that the amplitude dimming and brightening can be explained by pore pressure drops and gas invasion, respectively.
Download or read book Seismic Time lapse Monitoring of Subsurface Fluid Flow written by David E. Lumley and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seismic Interferometry written by Gerard Thomas Schuster and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-05-14 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the theory and practice of seismic interferometry for academic researchers, oil industry professionals and advanced students.
Download or read book Time lapse Seismic Monitoring of Subsurface Stress Dynamics written by Meindert Wichert Pieter Dillen and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Time Lapse Approach to Monitoring Oil Gas and CO2 Storage by Seismic Methods written by Junzo Kasahara and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time Lapse Approach to Monitoring Oil, Gas, and CO2 Storage by Seismic Methods delivers a new technology to geoscientists, well logging experts, and reservoir engineers, giving them a new basis on which to influence decisions on oil and gas reservoir management. Named ACROSS (Accurately Controlled and Routinely Operated Signal System), this new evaluation method is presented to address more complex reservoirs, such as shale and heavy oil. The book also discusses prolonged production methods for enhanced oil recovery. The monitoring of storage zones for carbon capture are also included, all helping the petroleum and reservoir engineer to fully extend the life of a field and locate untapped pockets of additional oil and gas resources. Rounded out with case studies from locations such as Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Canada, this book will help readers, scientists, and engineers alike to better manage the life of their oil and gas resources and reservoirs. Benefits both geoscientists and reservoir engineers to optimize complex reservoirs such as shale and heavy oil Explains a more accurate and cost efficient reservoir monitoring technology called ACROSS (Accurately Controlled and Routinely Operated Signal System) Illustrates real-world application through multiple case studies from around the world
Download or read book The Role of Fluids in Crustal Processes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water and other fluids play a vital role in the processes that shape the earth's crust, possibly even influencing earthquakes and volcanism. Fluids affect the movement of chemicals and heat in the crust, and they are the major factor in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Yet, fluids have been overlooked in many geologic investigations. The Role of Fluids in Crustal Processes addresses this lack of attention with a survey of what experts know about the role of fluids in the Earth's crustâ€"and what future research can reveal. The overview discusses factors that affect fluid movement and the coupled equations that represent energy and mass transport processes, chemical reactions, and the relation of fluids to stress distribution.
Download or read book Subsurface Fluid Flow and Imaging written by Donald Wyman Vasco and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-07-21 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces methodologies for subsurface imaging based upon asymptotic and trajectory-based methods for modeling fluid flow, transport and deformation. It describes trajectory-based imaging from its mathematical formulation, through the construction and solution of the imaging equations, to the assessment of the accuracy and resolution associated with the image. Unique in its approach, it provides a unified framework for the complete spectrum of physical phenomena from wave-like hyperbolic problems to diffusive parabolic problems and non-linear problems of mixed character. The practical aspects of imaging, particularly efficient and robust methods for updating high resolution geologic models using fluid flow, transport and geophysical data, are emphasized throughout the book. Complete with online software applications and examples that enable readers to gain hands-on experience, this volume is an invaluable resource for graduate-level courses, as well as for academic researchers and industry practitioners in the fields of geoscience, hydrology, and petroleum and environmental engineering.
Download or read book Fast History Matching of Time lapse Seismic and Production Data for High Resolution Models written by Eduardo Antonio Jimenez and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated reservoir modeling has become an important part of day-to-day decision analysis in oil and gas management practices. A very attractive and promising technology is the use of time-lapse or 4D seismic as an essential component in subsurface modeling. Today, 4D seismic is enabling oil companies to optimize production and increase recovery through monitoring fluid movements throughout the reservoir. 4D seismic advances are also being driven by an increased need by the petroleum engineering community to become more quantitative and accurate in our ability to monitor reservoir processes. Qualitative interpretations of time-lapse anomalies are being replaced by quantitative inversions of 4D seismic data to produce accurate maps of fluid saturations, pore pressure, temperature, among others. Within all steps involved in this subsurface modeling process, the most demanding one is integrating the geologic model with dynamic field data, including 4Dseismic when available. The validation of the geologic model with observed dynamic data is accomplished through a "history matching" (HM) process typically carried out with well-based measurements. Due to low resolution of production data, the validation process is severely limited in its reservoir areal coverage, compromising the quality of the model and any subsequent predictive exercise. This research will aim to provide a novel history matching approach that can use information from high-resolution seismic data to supplement the areally sparse production data. The proposed approach will utilize streamline-derived sensitivities as means of relating the forward model performance with the prior geologic model. The essential ideas underlying this approach are similar to those used for high-frequency approximations in seismic wave propagation. In both cases, this leads to solutions that are defined along "streamlines" (fluid flow), or "rays" (seismic wave propagation). Synthetic and field data examples will be used extensively to demonstrate the value and contribution of this work. Our results show that the problem of non-uniqueness in this complex history matching problem is greatly reduced when constraints in the form of saturation maps from spatially closely sampled seismic data are included. Further on, our methodology can be used to quickly identify discrepancies between static and dynamic modeling. Reducing this gap will ensure robust and reliable models leading to accurate predictions and ultimately an optimum hydrocarbon extraction.
Download or read book Time lapse Seismic in Reservoir Management written by Ian Jack and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitoring Spatio temporal Water Redistribution in the Subsurface with Seismic Methods written by Lara Antonia Blazevic and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The characterization and monitoring of subsurface water systems are fundamental to groundwater resources conservation and management. To this end, hydrogeophysics provides a suite of non-invasive methods to study the shallow subsurface environment and the processes occurring therein over multiple scales. Time-lapse hydrogeophysical applications are notably useful to monitor water dynamics and follow temporal variations in water content. Largely dominated by electrical and electromagnetic methods, these applications are being increasingly explored with seismic methods. The seismic signal is dependent on the mechanical properties of the medium which are in turn affected by changes in water content. Consequently, seismic responses are also influenced by hydrological properties and state variables. Nonetheless, complexities in describing the mechanical behavior of partially saturated shallow materials have limited the quantitative characterization of the subsurface and associated water dynamics by means of seismic methods. Here we investigate the evolution of seismic responses with varying water content in time-lapse field contexts, analyzing both data and inverted parameters, and compare the resulting trends with established petrophysical relationships. We show that seismic time-lapse inversions of P-wave refraction data and corresponding changes in wave propagation velocity enable the recognition of preferential water flow paths in the subsurface, highlighting the potential of seismic methods to monitor hydrological processes and unsaturated flow. Overall, qualitative agreements between seismic velocity trends and theoretical petrophysical relationships still eclipse accurate quantitative estimations of water content from inverted seismic parameters. We anticipate further time-lapse seismic field studies to help bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative observations. In the wake of the recent advancements in seismic equipment and techniques, appropriate field-scale petrophysical relationships will play an important role in the development of seismic methods for hydrological applications.
Download or read book Geophysics and Geosequestration written by Thomas L. Davis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-09 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the geophysical techniques and analysis methods for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage for researchers and industry practitioners.
Download or read book Practical Applications of Time lapse Seismic Data written by David H. Johnston and published by SEG Books. This book was released on 2013 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-lapse (4D) seismic technology is a key enabler for improved hydrocarbon recovery and more cost-effective field operations. This book shows how 4D data are used for reservoir surveillance, add value to reservoir management, and provide valuable insight on dynamic reservoir properties such as fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature.
Download or read book Subsurface Fluid Flow and Imaging written by Donald Wyman Vasco and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-07-21 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a unified framework for subsurface imaging based upon asymptotic and trajectory-based methods, with online software applications.
Download or read book Time lapse Seismic Modeling and Production Data Assimilation for Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Sequestration written by Ajitabh Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Production from a hydrocarbon reservoir is typically supported by water or carbon dioxide (CO2) injection. CO2 injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs is also a promising solution for reducing environmental hazards from the release of green house gases into the earth0́9s atmosphere. Numerical simulators are used for designing and predicting the complex behavior of systems under such scenarios. Two key steps in such studies are forward modeling for performance prediction based on simulation studies using reservoir models and inverse modeling for updating reservoir models using the data collected from field. The viability of time-lapse seismic monitoring using an integrated modeling of fluid flow, including chemical reactions, and seismic response is examined. A comprehensive simulation of the gas injection process accounting for the phase behavior of CO2-reservoir fluids, the associated precipitation/dissolution reactions, and the accompanying changes in porosity and permeability is performed. The simulation results are then used to model the changes in seismic response with time. The general observation is that gas injection decreases bulk density and wave velocity of the host rock system. Another key topic covered in this work is the data assimilation study for hydrocarbon reservoirs using Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Some critical issues related to EnKF based history matching are explored, primarily for a large field with substantial production history. A novel and efficient approach based on spectral clustering to select 0́optimal0́9 initial ensemble members is proposed. Also, well-specific black-oil or compositional streamline trajectories are used for covariance localization. Approach is applied to the Weyburn field, a large carbonate reservoir in Canada. The approach for optimal member selection is found to be effective in reducing the ensemble size which was critical for this large-scale field application. Streamline-based covariance localization is shown to play a very important role by removing spurious covariances between any well and far-off cell permeabilities. Finally, time-lapse seismic study is done for the Weyburn field. Sensitivity of various bulk seismic parameters viz velocity and impedance is calculated with respect to different simulation parameters. Results show large correlation between porosity and seismic parameters. Bulk seismic parameters are sensitive to net overburden pressure at its low values. Time-lapse changes in pore-pressure lead to changes in bulk parameters like velocity and impedance.
Download or read book Application of Time Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations written by Brian E. Toelle and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ''Application of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO{sub 2} Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations'' project is investigating the potential for monitoring CO{sub 2} floods in carbonate reservoirs through the use of standard p-wave seismic data. This project will involve the use of 4D seismic (time lapse seismic) to try to observe the movement of the injected CO{sub 2} through the reservoir. The differences between certain seismic attributes, such as amplitude, will be used to detect and map the movement of CO{sub 2} within the reservoir. This technique has recently been shown to be effective in CO{sub 2} monitoring in EOR projects such as Weyborne. The project is being conducted in the Charlton 30/31 field in northern Michigan Basin which is a Silurian pinnacle reef that has completed its primary production. This field is now undergoing enhanced oil recovery using CO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} flood was initiated the end of 2005 when the injection of small amounts of CO{sub 2} begin in the A1 Carbonate. This injection was conducted for 2 months before being temporarily halted in order for pressure measurements to be conducted. The determination of the reservoir's porosity distribution is proving to be a significant portion of this project. In order to relate the differences observed between the seismic attributes seen on the multiple surveys and the actual location of the CO{sub 2}, a predictive reservoir simulation model had to be developed. From this model, an accurate determination of porosity within the carbonate reservoir must be obtained. For this certain seismic attributes have been investigated. The study reservoirs in the Charlton 30/31 field range from 50 to 400 acres in size. The relatively small area to image makes 3-D seismic data acquisition reasonably cost effective. Permeability and porosity vary considerably throughout the reef, thus it is essential to perform significant reservoir characterization and modeling prior to implementing a CO{sub 2} flood to maximize recovery efficiency. Should this project prove successful, the same technique could be applied across a large spectrum of the industry. In Michigan alone, the Niagaran reef play is comprised of over 700 Niagaran reefs with reservoirs already depleted by primary production. These reservoirs range in thickness from 200 to 400 ft and are at depths of 2000 to 5000 ft. Approximately 113 of these Niagaran oil fields have produced over 1 million bbls each and the total cumulative production is in excess of 300 million bbls and 1.4 Tcf. There could potentially be over 1 billion bbls of oil remaining in reefs in Michigan much of which could be mobilized utilizing techniques similar to those employed in this study.
Download or read book Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Storage in Subsurface Reservoirs written by James P. Verdon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-11 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents an impressive summary of the potential to use passive seismic methods to monitor the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in geologic reservoirs. It brings together innovative research in two distinct areas – seismology and geomechanics – and involves both data analysis and numerical modelling. The data come from the Weyburn-Midale project, which is currently the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in the world. James Verdon’s results show how passive seismic monitoring can be used as an early warning system for fault reactivation and top seal failure, which may lead to the escape of CO2 at the surface.
Download or read book Detection of Production induced Time lapse Signatures by Geophysical seismic and CSEM Measurements written by Alireza Shahin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While geophysical reservoir characterization has been an area of research for the last three decades, geophysical reservoir monitoring, time-lapse studies, have recently become an important geophysical application. Generally speaking, the main target is to detect, estimate, and discriminate the changes in subsurface rock properties due to production. This research develops various sensitivity and feasibility analyses to investigate the effects of production-induced time-lapse changes on geophysical measurements including seismic and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. For doing so, a realistic reservoir model is numerically simulated based on a prograding near-shore sandstone reservoir. To account for the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties, an effective porosity model is first simulated by Gaussian geostatistics. Dispersed clay and dual water models are then efficiently combined with other well-known theoretical and experimental petrophysical correlations to consistently simulate reservoir model parameters. Next, the constructed reservoir model is subjected to numerical simulation of multi-phase fluid flow to replicate a waterflooding scenario of a black oil reservoir and to predict the spatial distributions of fluid pressure and saturation. A modified Archie's equation for shaly sandstones is utilized to simulate rock resistivity. Finally, a geologically consistent stress-sensitive rock physics model, combined with the modified Gassmann theory for shaly sandstones, is utilized to simulate seismic elastic parameters. As a result, the comprehensive petro-electro-elastic model developed in this dissertation can be efficiently utilized in sensitivity and feasibility analyses of seismic/CSEM data with respect to petrophysical properties and, ultimately, applied to reservoir characterization and monitoring research. Using the resistivity models, a base and two monitor time-lapse CSEM surveys are simulated via accurate numerical algorithms. 2.5D CSEM modeling demonstrates that a detectable time-lapse signal after 5 years and a strong time-lapse signal after 10 years of waterflooding are attainable with the careful application of currently available CSEM technology. To simulate seismic waves, I employ different seismic modeling algorithms, one-dimensional (1D) acoustic and elastic ray tracing, 1D full elastic reflectivity, 2D split-step Fourier plane-wave (SFPW), and 2D stagger grid explicit finite difference (FD). My analyses demonstrate that acoustic modeling of an elastic medium is a good approximation up to ray parameter (p) equal to 0.2 sec/km. However, at p=0.3 sec/km, differences between elastic and acoustic wave propagation is the more dominant effect compared to internal multiples. Here, converted waves are also generated with significant amplitudes compared to primaries and internal multiples. I also show that time-lapse modeling of the reservoir using SFPW approach is very fast compared to FD, 100 times faster for my case here. It is capable of handling higher frequencies than FD. It provides an accurate image of the waterflooding process comparable to FD. Consequently, it is a powerful alternative for time-lapse seismic modeling. I conclude that both seismic and CSEM data have adequate but different sensitivities to changes in reservoir properties and therefore have the potential to quantitatively map production-induced time-lapse changes.
