Download or read book Three Essays on Women Welfare and Household Expenditures written by Nayantara Mukerji and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Cost of Living and Household Welfare written by Jayne Yoo and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cost of living is a crucial factor affecting the well-being of households and their decision-making. Housing is the largest determinant of living cost in most developed countries while the change in food prices has a significant impact on household welfare in developing countries. A broader definition of price may include time as well since households make choices under time constraints. This dissertation investigates the decision-making process of individuals and their families in response to the change in cost of living. The first chapter investigates the increasing commuting time due to deteriorating home affordability in central city areas and how this affects female workers in terms of labor participation. Results show an increase in commuting time due to lower home affordability occurs simultaneously with lower labor force participation among married women. Next, the second chapter explores the distributional impact of tariff increase on rice imports in Nigeria. The study presents welfare effects of the price increase by estimating the welfare change among consumers and producers, using the AIDS model which estimates own and cross price elasticities and income elasticities. The findings from the elasticity estimation suggests that richer households face greater welfare loss due to higher dependence on imported rice while local farmers experience limited benefits from the price increase. Finally, the third chapter examines how women's employment and working hours affect the well-being of household members including women themselves under gendered time allocation on housework. Using data from urban Bangladesh, the welfare effects are comprehensively examined based on the information on household expenditure on food, children's clothing and shoes, children's educational attainment, and women's mental health status. The results indicate that working women spend less on children's shoes and clothing, encounter greater fatigue and less satisfaction during leisure time, and have limited capability to assist children to obtain better educational attainment.

Download or read book Three Essays on Household Welfare written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Employment Unemployment and Non single Women written by Min Qiang Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: My dissertation examines the relationship between the rise of female labor supply and the rise of the service economy and studies how labor market and unemployment policies affect family labor decisions. There are three essays in my dissertation. The first essay quantifies the Buera and Kaboski's (BK) service economy model and examines how the female labor supply is related to service growth. I discipline the model through calibration to assess how quantitatively plausible such an explanation is. By extending the BK model to a two-person household model, I incorporate a joint household decision on home and market production into the model, which provides a direct link between female labor supply and the growth of service economy. The calibrated analysis shows that both the BK model and the extended BK model are able to match nearly all of the growth in the service sector, and the channels emphasized in the BK model are quantitatively important. Using counterfactual experiments, I identify the rising efficient scale of service production and skill deepening of the labor force, particularly among the female population, as the most important channels of service growth. The second essay uses British Household Panel Survey data to examine how marital instability and partners' employment instability affect non-single mothers' employment responses to the 1999 in-work benefit reform in the United Kingdom. Previous studies have found small employment responses overall, but I find large responses among these subpopulations. My difference-in-difference analysis suggests that (1) there is about a 10 to 14 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstable marriages relative to those with stable marriages as the result of the 1999 reform, and (2) there is about a 10 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstably employed partners relative to those with stably employed partners. These results highlight the important interaction between household instability and the labor decisions of non-single mothers. The third essay examines how means-tested unemployment benefits affect couple's employment decisions. The literature has overly emphasized the negative work incentive of means-tested unemployment benefits, which does not provide full information for policy evaluation because the overall employment outcome matters more than the employment outcome of women with unemployed spouses. I show that means-tested unemployment benefits involve both negative and positive work incentives, the latter of which usually dominates to generate a higher employment rate, a greater proportion of dual-earner couples as well as a lower government expenditure on unemployment benefits.

Download or read book Three Essays on the U S Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs written by Pourya Valizadeh and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the federal food and nutrition assistance programs in the U.S. is to improve the nutritional well-being and health of low-income households. This dissertation explores the extent to which these programs have accomplished this goal. The first essay examines how the implementation and the subsequent expiration of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) affected the material well-being of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. I find that ARRA implementation on average increased the overall material well-being of SNAP participants, as measured by their total nondurable spending, whereas the ARRA expiration reduced their well-being. Furthermore, using a fixed-effect quantile estimator, I find that ARRA implementation led to a first-order improvement in the distributions of both total nondurable and food spending. I also find that low-food and high-food spending households were the most responsive to increase in benefits. ARRA expiration, however, affected households with the lowest total nondurable and food expenditures. The second essay estimates the welfare effects of the SNAP benefit cycle 0́3 the observation that food spending of SNAP households spikes upon benefits arrival and declines over the remainder of the benefit month. I first show that the price component of food expenditure is also sensitive to the benefit arrival. I then estimate welfare changes due to the changes in prices paid. I find that by the end of the third week of the benefit month, households are paying 22% less on food bundles, implying a change in money-metric welfare of $4.94 per day or 6.6% of the average amount spent on the first two days of the month. The final essay estimates the effects of aging out of the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on quality of children's diets and rates of food insecurity. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find a fairly large decrease in overall diet quality of children as they become age-ineligible for WIC. Moreover, by investigating the entire diet quality distribution, I find that children prone to lower- quality diets experience larger decreases in nutrition. I find no significant effect on rates of food insecurity.

Download or read book Three Essays on Household Behaviours and Welfare in Development Context written by Tu Chi Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Economic Demography written by Zeyu Zhang (Economist) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are three essays in my dissertation. The first essay examines the effect of participation in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program on the distribution of household labor supply. Receiving benefits from this subsidy program has two opposing effects on individual labor supply. Recipients have an incentive to work less since the subsidy program complements their job income. However, recipients also have an incentive to work more because the subsidy program covers part of their living costs thereby reducing the cost of working. This study examines the effects of the WIC program on the gender distribution of working hours in participating households by analyzing the importance of WIC program eligibility rules for household income. Results show that recipients respond to benefits differently: participating females work less while males work more. The second essay examines the impact of losing access to a government nutrition subsidy (the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program) on single mothers. Single mothers are more likely to find a partner if marriage or cohabitation as an outcome makes them feel economically safer and better off than they would feel as a single mother. This study uses the age of a household’s youngest child as a running variable. When the youngest child reaches five years of age their household is no longer eligible for WIC benefits. This loss of benefits represents an exogenous shock with which I can estimate the impact of losing WIC program benefits and its impact on single mothers. Results show that single mothers are more likely to cohabitate with males once they lose WIC program benefits because of this age restriction. The third essay is a descriptive analysis of marriage market behaviors and individual demographic behaviors. Its research question regards whether there is any correlation between changes in intra-racial marriage market conditions and individual cohabitation behaviors. To address this question I use a two-period marriage model to explore the relationship between cohabitation and marriage market conditions. Results show that for males, the individual probability of cohabitation and interracial cohabitation is positively correlated with sex ratio and negatively correlated with population in the marriage market. For females, the probability of cohabitation is positively correlated with sex ratio and population in the marriage market. Interracial cohabitation is negatively correlated with sex ratio in the marriage market.

Download or read book Essays in Development Economics written by Sulagna Mookerjee and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This dissertation contributes to the literature on women's empowerment and household structure in South Asia. The first chapter examines whether economic empowerment of women improves their autonomy within their marital household. I exploit variation from a legal reform aimed at improving women's inheritance rights in India. For generations, inheritance laws in India favored men, but in recent years five states amended their inheritance laws to make them gender-neutral. I exploit the spatial and time variation in the implementation of the amendments to identify their effect on women's outcomes. I find that the amendments increased women's participation in household decision-making as well as their freedom of movement. The reform applied only to women belonging to certain religions, allowing me to perform falsification tests to support my identification strategy. In the second chapter, I build on these results, and explore the mechanisms through which the reform affects women's outcomes. Previous literature has almost exclusively conceptualized decision-making within the family as a spousal process, and therefore interpreted the finding of higher autonomy of women as evidence of increased bargaining power relative to their husbands. Interestingly, I find that the increase in women's decision-making authority appears to be not at the expense of their husbands, but rather at the expense of the members of the extended family, such as the husbands' parents. I propose two channels to explain this phenomenon. First, I show that this can be explained by a shift in the family structure in the reform states, from traditional joint families to nuclear households. Such a change in family structure is consistent with the effect of the reform on men's incentives, since men have weaker financial links with their parents post-reform. Second, even within joint families, the amendments empowered young couples at the expense of the older generation of household members. Overall, though the reform was intended as a transfer from men to women, I show that it in fact resulted in an intergenerational transfer of decision-making authority within the household. In the third chapter (co-authored with Umair Khalil), we specifically investigate the effect of patrilocality (also known as the joint family system), the system of post-marital residence where a married couple resides with the husband's family, on women's welfare. Using data from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, our results indicate that married women in patrilocal or joint households are less likely to participate in economic and healthcare decisions, have limited freedom of movement but face less domestic abuse. A comparison of outcomes for daughters of the household heads with those of the daughters-in-law shows that the effect stems from discrimination against women married into the family. Moreover, consistent with anecdotal and anthropological evidence, we find that the negative effect of patrilocality shrinks over the tenure of marriage. Various robustness checks and identification strategies show that the results are not driven by self-selection into type of post-marital residence."--Abstract.

Download or read book A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Three Essays on Women Work and Welfare in the United States written by Colleen M. Heflin and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Welfare System written by Yin-Fang Lin and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Development Economics written by David Russell Hansen and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of three chapters. All three deal with topics in development economics. The first chapter examines the effects on village institutions of introducing formal financial institution options into the village. The second addresses the effects of government policy on educational investment and crime. The third tests the explanatory power of various explanations of the gender gap in math test scores. The first chapter examines the effects of a transition from a ``traditional'' economy based on an uncertain source of income, with risk fully insured away by one's neighbors in a social network through costly network ties, to a ``modern'' economy in which some agents have access to partial insurance at a lower cost. A theoretical model is used to show that village social networks can break down as some members of the village no longer need the insurance the social network provides, producing a reduction in welfare (if the costs of reducing moral hazard are not too high) for at least some individuals and possibly the village as a whole. This loss of welfare can occur even when networks provide other benefits to those belonging to them and is likely to be heterogeneous, depending on the opportunities and networks available to individuals. This paper tests these predictions using Indonesian data to examine the effect of a change in the banking institutions available to a community on the strength of social networks (measured by community participation) and welfare (measured by household expenditure and by child health). The analysis finds that changing financial institution availability in general does not influence community participation or welfare, but that financial institutions that primarily serve certain groups do relatively reduce the welfare of households not in those groups, which is consistent with the hypotheses generated by the model. Crime is an important feature of economic life in many countries, especially in the developing world. Crime distorts many economic decisions because it acts like an unpredictable tax on earnings. In particular, the threat of crime may influence people's willingness to invest in schooling or physical capital. The second chapter explores the questions "What influence do crime rates and levels of investment have on one another?" and "How do government policies affect the relationship between investment and crime?" by creating a simple structural model of crime and educational investment and attempting to fit this model to Mexican data. A method of simulated moments procedure is used to estimate parameters of the model and the estimated parameters are then used to carry out policy simulations. The simulations show that increasing spending on police or increasing the severity of punishment reduces crime but has little effect on educational investment. Increased educational subsidies increase educational investment but reduce crime only slightly. Thus, one type of policy is insufficient to accomplish the goals of both reducing crime and increasing education. The third chapter is joint work with Prashant Bharadwaj, Giacomo De Giorgi, and Christopher Neilson. Boys tend to have better performances than girls in mathematical testing; in particular, there are significantly more boys than girls among high achievers and the score distribution appears to have a longer right tail for boys. We confirm such results on several low- and middle-income countries. In particular we find that the gender gap is already present by age 10 and substantially increases by age 14 and 15. We propose and try to test a series of explanations for such a gap: (i) parental investment, (ii) ability, (iii) school resources, (iv) individual investment and effort (not tested directly), (v) competitive environment, and (vi) cultural norms. We conclude that none of our proposed explanations can account for a substantial portion of the gap.

Download or read book Understanding Consumption written by Angus Deaton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the saving and consumption patterns of households

Download or read book Journal of Economic Literature written by and published by . This book was released on 2005-12 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Second Shift written by Arlie Hochschild and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated edition of a standard in its field that remains relevant more than thirty years after its original publication. Over thirty years ago, sociologist and University of California, Berkeley professor Arlie Hochschild set off a tidal wave of conversation and controversy with her bestselling book, The Second Shift. Hochschild's examination of life in dual-career housholds finds that, factoring in paid work, child care, and housework, working mothers put in one month of labor more than their spouses do every year. Updated for a workforce that is now half female, this edition cites a range of updated studies and statistics, with an afterword from Hochschild that addresses how far working mothers have come since the book's first publication, and how much farther we all still must go.