Download or read book Three Essays on Trade Barriers and Trade Volumes written by Johannes Moenius and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays in International Trade and Uncertainty written by Richard Edward Baldwin and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on Informational Barriers Coordination Failures and International Trade written by Vitor M. Trindade and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays in Trade Policy Economic Growth and the Size of the Government written by Juan S. Blyde and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on Trade and Development written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Macroeconomic Effects of International Trade Barriers written by Soo Kyung Woo and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This dissertation is comprised of three essays regarding the role of trade barriers for international capital flows and prices. The study aims to understand the effect of changes in trade costs at various aspects: cross-country differentials, global integration, and within-country distributional effects. The first chapter studies the drivers of the US real exchange rate (RER), with a particular focus on its comovement with net trade flows. We consider the entire spectrum of frequencies, as the low-frequency movements account for 83% of the RER's unconditional variance. We introduce a model with heterogeneous firms facing sunk costs of exporting, financial shocks, and trade shocks. The model can fully capture the comovement of the RER and net trade flows at all frequencies, without compromising other major moments at the business cycle frequency. While financial shocks are necessary to capture the RER movements at higher frequencies, trade shocks are essential for lower frequency variation. The second chapter studies the factors accounting for the large, coincident increases in international borrowing and lending and international trade from 1970 to the present. We focus on the rise in annual changes in borrowing and lending across countries as summarized by the rise in the dispersion of the trade balance as a share of GDP. We show that these two salient features - a rise in net and gross international trade - are largely a consequence of a reduction in intratemporal trade barriers rather than a substantial reduction in the frictions on intertemporal trade or greater asymmetries in business cycles. Beyond explaining changes in the distribution of gross and net trade, the fall in frictions on intratemporal trade are consistent with the reduction in dispersion in other key macro time series such as the real exchange rate, terms of trade, and export-import ratio. The third chapter studies the dynamic effect of trade liberalization on wages and consumption, exploiting cross-region variation in the United States at the state level after the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement. A key feature is a theoretically sound measurement of a regional exposure that takes into account the elasticity of substitution and covers all potential channels of tariff impacts. Using the measures for the Local Projection Method, I find that less protection at home is associated with a persistent negative impact: by the 8th quarter, a state at the upper quartile of the barrier cut experienced a decline in wage and consumption that is 1.56 and 1.04 percentage points larger, respectively, than a state at the lower quartile. However, cheaper access to imported inputs has a positive but temporary impact: by the 8th quarter, an upper quartile state experienced an increase in wage and consumption that is 1.62 and 1.45 percentage points larger, respectively. More opportunities to export have little effect."--Pages viii-ix.
Download or read book Non tariff Barriers Regionalism And Poverty Essays In Applied International Trade Analysis written by L Alan Winters and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Tariff Barriers, Regionalism and Poverty is a collection of key articles in three important areas of applied international trade research: measuring non-tariff barriers and their effects, the consequences of regional trading arrangements, especially on the countries excluded from them, and the connection between international trade and poverty. Drawing from 30 years of research and experience, L Alan Winters illustrates the development of techniques of this field and his continued commitment to answering real policy questions at the times at which they are debated. The collection shows the ways in which economic and econometric analysis can be used to answer real-world problems rigorously in the area of international trade and trade policy. Readers will find that some of the research included is of current methodological relevance and some of more historical significance. This volume is invaluable to anyone who is keen on developing their knowledge on trade policy, regionalism or poverty — three pressing issues in today's globalized world.
Download or read book Three Essays in Trade Distribution and Tariffs written by Can Dogan and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on International Trade Policy and Political Economy written by Inderjit Kohli and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Beyond Tariffs written by Michael Bratt and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on International Trade and International Macroeconomics written by Ana Filipa Vieira Nadais and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This dissertation consists of three essays studying different aspects of international economics. The first two chapters focus on international trade, namely on estimating the size of trade barriers by looking at how firms manage their inventories, while Chapter 3 focus on international macroeconomics; in specific, the likelihood of a country to default on its debt when there is an informal sector. The first chapter provides evidence supporting the common assumption that international fixed ordering costs are higher than domestic fixed ordering costs. The canonical inventory model (the EOQ model) is extended to include two inputs sourced from different countries. Given the demand for each of the inputs, the fixed ordering costs and the inventory holding cost, the firm decides the optimal quantity to order each period. The model is estimated using firmlevel data on inventories of raw materials and inputs used from domestic and international sources. Assuming constant returns on inventory holding costs, the model reveals that it is between 20 and 60 times more expensive to place an order internationally than domestically, but yields an elasticity of inventories to demand much smaller than in the data. Allowing for a more general holding cost structure, that depends on the level of inventories in stock captures the variation of inventories' cost with firm's size. With this more general setup, foreign ordering costs are estimated to be between 3.5 and 5.2 times higher than domestic, suggesting that there are strong economies of scale in holding inventories. Those estimates are corroborated when I allow total fixed ordering costs to depend on total demand as this specification results in international fixed ordering costs between 4.1 and 7.2 times higher than domestic. The second chapter uses firm-level data on inventory holdings and source of inputs to estimate domestic and international trade barriers looking not only at fixed costs, but also at time lags and computing their tariff equivalents. It starts by documenting three features related to inventories, import decisions, and firm's size. First, inventories increase strongly in size, with an elasticity right below one. Second, importers hold more inventories than non-importers and third, inventories increase in import intensity. Given inventory carrying costs, the inventory holdings are used to infer relative domestic and international trade barriers. I develop a model of heterogeneous firms that produce using imperfectly substitutable domestic and imported intermediates and face demand and supply uncertainty. Given ordering costs and delivery lags that differ by source country, interest charges and inventory holding costs, producers use inventories to economize on trade costs. I find it is 5 times more costly to place an international than a domestic order but, when scaled by average shipment size, the international fixed ordering cost is just twice as large; the international time lag is 3 times larger than the domestic and there is complementarity in inputs, reflected in higher domestic inventories to domestic purchases ratio for importers than for non-importers. Overall, domestic and international trade frictions have a 17.3% tariff equivalent. I decompose these tariffs into their three components and observe that due to the substitutability between fixed ordering costs and inventory holding costs, these barriers have the same relevance while that of time lag is slightly smaller. This framework can then be used to evaluate the benefits of infrastructure investments and policy changes to reduce time delays, uncertainty or fixed ordering costs. The last chapter starts from the observation that, although emerging markets are often characterized by a large informal sector, frequent default and procyclical fiscal policies, sovereign default models proposing explanations for the high sovereign bonds interest rate spreads faced by developing economies have abstracted from the existence of the informal sector and its role. To address this concern, I propose a mechanism through which the size of the informal sector impacts a country's default decision. I extend a small open economy sovereign default model by including an informal and a formal sector and pro-cyclical fiscal policies, where a benevolent government makes default and tax decisions in order to maximize agent's utility and satisfy its level of public spending. I conclude that the taxable base decreases in the size of the informal sector leading to more distortions, which translate into higher tax rates, and more frequent defaults and that these results are magnified over the business cycle"--Pages vi-viii.
Download or read book Essays on Trade Barriers Trade Integration and the Activities of the Multinational Enterprises written by Azim Mirsharapovich Sadikov and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thesis is a collection of three self-contained essays on trade barriers, trade integration, and the activities of the multinational enterprises. In the first paper, I estimate how number of signatures required for exporting and number of business registration procedures affect country's exports. I argue that their impact varies across goods according to product's degree of differentiation---it is stronger in differentiated products than in homogenous goods. I develop a model where export signatures and business registration procedures reduce exports by increasing cost of exporting. The stronger impact of signatures on exports of differentiated products stems from the lack of price data due to their heterogeneity. Estimations show that each additional signature reduces aggregate exports by 4.2 percent, equivalent to increasing importer's tariff by 5 percentage points. Furthermore, each signature lowers exports of differentiated products by 4-5 percent more than exports of homogeneous goods. The second paper explores the interplay of FDI and the property rights in the host country in a model where the multinational firm (MNE) can lobby the host country government to adopt stronger intellectual property protection (IPP). Concerned with imitation of its product, the MNE may choose to export, but its ability to lobby for stronger IPP makes starting a subsidiary more attractive. Lobbying is effective when consumers value the product more, and the host country government places greater weight on contributions from the MNE. I show that when the MNE establishes subsidiary, property rights improve thanks to lobbying, which in turn makes country more attractive to the next wave of FDI. The third paper estimates the impact of tariff liberalization undertaken in 1990s in four largest CARICOM countries on imports from member and non-member countries, using variation in commodity-level import and tariff data. I show that, in each country, the decline in CARICOM's external tariff increased imports from non-member countries. The analysis suggests that trade diversion in CARICOM (from non-member toward member imports) was predominant in Trinidad and Tobago, and possibly Jamaica, but not in Barbados and Guyana. I explain lack of trade diversion---somewhat surprising for CARICOM---by a narrow and similar production base.
Download or read book Essays on Trade Barriers in Imperfectly Competitive Markets written by Richard Thomas Milam and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Handbook of International Trade in Services written by Aaditya Mattoo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title provides a comprehensive introduction to the key issues in trade and liberalization of services. Providing a useful overview of the players involved, the barriers to trade, and case studies in a number of service industries, this is ideal for policymakers and students interested in trade.
Download or read book Essays on Economic Development and Gains from Trade written by Minho Kim and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In each of the three essays, I investigate gains from trade originating at three sources: i) vertical specialization through intermediate goods trade, ii) improving allocation of resources across heterogeneous firms, and iii) developing countries' technological advancement towards particular factors of production, either skilled labor or unskilled labor. I develop three models of trade, featuring multi-stage production, micro-distortions with endogenous entry and exit, and directed technical change. First, I show quantitatively that trade barriers play an important role in hindering the integration of poor countries in global market through trade in intermediate goods. Second, I find that the substantial impact of trade is to improve allocation on the extensive margin by forcing out less productive firms and replacing those with more productive firms. Third, I prove that gains from trade are magnified due to endogenously directed technical change. In the first chapter, I investigate whether the gains from trade are systematically related to the level of development. This chapter argues that we need to consider a multi-stage production process to answer the questions. I develop a Ricardian trade model which features two stages of production. At each stage, gains from trade can be measured by the home trade share, a measure of market integration. Looking at each stage's home trade shares across countries, I find different specialization patterns: rich countries are integrated at each stage whereas most poor countries are not integrated. Measured gains from trade are more than ten times larger for the 10 richest countries than for the 10 poorest countries. For the rich countries, two-thirds of the gains are accounted for by second stage trade. Poor countries' small gains from trade are accounted entirely by first stage trade. I argue that difference in trade barriers between rich countries and poor countries, particularly in the second stage of production, limit trade gains for poor countries. Second chapter studies the impact of international trade on sectoral total factor productivity (TFP). Misallocation of resources across heterogeneous firms impacts negatively on TFP. In this chapter, I study trade liberalization as a source of reducing misallocation across firms, thus leading to higher TFP. Misallocation is reduced on the extensive margin by forcing out less productive firms and replacing those with more productive firms. Using firm-level panel data on Chinese manufacturing, I measure distortions across firms and over time as in Hsieh and Klenow (2009). I find that the allocation of factors improves more in industries that experience a higher reduction in tariff rates. Less productive firms are more likely to exit in sectors that experience a higher tariff reduction. In addition, entrants in more liberalized sectors are more productive relative to entrants in less liberalized sectors. Reducing misallocation on the extensive margin has quantitatively large effect on TFP. In the third chapter, I analyze how technical change is directed towards particular factors of production in international trade between the North and the South. Typical assumption in the literature is that either technologies are exogenously given or technical change is allowed only in the North. I present a model of international trade with endogenous growth by allowing the South to direct their technology. This chapter studies the implications of the technical change for the gains from trade and the skill premium. Main result shows that more R & D is directed towards skill-augmenting technology in the North than in the South in sectors with the same skill-intensity. Technical change induced by lowering trade costs can increase the skill premium in both the North and the South. Gains from trade are magnified due to endogenous directed technical change. This results in larger gains from trade compared with the model where technical change is either not allowed or allowed only in the North.
Download or read book Three essays on the relationship between trade openness productivity and economic growth written by Antonio Navas-Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on International Trade Policy and Welfare written by Sergey Nigai and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
