Download or read book Three Essays in Empirical Urban Economics written by Rui Du and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Empirical Essays on Urban Economics written by Jorge Andres Dominguez Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La ciudad es el resultado de la confluencia entre firmas y trabajadores e, implícitamente, una relación entre las capacidades productivas de las firmas y la productividad de las áreas en donde están localizadas. Además, la localización residencial de los trabajadores representa las ventajas y desventajas en el mercado laboral debido a que deben asumir los costos de desplazamiento. Bogotá y Cali, las ciudades que son objeto de estudio en esta tesis doctoral, son usadas para abordar tres temas cruciales que afectan a las ciudades en los países en desarrollo: el desempleo, la informalidad y el crimen. Bogotá, como la mayoría de las grandes ciudades en América Latina, ha experimentado problemas debido al descontrolado crecimiento urbano y la segregación espacial desde 1950. Este crecimiento descontrolado ha resultado en una expansión urbana que ha incrementado la distancia entre las viviendas de los trabajadores y las áreas donde se generan oportunidades de empleo. En el Capítulo 1 estimamos el efecto del acceso al empleo en la probabilidad de ser empleado. Para esto usamos microdatos de encuestas de hogares e información de localización de empleos a nivel de Census Tract. Estimamos ecuaciones de probabilidad de empleo para analizar la desconexión entre los trabajadores y las oportunidades de empleo controlando por características de los trabajadores. Además, usamos la metodología de variables instrumentales para abordar el problema de la endogeneidad. El principal resultado es que el acceso al empleo tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la probabilidad de que el trabajador se encuentre empleado. La evidencia empírica con respecto a temas de aglomeración y localización espacial tiene que ver con empresas formales. La literatura ha mencionado marginalmente lo que sucede con las firmas informales. En el Capítulo 2 estimamos el efecto de la aglomeración espacial en el porcentaje de firmas informales a nivel de barrio. Las firmas informales son aquellas que producen bienes y servicios legales, pero que no cumplen con la regulación oficial. Este tema es relevante porque, al igual que en otros países en desarrollo, el sector informal en Colombia emplea más del 50% de la mano de obra. En este estudio encontramos que un incremento de una desviación estándar en los niveles de aglomeración espacial el porcentaje de firmas informales se reduce en 16%. Estos resultados son consistentes con la idea de que las firmas informales se benefician menos de las economías de aglomeración debido a que las restricciones legales bloquean su relación con firmas formales. Latinoamérica domina la lista de las ciudades más violentas del mundo. La literatura señala que las altas tasas de crimen representan una pérdida significativa de bienestar. Además, las tasas de crimen no se distribuyen de manera homogénea en el área urbana. En respuesta a los riesgos que impone el crimen, las personas tienen dos opciones: votar por políticas contra el crimen o moverse a otros barrios. En 2015, la ciudad con más homicidios fue Caracas (Venezuela) con 120 por cada 100,000 personas y la ciudad de Cali (Colombia) registró 65. Sabemos que el crimen tiene un efecto en el mercado de la vivienda, por lo tanto, el objetivo del Capítulo 3 es estimar la relación entre los precios de las viviendas y las tasas de homicidio en Cali. Encontramos que un incremento de 10% en las tasas de homicidio están relacionadas con una disminución entre el 2% y el 2.5% en los precios de las viviendas.

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban Economics written by Kulsoom Hisam and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Urban Economics written by Lyndsey Anne Rolheiser and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three chapters contained in this dissertation represent a body of work concerned with ubiquitous municipal issues that affect the economic health, vibrancy, and stability of municipalities. These issues are generated through the interaction between agents within the municipality and the built environment of the municipality. The first chapter investigates the role of postwar housing characteristics in neighborhood decline. Extant literature hypothesizes that postwar vintage specific housing characteristics are contributing more to observations of decline than general housing age as the postwar home is no longer aligned with current consumer demand. I address this hypothesis by empirically separating aging and postwar vintage effects at the neighborhood level. Findings indicate previous empirical results linking postwar housing to decline confounded the age and vintage effect. Once separated, the postwar vintage effect is not a significant source of neighborhood decline as housing age is the driving factor. In the second chapter, I explore the relationship between development patterns and municipal expenditures. Measures that capture the multidimensional aspects of land use patterns exist within the planning and landscape ecology literature but have not been applied to the 'Cost of Sprawl' discourse until now. Using a unique GIS data set covering all of Massachusetts, I construct measures of separation, continuity, centrality, integration, and concentration of residential and commercial land uses within municipalities. Findings suggest some aspects of land use patterns championed by Smart Growth and New Urbanism advocates produce lower levels of municipal expenditures per capita as compared to more sprawling development patterns. The final chapter focuses on the issue of property tax incidence. With increasing reliance upon commercial property tax revenue, it is important that municipalities fully understand the implications of such reliance especially when it comes to attracting and retaining local business. Existing literature on commercial property tax is limited and only a small handful of studies focus on the issue of commercial property tax incidence. I contribute to this slim literature by asking one question in particular: who does the commercial property tax burden fall upon? Based on data from 96 Massachusetts municipalities over 26 years, I find nearly 100% of the burden is passed through to the renter.

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban Economics written by Kevin C. Gillen and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban Economics written by Jian Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban Economics written by Victor Couture and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban Economics written by Ruchi Singh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Essay on Urban Economic Theory written by Yorgos Y. Papageorgiou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past thirty years, urban economic theory has been one of the most active areas of urban and regional economic research. Just as static general equilibrium theory is at the core of modern microeconomics, so is the topic of this book - the static allocation of resources within a city and between cities - at the core of urban economic theory. An Essay on Urban Economic Theory well reflects the state of the field. Part I provides an elegant, coherent, and rigorous presentation of several variants of the monocentric (city) model - as the centerpiece of urban economic theory - treating equilibrium, optimum, and comparative statistics. Part II explores less familiar and even some uncharted territory. The monocentric model looks at a single city in isolation, taking as given a central business district surrounded by residences. Part II, in contrast, makes the intra-urban location of residential and non-residential activity the outcome of the fundamental tradeoff between the propensity to interact and the aversion to crowding; the resulting pattern of agglomeration may be polycentric. Part II also develops models of an urbanized economy with trade between specialized cities and examines how the market-determined size distribution of cities differs from the optimum. This book launches a new series, Advances in Urban and Regional Economics. The series aims to provide an outlet for longer scholarly works dealing with topics in urban and regional economics.

Download or read book Three Essays In Urban Economics and International Trade written by Xiaocong Xu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Urban Economics written by Kent Matthew Hymel and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three independent research papers, all broadly focused on urban and transportation economics comprise the chapters of this dissertation. These empirical papers address a variety of policy oriented issues surrounding the automobile. Although related in theme, the objective, scope, and empirical strategy of each paper differs. The first chapter, "Does traffic congestion reduce employment growth?", examines the impact of traffic congestion on employment growth in large U.S. metropolitan areas. I use an historic highway plan and political variables to serve as instruments for endogenous congestion. The results show that high initial levels of congestion dampen subsequent employment growth. This finding suggests that increasing the efficiency of public infrastructure can spur local economies. A set of counterfactual estimates show that the employment-growth returns from modest capacity expansion or congestion pricing are substantial. The second chapter, "Induced demand and rebound effects in road transport" (with Kenneth Small and Kurt Van Dender) uses a simultaneous equations model and aggregate data to estimate how drivers' respond to exogenous increases in vehicle fuel-efficiency. One consequence of efficiency improvements is an increase vehicle use, which can moderate fuel savings. Accurate measures of this so-called 'rebound effect', are of interest to policy makers assessing the effectiveness of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy stadards. This research paper also measures how traffic congestion and highway infrastructure affect vehicle use. The third chapter, "Evaluating the effectiveness of metered parking policy: evidence from a quasi-experiment", uses a unique observational data set to assess metered parking policy. Although metered parking is ubiquitous, we know little about its effectiveness, particularly its impact on the retailers it is designed to assist. Sharp twice-daily changes in parking meter enforcement allow me to compare shopping behavior in both free and metered parking environments. Using the regression discontinuity design, I find that parking fees can have large impacts on nearby commerce.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Social Integration in an Urban Context written by Lucie Letrouit and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists in three essays with complementary approaches on the economics of social integration in an urban setting. The first essay analyzes the emergence of ethno-cultural hierarchies in a multi-cultural context, typical of nowadays large metropolises. This emergence is studied using an evolutionary game theory model according to which, in a society, a common hierarchy view emerges from a multitude of independent interactions between members of the different ethno-cultural groups. The originality of the model lies in the featuring of several minorities and hierarchical views (i.e. multi-group and multi-strategy model) and in the reciprocal effects that minorities may have on each others' social statuses. These effects allow to explain the non-linear relationship between a minority's size and its status suggested by the empirical literature, as well as the complex impacts of a new minority's arrival on the other minorities. The evolutionary process implies that the adopted ethno-cultural hierarchy is, in most cases, too inegalitarian and thus economically inefficient. The second essay presents an urban economics model adapted to the sub-Saharan African city context where land ownership is often informal and uncertain and where land transactions are often hampered by important information asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The model allows to theoretically study the impact of two institutions aimed at reducing transaction uncertainty. The first one consists in a formal land registration system administered by the government, the second is a traditional social trust norm that links specific social groups. This model is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to study the effects of a social norm on the functioning of an urban housing market and the urban structure. It shows that the land registration system is more efficient than the traditional trust norm if registration costs are limited, but also that the two institutions are partly substitutable. The model predicts that, with the gradual decrease of registration costs, land registration will progressively replace social trust norms in the future.Eventually, the third essay consists in an econometric analysis of a large urban renewal program launched in France in 2003 for the renovation of 600 deprived neighborhoods (i.e. the « Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine », PNRU). In order to avoid possible biases linked with heterogeneities in the program's effects across neighborhoods and across time periods, we rely on the very novel DID_M estimator developed by De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) and complement its results with a more traditional difference-in-differences estimation. Our results suggest that the program had non-significant and, in any case, very limited effects (i.e. smaller than 3.5%) on housing prices in renovated neighborhoods. The program's effects on transaction volumes are also non-significant. However, the program led to a sizable upward evolution in the socio-professional status of housing buyers as compared to sellers, suggesting some improvement in the attractivity of renovated neighborhoods.

Download or read book Essays on Urban Economics written by Mark John Kutzbach and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays relating to urban, transportation, and labor economics, all of which focus on challenges facing large cities. While the first and second chapters examine rising car use and migration in developing countries, the third chapter examines cities in California, fragmented by their size and traffic congestion. While the first chapter is a theoretical analysis and uses numerical simulations, the second and third chapters are empirical and use microdata on households and business establishments. Chapter 1, "Motorization in developing countries," examines the rise in car use and decline in bus use in developing countries using a theoretical, mode choice model and numerical simulations. This analysis of commuter car/bus mode choice shows that in addition to rising income, other factors may drive rising car use at the urban level including: greater income inequality, which can both increase or decrease car use; traffic congestion, which hinders buses more than cars; and policy interventions, which can reduce congestion by maintaining bus service as an alternate travel mode, even as incomes rise. Chapter 2, "Migration and the next generation," estimates the effect of migrating to a more developed region of a developing country on the educational attainment of migrants' children by comparing migrants, who have moved from Brazil's Northeast region to the more developed state of Sao Paulo, to non-migrants, who remain in the Northeast. Because migration is likely to be selective, this analysis uses state level instrumental variables of distance and past migration rates to identify the effect of migration. Instrumental variables estimation finds a negative effect, suggesting that migration may make children no better off, and possibly worse off. Chapter 3, "Access to workers and employers," attributes economies of agglomeration to either labor market pooling or employer-based productivity spillovers by estimating the effect of access to same-industry employment, other-industry employment, and specialized workers using census tract level data for four industries. The results show that both access to specialized workers and access to same-industry employers contribute to economies of agglomeration and that the magnitude of the worker effect is large relative to employer-based productivity spillovers.

Download or read book Three Essays on Urban Economics written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Urban and Public Economics written by Laudo M. Ogura and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Introduction to Urban Economics written by Douglas M. Brown and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Urban Economics offers a complete and self-contained coverage of urban economics. This book analyzes the economic rationale and growth and development of cities, theory and empirical analysis of urban markets, and problems and policies of urban economies. This text is divided into inter- and intra-urban analysis. Discussions on inter-urban analysis comprise Chapters 1 to 3 that include an introduction to urban economics, economic history of urban areas, and economics of urban growth. The rest of the chapters that cover intra-urban analysis describe the theories of urban markets, empirical tests of the theories, and implications of the empirical findings for policy decisions. This publication is valuable to students with a background in economic principles.

Download or read book Three Empirical Essays on Concentration of Resources and Economic Growth written by David Castells-Quintana and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis focuses on the study of two global trends characteristic of modern economic development, namely increased agglomeration and inequalities within countries. The thesis contributes to the understanding of the evolution of both trends and their impact on economic growth in the long term, using multiple techniques for data analysis, and in the light of the theory and corresponding political debate. The starting point of the thesis is the idea that agglomeration and inequality represent two dimensions (spatial and personal) of concentration of resources within countries, which is associated with the process of economic development. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter, three main empirical chapters, a general conclusion, and three methodological appendices. The thesis is mainly a work of applied economics. For the analysis data has been collected for multiple variables and for a large sample of countries worldwide, with the aim of making international comparative analysis. The central dependent variable is the long-run national economic growth rate. Therefore, the analysis conducted is based mostly on the estimation of econometric models of economic growth. Both cross-sectional and panel data are used, covering the 1960-2010 period. Different estimation techniques are studied and applied (from Ordinary Least Squares, Estimates of Fixed Effects, Methodologies Control Functions: "Control Function Approach" Estimates of Fixed Effects with Instrumental Variables and estimates by G05). As for the main contributions, beginning with chapter 2, the thesis shows that the benefits of spatial concentration of economic activity appear to depend on a relatively equal distribution of income. Thus, in high-income countries with unequal distribution of resources, geographic concentration appears to be associated with lower economic growth in the long term. Chapter 3 shows two opposing effects of income inequality on a single model of economic growth. On the one hand a negative effect, associated with inequality of opportunity. On the other hand, a positive effect, associated with unequal outcomes. Likewise, the analysis identifies the transmission channels between inequality and growth to which these two effects relate. Chapter 4 contributes to the debate on the relationship between economic growth and urban concentration, providing empirical evidence on the relevance of the urban environment. In particular, the quality of urban infrastructure is shown as critical to balance the benefits and costs of concentration in large cities. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses key findings and policy implications. In particular, the results contextualize the discussion on agglomeration not only in terms of the level of development, but also in terms of distributional problems, and physical aspects of the urban environment. Regarding the level of development, in the case of low-income countries there appears to be a trade-off between efficiency and equity, at least in the short term, due to the fact that increased urban concentration seems desirable for growth but may involve greater inequalities. For high-income countries, by contrast, a more balanced urban system, in which small and medium-sized cities play a key role, appears as a better strategy than intense urban concentration. In terms of distribution, for both high- and low-income, the fact that the benefits derived from agglomeration depend on income inequality highlights the importance of socio-economic and institutional factors in the debate on urban concentration. Finally, as regards the urban environment, the analysis confirms the concern about informal urban settlements (slums), representing a poverty trap for most of its residents, rather than a transient state in the process of structural change."--TDX.