Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of NaCl Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solutions at High Temperatures written by Chia-tsun Liu and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water and Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by Felix Franks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Volume, the last of the series, is devoted to water in its metastable forms, especially at sub-zero temperatures. The past few years have wit nessed an increasing interest in supercooled water and amorphous ice. If the properties of liquid water in the normal temperature range are already eccentric, then they become exceedingly so below the normal freezing point, in the metastable temperature range. Water can be supercooled to -39°C without too much effort, and most of its physical properties show a re markable temperature dependence under these conditions. Although ade quate explanations are still lacking, the time has come to review available knowledge. The study of amorphous ice, that is, the solid formed when water vapor is condensed on a very cold surface, is of longer standing. It has achieved renewed interest because it may serve as a model for the liquid state. There is currently a debate whether or not a close structural relation ship exists between amorphous ice and supercooled water. The nucleation and growth of ice in supercooled water and aqueous solutions is also still one of those grey areas of research, although these topics have received considerable attention from chemists and physicists over the past two decades. Even now, the relationships between degree of supercooling, nucleation kinetics, crystal growth kinetics, cooling rate and solute concentration are somewhat obscure. Nevertheless, at the empirical level much progress has been made, because these topics are of considerable importance to biologists, technologists, atmospheric physicists and gla ciologists.
Download or read book Geochemistry of Freezing Brines written by Valerie L. Thurmond and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions. Keywords: Chemical properties; Electrolytes.
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of the Coexisting Phases and Thermochemical Properties of the NaCl Component in Boiling NaCl Solutions written by Carol A. Gent and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of mineral potential of area.
Download or read book The Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium Hydroxide and Its Monohydrate Heat Capacities at Low Temperatures Heats of Solution written by Lee Ellis Murch and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of the Coexisting Phases and Thermochemical Properties of the NaCl Component in Boiling NcCl Solutions written by John L. Haas (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tables giving temperature-vapor pressure-density-molal volume-molal enthalpy-molal entropy relations for coexisting liquid and gas and partial molal volume, enthalpy, and entropy of NaCl component in coexisting phases between 80 ̊and 325 ̊C up to saturation in halite.
Download or read book FREZCHEM2 A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Electrolyte Solutions at subzero Temperatures written by Giles M. Marion and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1994 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous NaCl from 273 to 823 K with Estimates for Higher Temperatures written by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and published by . This book was released on with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preliminary steam Tables for NaCl Solutions Thermodynamic Properties of the Coexisting Phases and Thermochemical Properties of the NaCl Component written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preliminary ''steam tables'', which give the thermodynamic data for the coexisting liquid and gas and the thermochemical data for the NaCl component in the liquid for the system H2O-NaCl, are given for liquid concentrations between 0 mol NaCl/kg H2O and halite saturation at temperatures between 80[sup 0} and 325°C. The tables were calculated from parametric equations of state.
Download or read book Thermodynamics of Geothermal Brines I Thermodynamic Properties of Vapor saturated NaCl aq Solutions from 0 300 C written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osmotic and activity coefficient data, enthalpy data, and heat capacity data on aqueous sodium chloride solutions from various sources have been fitted to a thirteen parameter equation. The equation reproduces the osmotic coefficient data to +-0.005 over the composition range 0-6M and temperature range 0-300°C, enthalpy data to +-5-10 cal/mole for compositions of 0-5M at temperatures from 25-100°C, and heat capacity data to +-0.5 cal/°K for compositions of 0-2M at temperatures from 25-200°C. Tabulated values of the total Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity, plus partial molal and excess thermodynamic quantities of sodium chloride solutions for compositions of 0-6M at 25°C intervals from 0-300°C are given along with the same quantities in graphical form for compositions of 0-6M at temperatures of 100-350°C.
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions from 32 to 350 Degrees F written by James Chia-san Chou and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions written by Kenneth S. Pitzer and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Excess Thermodynamic Properties of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions at High Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of the vapor pressure of the solvent in wide ranges of concentration and temperature provide information on solute solvation and ion pairing--the two phenomena most often invoked for description of dilute solutions. Even in moderately concentrated solutions, as interionic distances become comparable to ionic diameters, these simple concepts gradually lose their meaning and solutions behave like molten salts. The usefulness of experimental vapor pressure results increases rapidly with their accuracy, since derived properties, such as solution enthalpies and heat capacities, can be calculated. Very accurate results can be obtained by the isopiestic method, but primary vapor pressure data for standard solutions are needed. In order to obtain vapor pressures at conditions where accurate isopiestic standards are not available and to establish more accurate standards, the ORNL isopiestic apparatus was modified for simultaneous direct vapor pressure measurements and isopiestic comparisons. There are no comprehensive solution theories derived from molecular level models and able to predict thermodynamic properties of various electrolytes as the composition changes from dilute solutions to molten salts in a wide range of temperatures. Empirical and semi-empirical models are useful for representation of experimental results, interpretation of measurements of other properties such as conductance., solubility or liquid-vapor partitioning of solutes, and for verification of theoretical predictions. Vapor pressures for aqueous CaCl2, CaBr2, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaI were measured at temperatures between 380 and 523 K in the concentration range extended to water activities below 0.2 (over 30 mol/kg for LiCl). General equations based on the modified Pitzer ion-interaction model were used to obtain enthalpy and heat capacity surfaces, which are compared with direct calorimetric measurements.
Download or read book Some Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Rare earth Chloride Solutions written by David Andrew Csejka and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FREZCHEM A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
Download or read book CRREL Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
