Download or read book Thermodynamic Feedback Between Clouds and the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cloud-ocean planetary boundary layer (OPBL) feedback mechanism is presented and tested in this paper. Water vapor, evaporated from the ocean surface or transported by the large-scale air flow, often forms convective clouds under a conditionally unstable lapse rate. The variable cloud cover and rainfall may base positive and negative feedback with the ocean mixed layer temperature and salinity structure. The coupling of the simplified Kuo's (1965) cumulus cloud model to the Kraus-Turner's (1967) ocean mixed layer model shows the existence of this feedback mechanism. The theory also predicts the generation of low frequency oscillation in the atmosphere and oceans.
Download or read book Effect of Cloud Precipitation Ocean Mixed Layer Feedback on Drag Coefficient written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From similarity theory, the drag and thermal exchange coefficients (C(D), C(H), and C(E)) for 10m above the ocean surface depend on the atmospheric stability parameter (z/L(alpha)) where L(alpha) the Obukhov length scale for the atmospheric surface layer. Cloud, precipitation, and ocean mixed layer (OML) thermodynamical feedback affects the atmospheric stability parameter in two ways. Clouds reduce the incoming solar radiation at the ocean surface by scattering and absorption, which cools (relatively) the ocean mixed layer. The OML cooling lowers the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean surface, which increases the atmospheric stability parameter. On the other hand, precipitation from the clouds dilutes the surface salinity, stabilizing the upper ocean, and reducing OML deepening. The ocean mixed layer may be caused to shallow if the downward surface buoyance flux is sufficiently enhanced by the precipitation. When the ocean surface receives a downward net surface heat flux, the reduction in the OML depth will increase the sea surface temperature (SST) by concentrating the net radiation plus heat fluxed downward across the sea surface into a thinner layer. The increase of SST augments the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean surface, which decreases the atmospheric stability parameter. On the other hand, when the ocean surface has a net surface heat loss, the reduction in the OML depth will decrease SST due to the decrease of the thermal inertia. The decrease of SST reduces the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean surface, which increases the atmospheric stability parameter. The variation of atmospheric stability parameter in turn changes the drag and thermal exchange coefficients. In this study, a simple coupled cloud-precipitation- ocean mixed layer model proposed by Chu et. al. (1990) and Chu and Garwood (1991) is used to compute the time rate change of drag and thermal exchange coefficients caused by this mechanism.
Download or read book Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans written by Judith A. Curry and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Concepts: Composition, Structure, and State. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Transfer Processes. Thermodynamics of Water. Nucleation and Diffusional Growth. Moist Thermodynamics Processes in the Atmosphere. Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean. Cloud Characteristics and Processes. Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater. Sea, Ice, Snow, and Glaciers. Thermohaline Processes in the Ocean. Special Topics: Global Energy and Entropy Balances. Thermodynamics Feedbacks in the Climate System. Planetary Atmospheres and Surface Ice. Appendices. Subject Index.
Download or read book Cloud Ocean Mixed Layer Feedback written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cloud-ocean planetary boundary layer (OPRI), feedback mechanism is presented and tested in this paper, water vapor, evaporated from the ocean surface or transported by the large-scale air flow, often forms convective clouds under a conditionally unstable lapse rate. The variable cloud cover and rainfall may have positive and negative feedback with the ocean mixed layer temperature and salinity structure. First, clouds reduce the incoming solar radiation at the ocean surface by scattering and absorption, which cools (relatively) the ocean surface layer by increasing mixed layer entrainment. The cooling of the ocean mixed layer lowers the evaporation rate, which will diminish the clouds. This is a negative feedback mechanism. Second, precipitation dilutes the surface salinity, stabilizing the upper ocean and reducing mixed layer deepening. The mixed layer may even be caused to shallow if the downward surface buoyance flux is sufficiently enhanced by the precipitation. The reduction in mixed layer depth will increase the sea surface temperature (SST) by concentrating the net radiation plus heat fluxed downward across the sea surface into a thinner layer. The increase of SST augments the surface evaporation, which in turn produces more clouds. This is a positive feedback mechanism. Fig. A shows the main physical processes (heat, mass, and momentum fluxes) at the two adjacent boundary layers; the OPBI, and the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABI). Figure 2 illustrates this positive/negative feedback mechanism. Since clouds have significant effects on the large-scale atmospheric circulation through the transfer of heat, moisture, and momentum, and on the ocean mixed layer through the attenuation of solar radiation at the ocean surface, and since the SST is an important factor for the development of clouds, the feedback mechanism mentioned above has a potentially significant impact on the air-sea interaction, weather and ocean prediction.
Download or read book Mixed Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. - Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate - Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry - Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Download or read book El Nino La Nina and the Southern Oscillation written by S. George Philander and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1989-12-14 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Nino and the Southern Oscillation is by far the most striking phenomenon caused by the interplay of ocean and atmosphere. It can be explained neither in strictly oceanographic nor strictly meteorological terms. This volume provides a brief history of the subject, summarizes the oceanographic and meteorological observations and theories, and discusses the recent advances in computer modeling studies of the phenomenon. - Includes a comprehensive and up-to-date research survey - Discusses in detail sophisticated computer models - Provides a clear exposition of the major problems which prevent more accurate predictions of El Nino
Download or read book Proc s verbaux written by International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book P Vector Inverse Method written by Peter C. Chu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-15 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major task for physical oceanographers is to determine the movement of oceanic water from observations. This book introduces the P-vector inverse method, with a two-step determination of the velocity from hydrographic data. The book provide insights into the basics of the P-vector inverse method and the features of the inverted global and regional ocean circulations. Upper undergraduate and graduate students as well as oceanographers, marine biologists and other environmental scientists will find this book a valuable tool for their studies.
Download or read book Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamics of Clouds written by Louis Doufour and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermodynamics of Clouds is Volume 6 of the International Geophysics Series. This volume is an attempt to be a single reference of meteorological works of thermodynamical problems in relation to surface tension and adsorption. Numerous applications of various formulas accompany the text for further understanding of the reader to the concepts featured. The book is divided into 13 chapters where Chapters 1-6 serve as the first part of the book and the second part is from Chapter 7 to Chapter 13. The first part generally discusses and establishes the general formulas of the thermodynamics of surfaces. The method used by the authors is the one by Defay and Prigogine of studying systems in a state of partial equilibrium. The second part of the volume applies the general formulas established in Chapters 1-6 into some meteorological problems such as studies of a droplet or ice crystal suspended in the atmosphere. The text can be used by both graduate and undergraduate students with interest in thermodynamics and climate studies. Professionals such as meteorologists can also use this book as reference in solving some meteorological problems.
Download or read book Shallow Clouds Water Vapor Circulation and Climate Sensitivity written by Robert Pincus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a series of overview articles arising from a workshop exploring the links among shallow clouds, water vapor, circulation, and climate sensitivity. It provides a state-of-the art synthesis of understanding about the coupling of clouds and water vapor to the large-scale circulation. The emphasis is on two phenomena, namely the self-aggregation of deep convection and interactions between low clouds and the large-scale environment, with direct links to the sensitivity of climate to radiative perturbations. Each subject is approached using simulations, observations, and synthesizing theory; particular attention is paid to opportunities offered by new remote-sensing technologies, some still prospective. The collection provides a thorough grounding in topics representing one of the World Climate Research Program’s Grand Challenges. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 38, Issue 6, 2017 The aritcles “Observing Convective Aggregation”, “An Observational View of Relationships Between Moisture Aggregation, Cloud, and Radiative Heating Profiles”, “Implications of Warm Rain in Shallow Cumulus and Congestus Clouds for Large-Scale Circulations”, “A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment”, “Low-Cloud Feedbacks from Cloud-Controlling Factors: A Review”, “Mechanisms and Model Diversity of Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks: A Review”, “Structure and Dynamical Influence of Water Vapor in the Lower Tropical Troposphere”, “Emerging Technologies and Synergies for Airborne and Space-Based Measurements of Water Vapor Profiles”, “Observational Constraints on Cloud Feedbacks: The Role of Active Satellite Sensors”, and “EUREC4A: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation” are available as open access articles under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.
Download or read book Buoyant Convection in Geophysical Flows written by Erich J. Plate and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of convection in geophysical flows constitute an advanced and rapidly developing area of research that is relevant to problems of the natural environment. During the last decade, significant progress has been achieved in the field as a result of both experimental studies and numerical modelling. This led to the principal revision of the widely held view on buoyancy-driven turbulent flows comprising an organised mean component with superimposed chaotic turbulence. An intermediate type of motion, represented by coherent structures, has been found to play a key role in geophysical boundary layers and in larger scale atmospheric and hydrospheric circulations driven by buoyant forcing. New aspects of the interaction between convective motions and rotation have recently been discovered and investigated. Extensive experimental data have also been collected on the role of convection in cloud dynamics and microphysics. New theoretical concepts and approaches have been outlined regarding scaling and parameterization of physical processes in buoyancy-driven geophysical flows. The book summarizes interdisciplinary studies of buoyancy effects in different media (atmosphere and hydrosphere) over a wide range of scales (small scale phenomena in unstably stratified and convectively mixed layers to deep convection in the atmosphere and ocean), by different research methods (field measurements, laboratory simulations, numerical modelling), and within a variety of application areas (dispersion of pollutants, weather forecasting, hazardous phenomena associated with buoyant forcing).
Download or read book Air Sea Interaction written by G. T. Csanady and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-03-19 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms provides a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and what are its prominent mechanisms. It is mainly directed towards graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. The book will be of value on entry level courses in meteorology and oceanography, and also to the broader physics community interested in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.
Download or read book Physics Briefs written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Weather Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Atmospheric Boundary Layer written by J. R. Garratt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-04-21 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an emphasis on the application of the ABL to numerical modelling of the climate. The book comprises nine chapters, several appendices (data tables, information sources, physical constants) and an extensive reference list. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction, with chapters 2 and 3 dealing with the development of mean and turbulence equations, and the many scaling laws and theories that are the cornerstone of any serious ABL treatment. Modelling of the ABL is crucially dependent for its realism on the surface boundary conditions, and chapters 4 and 5 deal with aerodynamic and energy considerations, with attention to both dry and wet land surfaces and sea. The structure of the clear-sky, thermally stratified ABL is treated in chapter 6, including the convective and stable cases over homogeneous land, the marine ABL and the internal boundary layer at the coastline. Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. This is seen as particularly relevant, since the extensive stratocumulus regions over the subtropical oceans and stratus regions over the Arctic are now identified as key players in the climate system. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book's material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation.
Download or read book Impact of the Current Feedback and Model Resolution on the Atmosphere and Ocean Mixed Layer Over the Gulf Stream written by Jackie Crystal May and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmosphere and the ocean interact through air-sea heat and momentum fluxes. Thesefluxes are critical in ocean, atmosphere, and coupled modeling across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, from large-scale global modeling to very high-resolution regional studies and from climate studies to operational forecasting. It is important to minimize the air-sea flux errors in order to obtain accurate and realistic model results. This study investigates two sources of air-sea flux errors within the Gulf Stream region during winter months: the horizontal model resolution of the atmosphere and the ocean, and the dynamical coupling and current feedback between the ocean surface currents and the wind stress. Four different atmospheric and ocean coupled model simulations are completed with various combinations of 2 km (submesoscale resolving) and 6 km (submesoscale permitting) grid spacing. Four additional model simulations are completed using the same model resolutions defined in the first four experiments, but the coupling and feedback between the surface currents and the wind stress is included. The dynamical coupling and the current feedback lead to large changes in the surfacestress and stress curl patterns. This leads to a reduction in the ocean's mean and eddy kinetic energy, which largely controls the Gulf Stream path. The dynamical coupling is also found to control the physical gradient related to the atmospheric horizontal momentum advection. The stress gradient largely explains the variability in the horizontal advection when the dynamical coupling is not included, while the current gradient across current direction largely explains the variability in the horizontal advection when the dynamical coupling is included. Additionally, the dynamical coupling and current feedback is found to be important in regulating the mixed layer depth and SST throughout the warm water to the right of the Gulf Stream path due to the horizontal heat advection in the mixed layer. A high-resolution ocean model is found to also be important in influencing the Gulf Stream path, as well as constraining the submesoscale vertical heat fluxes to the ocean's mixed layer. The atmospheric model resolution is found to impact the magnitude of the stress, wind work, sea surface height, and surface currents, in addition to the strength of the horizontal and vertical winds throughout the atmospheric column. The dynamical coupling and current feedback, as well as having a high-resolution atmosphere and ocean, is further found to be important in the vertical extent of the state parameter fields, as well as in the atmospheric circulation patterns.
