Download or read book The Visual Discrimination of Shape by Octopus the Effects of Stimulus Size written by N. S. Sutherland and published by . This book was released on 1943 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Octopuses were trained in a successive situation to discriminate between vertical and horizontal rectangles: Group S was trained with rectangles of side length 5 x I cm., Group M with 10 x 2 cm. rectangles, and Group L with 20 x 4 cm. rectangles. The larger the shapes used, the more readily were they discriminated, both in terms of speed of learning and of the asymptote of performance. After training, each group was given transfer tests with the two pairs of rectangles not used in training and with two further pairs of 2.5 x 0.5 cm. and 40 x 8 cm. The results can be summarized in three generalizations: (1) When the size of a shape is changed, performance is worse than on the original training shape. (2) The bigger the change in proportionate size, the less transfer is shown. (3) For corresponding changes of proportionate size, there is better transfer to larger shapes than to smaller. These generalizations are supported by data from earlier experiments on the question of transfer to different sized shapes: some of these data were reworked and are presented in detail here. The theoretical implications of the results are discussed. (Author).
Download or read book The Perception of Stimulus Relations written by Hayne W. Reese and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Perception of Stimulus Relations: Discrimination Learning and Transposition focuses on the processes, methodologies, and approaches involved in discrimination learning and transposition. The book first offers information on stimulus equivalence, transposition of paradigms, and the transposition and relation perception problems. The manuscript then examines measurement, training, subject, and test variables. Topics include stimulus and procedural variables, effect of direction of transposition test, phylogenetic comparisons, concept knowledge, and speed of original learning. The publication elaborates on form transposition, including transposition of visual forms and the meaning of form and form transposition. The text then takes a look at relational and absolute theories, summary of findings and evaluation of theories, and outline of a theory of transposition. Discussions focus on assumptions and basic deductions, effect of absolute stimulus components, effect of noticing change in stimuli from training to test, and stimulus similarity. The book is a valuable source of data for readers interested in discrimination learning and transposition.
Download or read book Octopus written by M. J. Wells and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: between the organ systems of cephalopods and those of less ambitious molluscs. Octopus does, as we would predict, live close to the limits set by its own physiology. The circulation, to take one example, is barely adequate for such an active animal, mainly because of the absence of any system for pack aging the blood pigment; haemocyanin in solution is a poor oxygen carrier. Cephalopod blood can transport less than 5 millilitres of oxygen per 100 ml of blood (compared with about 15 vol% in fish) and the whole supercharged system of triple hearts, high blood pressure and pulsating blood vessels succeeds only in returning blood that retains less than 30% of its dissolved oxygen by the time it reaches the gills. This at rest; the effect of exercise is immediate and surprisingly long lasting even in octopuses as small as 300 g, which must very swiftly run into oxygen debt when they flee from predators or pursue their prey (Sections 3.2.2, 3.2.4). Digestion, too would seem to be limiting. As with other molluscs, digestion in Octopus is based on secretion absorption cycles by a massive diverticulum of the gut, an adequate system in a less hectic past, but scarcely appropriate in a predator that must be an opportunist in the matter of feeding. Octopus feeds mainly at night, and spends a great deal of every day sitting at home.
Download or read book Cephalopod Behaviour written by Roger T. Hanlon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully updated overview of the causation, function, development and evolution of cephalopod behaviour, richly illustrated in full colour.
Download or read book Vision in Cephalopods written by Frederike Diana Hanke and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-03-13 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cephalopods usually have large and mobile eyes with which they constantly scan their environment. The eyes of cephalopods are single-chamber eyes which show resemblance to vertebrate eyes. However there are marked differences such as the cephalopod eye having an everted retina instead of an inverted retina found in vertebrates. Their visual system allows the cephalopods, depending on species, to discriminate objects on the basis of their shapes or sizes, images from mirror images or to learn from the observation of others. The cephalopod visual system is also polarization sensitive and controls camouflage, an extraordinary ability almost exclusive to all cephalopods; they are capable of rapidly adapting their body coloration as well as altering their body shape to any background, in almost any condition and even during self-motion. Visual scene analysis ultimately leads to motor outputs that cause an appropriate change in skin coloration or texture by acting directly on chromatophores or papillae in the skin. Mirroring these numerous functions of the visual system, large parts of the cephalopod brain are devoted to the processing of visual information. This research topic focuses on current advances in the knowledge of cephalopod vision. It is designed to facilitate merging questions, approaches and data available through the work of different researchers working on different aspects of cephalopod vision. Thus the research topic creates mutual awareness, and facilitates the growth of a field of research with a long tradition - cephalopod vision, visual perception and cognition as well as the mechanisms of camouflage. This research topic emerged from a workshop on “Vision in cephalopods” as part of the COST Action FA1301.
Download or read book The Discrimination Process and Development written by Brian J. Fellows and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Discrimination Process and Development, Volume 5 covers the fields of behavioral theory and experimental child psychology. This book aims to develop the theory of the discrimination process and relate this theory to certain features of the perceptual and cognitive development of the child. Organized into 21 chapters, this volume starts with a discussion of discrimination process whereby an organism responds to differences between stimuli. This text then discusses the classical discrimination experiment whereby it employs two discriminative stimuli, one of which is positive and the other negative. Other chapters consider the developmental aspects of the discrimination process. The final chapter deals with the hypothesis analysis of matching performances. This book is intended to be suitable for psychology students who are looking for an area of research less restricted than conventional learning theory, and more significant to pressing practical problems. Child psychologists and experimentalists will also find this book useful.
Download or read book Shape and Size Discrimination in Octopus the Effects of Pretaining Along Different Dimensions written by N. S. Sutherland and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been suggested that discrimination learning involves two processes. Animals learn first to switch-in a stimulus-analysing mechanism that yields different outputs for the discriminanda and, secondly, they learn to attach the correct responses to those outputs. This hypothesis predicts that training an animal to respond to one cue should make it more difficult for it to learn to respond to a second type of cue. Previous experiments have shown that when animals trained to respond to one cue are subsequently presented with a problem that can be solved in terms of that cue or in terms of a second cue they do learn something about the second cue. The crucial question for the model proposed is not whether, under these conditions, animals learn something about a second cue, but whether they learn as much as animals not previously trained to respond to the first cue. The present experiment attempts to answer this question. Sixteen octopuses were trained and tested in three stages. In Stage I, one group learned a size discrimination, the other group learned a shape discrimination. In Stage II, all animals learned a new problem. This problem was the same for both groups and could be solved in terms of shape or size differences or both. In Stage III, transfer tests were given with the same shapes as those used in Stage II but no differences in size were present. (Author).
Download or read book Visual Perception of Form written by Leonard Zusne and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates written by Hansjochem Autrum and published by Springer. This book was released on 1979 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the comparative physiology of photoreception by the Protista and the invertebrates two aspects are emphasized: (1) the diversity of visual processes in these groups and (2) their bearing upon general mechanisms of photoreception. Invertebrates have evolved a far greater variety of adaptations than vertebrates modifications aiding survival in the remarkably different biotopes they occupy. The number of species in itself suggests this multiformity; each of them has peculiarities of its own, in morphology as well as in physiology and behavior. But these special adaptations are variations on a few great themes. Although the catalogue of invertebrate species is immense, the literature concerning them nearly rivals it in extent-even if one considers only that fraction dealing with visual physiology. Taxonomy proceeds by grouping the species, categorizing them in genera, families, orders, and progressively larger units. Similarly, comparative physiology aims at an analogous, more or less compre hensive, classification. This Part A of Volume VII/6, like Part B that follows it, emphasizes the broad questions that concern groups larger than the individual species; in some cases these questions have general applicability. The middle course between approaches that are too specialized and those that are too general is often elusive, but here we attempt to follow it. The vast number of special adaptations-probably, as we have said, as large as the number of species-is beyond the range even of a handbook.
Download or read book Vision in Cephalopods Volume II written by Daniel Osorio and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-09-29 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advances in Marine Biology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-08-23 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Marine Biology
Download or read book Psychology of Learning and Motivation written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1977-11-23 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Download or read book Some Observations on the Relative Stimulus Values of Size Shape and Color with Respect to Nest Building in the Siamese Fighting Fish Betta Splends Regan written by Michael O-Meara Childs and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Invertebrate Visual Centers and Behavior II written by Hansjochem Autrum and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Assessment of Complex Learning in Octopuses written by Jean Geary Boal and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Brain and Behaviour in Cephalopods written by Martin John Wells and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pattern Recognition written by Derek Wallace James Corcoran and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
