Download or read book The Value of Life in General Equilibrium written by Anupam B. Jena and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps the most important change of the last century was the great expansion of life itself -- in the US alone, life expectancy increased from 48 to 78 years. Recent economic estimates confirm this claim, finding that the economic value of the gain in longevity was on par with the value of growth in material well-being, as measured by income per capita. However, ever since Malthus, economists have recognized that demographic changes are linked to economic behavior and vice versa. Put simply, living with others who live 78 years is different than living with others who live only 48 years, so that valuing the extra 30 years of life is not simply a matter of valuing the extra years a single individual lives. The magnitude by which such valuations differ is overstated when there are increasing returns to population and is understated under decreasing returns. Focusing on the gains in life expectancy in the United States from 1900 to 2000, we find that a significant part of the value of longer life may be affected by these general equilibrium demographic effects.
Download or read book The Value of Life in General Equilibrium written by Anupam Jena and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps the most important change of the last century was the great expansion of life itself -- in the US alone, life expectancy increased from 48 to 78 years. Recent economic estimates confirm this claim, finding that the economic value of the gain in longevity was on par with the value of growth in material well-being, as measured by income per capita. However, ever since Malthus, economists have recognized that demographic changes are linked to economic behavior and vice versa. Put simply, living with others who live 78 years is different than living with others who live only 48 years, so that valuing the extra 30 years of life is not simply a matter of valuing the extra years a single individual lives. The magnitude by which such valuations differ is overstated when there are increasing returns to population and is understated under decreasing returns. Focusing on the gains in life expectancy in the United States from 1900 to 2000, we find that a significant part of the value of longer life may be affected by these general equilibrium demographic effects.
Download or read book Life Expectancy and Income Convergence in the World written by Kenichi Ueda and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2008-06 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is world-wide convergence in life expectancy, despite little convergence in GDP per capita. If one values longer life much more than material happiness, the world living standards may this have already converged substantially. This paper introduces the concept of the dynastic general equilibrium value of life to measure welfare gains from the increase in life expectancy. A calibration study finds sizable welfare gains, but these gains hardly mitigate the large inequality among countries. A conventional GDP-based measure remains a good approximation for (non) convergence in world living standards, even when adjusted for changes in life expectancy.
Download or read book The Guidance of an Enterprise Economy written by Martin Shubik and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-09-23 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rigorous theory of money, credit, and bankruptcy in the context of a mixed economy, uniting Walrasian general equilibrium with macroeconomic dynamics and Schumpeterian innovation. This book offers a rigorous study of control, guidance, and coordination problems of an enterprise economy, with attention to the roles of money and financial institutions. The approach is distinctive in drawing on game theory, methods of physics and experimental gaming, and, more generally, a broader evolutionary perspective from the biological and behavioral sciences. The proposed theory unites Walrasian general equilibrium with macroeconomic dynamics and Schumpeterian innovation utilizing strategic market games. Problems concerning the meaning of rational economic behavior and the concept of solution are noted. The authors argue that process models of the economy can be built that are consistent with the general equilibrium system but become progressively more complex as new functions are added. Explicit embedding of the economy within the framework of government and society provides a natural, both formal and informal, control system. The authors describe how to build and analyze multistate models with simple assumptions about behavior, and develop a general modeling methodology for the construction of models as playable games.
Download or read book General Equilibrium Theory written by Ross M. Starr and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-07-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General Equilibrium Theory: An Introduction treats the classic Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model in a form accessible to graduate students and advanced undergraduates in economics and mathematics. Topics covered include mathematical preliminaries, households and firms, existence of general equilibrium, Pareto efficiency of general equilibrium, the First and Second Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics, the core and core convergences, future markets over time and contingent commodity markets under uncertainty. Demand, supply, and excess demand appear first as (point-valued) functions, then optionally as (set-valued) correspondences. The mathematics presented (with elementary proofs of the theorems) includes a real analysis, the Brouwer fixed point theorem, and separating and supporting hyperplane theorems. Optional chapters introduce the existence of equilibrium with set-valued supply and demand, the mathematics of upper and lower hemicontinuous correspondences, and the Kakutani fixed point theorem. The treatment emphasizes clarity and accessibility to the student through use of examples and intuition.
Download or read book Applying General Equilibrium written by John B. Shoven and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992-05-29 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The central idea underlying this work is to convert the Walrasian general equilibrium structure (formalized in the 1950s by Kenneth Arrow, Gerard Debreu and others) from an abstract representation of an economy into realistic models of actual economies.
Download or read book A General Equilibrium Model of Sovereign Default and Business Cycles written by Vivian Z. Yue and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging markets business cycle models treat default risk as part of an exogenous interest rate on working capital, while sovereign default models treat income fluctuations as an exogenous endowment process with ad-noc default costs. We propose instead a general equilibrium model of both sovereign default and business cycles. In the model, some imported inputs require working capital financing; default on public and private obligations occurs simultaneously. The model explains several features of cyclical dynamics around default triggers an efficiency loss as these inputs are replaced by imperfect substitutes; and default on public and private obligations occurs simultaneously. The model explains several features of cyclical dynamics around deraults, countercyclical spreads, high debt ratios, and key business cycle moments.
Download or read book Theory of Value written by Gerard Debreu and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Demography and the Economy written by John B. Shoven and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-01-15 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demographics is a vital field of study for understanding social and economic change and it has attracted attention in recent years as concerns have grown over the aging populations of developed nations. Demographic studies help make sense of key aspects of the economy, offering insight into trends in fertility, mortality, immigration, and labor force participation, as well as age, gender, and race specific trends in health and disability. Demography and the Economy explores the connections between demography and economics, paying special attention to what demographic trends can reveal about the sustainability of traditional social security programs and the larger implications for economic growth. The volume brings together some of the leading scholars working at the border between the two disciplines, and it provides an eclectic overview of both fields. Contributors also offer deeper analysis of a variety of issues such as the impact of greater wealth on choices about marriage and childbearing and the effects of aging populations on housing prices, Social Security, and Medicare.
Download or read book Trade and the Environment in General Equilibrium Evidence from Developing Economies written by John Beghin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-11-28 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was initiated while the three major authors were at the Development Centre of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, working on its program on economic growth, trade, and sustainability. We wish to thank the OECD Development Centre for its support. The book was completed during summer 2001 at the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University. We appreciate the resources and financial support CARD provided for publication of this work. Sandra Clarke provided technical editing of the manuscripts and oversaw the indexing of the book; Becky Olson prepared the camera-ready copy of the final manuscript. We thank them for their instrumental help in these last steps. Part of the work presented in this volume previously appeared in some form in journals. The analysis of Chile presented in Chapter 6 appeared as “Growth, Trade, Pollution and Natural-Resource Use in Chile. Evidence from an Economywide Model,” Agricultural Economics 19(1998): 87-97; and as “Trade Integration, Environmental Degradation, and Public Health in Chile: Assessing the Linkages,” Environment and Development Economics, in press. The work on Costa Rica and Indonesia summarised in Chapter 10 appeared as “Is There a Trade-off Between Trade Liberalisation and Pollution Abatement in Costa Rica? A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment,” Journal of Policy Modeling 20(1): 11-31; and as “The Environment and Welfare Implications of Trade and Tax Policy,” Journal of Development Economics 52(1997): 65-82.
Download or read book The Equilibrium Economics of L on Walras written by J. van Daal and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does Walras's theory go beyond perfect competition? Most of the literature on Walras focuses on the Elements of Pure Economics. While this abundance of attention is partly due to the value the economist himself attached to this study, it has created an unbalanced view of his work. In The Equilibrium Economics of Leon Walras, Jan van Daal and Albert Jolink trace the development of Walras's consecutive models of general equilibrium through the five editions of his Elements. The authors also remedy the narrow interpretations of Walras's work by placing his equilibrium theories in a much broader context and argue that these models should be considered as an instrument in Walras's design for optimal economic order. The book falls into three distinct sections. Part I deals with some aspects of Walras's theory - the use of mathematics in economics, the notion of free competition, the notion of utility, and price formation in competitive markets. In Part II these aspects are synthesized in the equilibrium models. Part III outlines Walras's views on what he called the 'social question' and how it led him to formulate regulations with respect to monopoly and the production of public goods, and his ideas on state ownership of the land. The authors argue that all these elements can be brought together in a 'general general equilibrium model' that displays all the features of the models of Part II. Additional material on the life of Leon Walras, technical aspects of his theories and solutions to his equilibrium models and tatonnement can be found in the five appendices. The Equilibrium Economics of Leon Walras thus provides an invaluable introduction to the work of the great French economist.
Download or read book The Equilibrium Manifold written by Yves Balasko and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-04-17 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading scholar in the field presents post-1970s developments in the theory of general equilibrium, unified by the concept of equilibrium manifold. In The Equilibrium Manifold, noted economic scholar and major contributor to the theory of general equilibrium Yves Balasko argues that, contrary to what many textbooks want readers to believe, the study of the general equilibrium model did not end with the existence and welfare theorems of the 1950s. These developments, which characterize the modern phase of the theory of general equilibrium, led to what Balasko calls the postmodern phase, marked by the reintroduction of differentiability assumptions and the application of the methods of differential topology to the study of the equilibrium equation. Balasko's rigorous study demonstrates the central role played by the equilibrium manifold in understanding the properties of the Arrow-Debreu model and its extensions. Balasko argues that the tools of differential topology articulated around the concept of equilibrium manifold offer powerful methods for studying economically important issues, from existence and uniqueness to business cycles and economic fluctuations. After an examination of the theory of general equilibrium's evolution in the hundred years between Walras and Arrow-Debreu, Balasko discusses the properties of the equilibrium manifold and the natural projection. He highlights the important role of the set of no-trade equilibria, the structure of which is applied to the global structure of the equilibrium manifold. He also develops a geometric approach to the study of the equilibrium manifold. Applications include stability issues of adjustment dynamics for out-of-equilibrium prices, the introduction of price-dependent preferences, and aspects of time and uncertainty in extensions of the general equilibrium model that account for various forms of market frictions and imperfections. Special effort has been made at reducing the mathematical technicalities without compromising rigor. The Equilibrium Manifold makes clear the ways in which the postmodern” developments of the Arrow-Debreu model improve our understanding of modern market economies.
Download or read book Household Production and Consumption written by Nestor E. Terleckyj and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Firm as an Entity written by Yuri Biondi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-04-12 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book enhances current economic understanding of the firm as an institution and an organization, looking beyond the narrow boundaries of neoclassical economics to an interdisciplinary approach based on accounting and law as well as economics itself. It represents the first synthesis of the authors' research work on the subject and provides the groundwork for the development of a comprehensive framework centred on the firm as an entity. The volume starts with a synthesis and a critique of the current state of the different economic theories of the firm and further develops them through new insights and neglected lessons from different traditions of thought. The economic theory and analysis of the firm is given new life here by looking at the firm as a whole: as an institution and an organization, which has special functions and a distinct role in the economy and society.
Download or read book Finding Equilibrium written by Till Düppe and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-21 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable story and personalities behind one of the most important theories in modern economics Finding Equilibrium explores the post–World War II transformation of economics by constructing a history of the proof of its central dogma—that a competitive market economy may possess a set of equilibrium prices. The model economy for which the theorem could be proved was mapped out in 1954 by Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu collaboratively, and by Lionel McKenzie separately, and would become widely known as the "Arrow-Debreu Model." While Arrow and Debreu would later go on to win separate Nobel prizes in economics, McKenzie would never receive it. Till Düppe and E. Roy Weintraub explore the lives and work of these economists and the issues of scientific credit against the extraordinary backdrop of overlapping research communities and an economics discipline that was shifting dramatically to mathematical modes of expression. Based on recently opened archives, Finding Equilibrium shows the complex interplay between each man's personal life and work, and examines compelling ideas about scientific credit, publication, regard for different research institutions, and the awarding of Nobel prizes. Instead of asking whether recognition was rightly or wrongly given, and who were the heroes or villains, the book considers attitudes toward intellectual credit and strategies to gain it vis-à-vis the communities that grant it. Telling the story behind the proof of the central theorem in economics, Finding Equilibrium sheds light on the changing nature of the scientific community and the critical connections between the personal and public rewards of scientific work.
Download or read book Preventing Ageing Unequally written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2017-10-18 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines how the two global mega-trends of population ageing and rising inequalities have been developing and interacting, both within and across generations.
Download or read book Dynamic General Equilibrium Modelling written by Burkhard Heer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-01-11 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern business cycle theory and growth theory uses stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models. Many mathematical tools are needed to solve these models. The book presents various methods for computing the dynamics of general equilibrium models. In part I, the representative-agent stochastic growth model is solved with the help of value function iteration, linear and linear quadratic approximation methods, parameterised expectations and projection methods. In order to apply these methods, fundamentals from numerical analysis are reviewed in detail. Part II discusses methods for solving heterogeneous-agent economies. In such economies, the distribution of the individual state variables is endogenous. This part of the book also serves as an introduction to the modern theory of distribution economics. Applications include the dynamics of the income distribution over the business cycle or the overlapping-generations model. Through an accompanying home page to this book, computer codes to all applications can be downloaded.
