Download or read book The Valley of Shadows Classic Reprint written by Francis Grierson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Valley of Shadows How calm andbeautifulwasthefaoe ofnaturel The prairie here in Illinois, in the heart Of Lincoln's country, had a spirit of its own, unlike that Of the forest, and I had come to look upon the meeting houseasaplaoepossessingasortofsoul, aper sonality which made it stand Out in my imagination as being unique among all the meeting-how I had ever seen. It must, I thought, feel the states of the weather and the moods of the people. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book New Brooms Classic Reprint written by Robert J. Shores and published by BEYOND BOOKS HUB. This book was released on 2021-01-01 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW BROOMS BY ROBERT J. SHORES This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. NEW BROOMS BY ROBERT J. SHORES

Download or read book The Work and the Man Classic Reprint written by Agnes Rush Burr and published by BEYOND BOOKS HUB. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Work and the Man (Classic Reprint) by Agnes Rush Burr offers a thought-provoking examination of the relationship between labor and character. This thought-provoking book argues that the work a person does can shape their character, and conversely, the character can influence their work. Through insightful commentary and vivid illustrations, Burr creates a compelling discourse on the importance of work in personal development. The Work and the Man is a timeless book that will inspire and challenge you to reflect on your own work and its impact on your character. Delve into the intriguing relationship between work and character with The Work and the Man by Agnes Rush Burr. Discover the profound insights within this classic reprint today!

Download or read book The Faith of a Quaker Classic Reprint written by John William Graham and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Faith of a Quaker There arise also the insistent questions which beset all mystics, and which in Quakerism demanded a corporate, instead of an individual, answer. Was the light infallible? Was the claim to it an assumption of spiritual exaltation. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book The Well Educated Mind A Guide to the Classical Education You Never Had written by Susan Wise Bauer and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2003-08-17 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging, accessible guide to educating yourself in the classical tradition. Have you lost the art of reading for pleasure? Are there books you know you should read but haven't because they seem too daunting? In The Well-Educated Mind, Susan Wise Bauer provides a welcome and encouraging antidote to the distractions of our age, electronic and otherwise. In her previous book, The Well-Trained Mind, the author provided a road map of classical education for parents wishing to home-school their children, and that book is now the premier resource for home-schoolers. In this new book, Bauer takes the same elements and techniques and adapts them to the use of adult readers who want both enjoyment and self-improvement from the time they spend reading. The Well-Educated Mind offers brief, entertaining histories of five literary genres—fiction, autobiography, history, drama, and poetry—accompanied by detailed instructions on how to read each type. The annotated lists at the end of each chapter—ranging from Cervantes to A. S. Byatt, Herodotus to Laurel Thatcher Ulrich—preview recommended reading and encourage readers to make vital connections between ancient traditions and contemporary writing. The Well-Educated Mind reassures those readers who worry that they read too slowly or with below-average comprehension. If you can understand a daily newspaper, there's no reason you can't read and enjoy Shakespeare's Sonnets or Jane Eyre. But no one should attempt to read the "Great Books" without a guide and a plan. Susan Wise Bauer will show you how to allocate time to your reading on a regular basis; how to master a difficult argument; how to make personal and literary judgments about what you read; how to appreciate the resonant links among texts within a genre—what does Anna Karenina owe to Madame Bovary?—and also between genres. Followed carefully, the advice in The Well-Educated Mind will restore and expand the pleasure of the written word.

Download or read book Guide to Reprints written by K G Saur Publishing and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2005-10 with total page 1186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The established reference work Guide to Reprints has been radically reworked for this edition. Bibliographical data was substantially increased where information was obtainable. In addition, the user-friendliness of Guide to Reprints was raised to the high level of other K.G. Saur directories through author-title cross-references, a subject volume, a person index and a publisher index. In this edition, the directory lists more than 60,000 titles from more than 350 publishers.

Download or read book Lost Cities Ancient Mysteries of Africa Arabia written by David Hatcher Childress and published by Adventures Unlimited Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Join Childress as he discovers forbidden cities in the Empty Quarter of Arabia, 'Atlantean' ruins in Egypt and the Kalahari desert; a mysterious, ancient empire in the Sahara; and more. This is an extraordinary life on the road: across war torn countries Childress searches for King Solomon's Mines, living dinosaurs, the Ark of the Covenant and the solutions to the fantastic mysteries of the past.

Download or read book Power Lines written by Jennifer L. Lieberman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How electricity became a metaphor for modernity in the United States, inspiring authors from Mark Twain to Ralph Ellison. At the turn of the twentieth century, electricity emerged as a metaphor for modernity. Writers from Mark Twain to Ralph Ellison grappled with the idea of electricity as both life force (illumination) and death spark (electrocution). The idea that electrification created exclusively modern experiences took hold of Americans' imaginations, whether they welcomed or feared its adoption. In Power Lines, Jennifer Lieberman examines the apparently incompatible notions of electricity that coexisted in the American imagination, tracing how electricity became a common (though multifarious) symbol for modern life. Lieberman examines a series of moments of technical change when electricity accrued new social meanings, plotting both power lines and the power of narrative lines in American life and literature. While discussing the social construction of electrical systems, she offers a new interpretation of Twain's use of electricity as an organizing metaphor in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, describes the rhetoric surrounding the invention of electric execution, analyzes Charlotte Perkins Gilman's call for human connection in her utopian writing and in her little-known Human Work, considers the theme of electrical interconnection in Jack London's work, and shows how Ralph Ellison and Louis Mumford continued the literary tradition of electrical metaphor. Electrical power was a distinctive concept in American literary, cultural, and technological histories. For this reason, narratives about electricity were particularly evocative. Bridging the realistic and the romantic, the historical and the fantastic, these stories guide us to ask new questions about our enduring fascination with electricity and all it came to represent.

Download or read book The Harvard Classics Shelf written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2023-11-08 with total page 24736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DigiCat presents to you this meticulously edited and formatted collection of Dr. Eliot: The Harvard Classics: V. 1: Franklin, Woolman & Penn V. 2: Plato, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius V. 3: Bacon, Milton, Browne V. 4: Poems by John Milton V. 5: R. W. Emerson V. 6: Poems by Robert Burns V. 7: St Augustine & Thomas á Kempis V. 8: Nine Greek Dramas V. 9: Cicero and Pliny V. 10: The Wealth of Nations V. 11: The Origin of Species V. 12: Plutarch's Lives V. 13: Æneid V. 14: Don Quixote V. 15: Bunyan & Walton V. 16: Thousand and One Nights V. 17: Folklore & Fable V. 18: Modern English Drama V. 19: Goethe & Marlowe V. 20: The Divine Comedy V. 21: I Promessi Sposi V. 22: The Odyssey V. 23: Two Years Before the Mast V. 24: Edmund Burke V. 25: J. S. Mill & T. Carlyle V. 26: Continental Drama V. 27 & 28: English and American Essays V. 29: The Voyage of the Beagle V. 30: Scientific Papers V. 31: The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini V. 32: Literary and Philosophical Essays V. 33: Voyages & Travels V. 34: French & English Philosophers V. 35: Chronicle and Romance V. 36: Machiavelli, Roper, More, Luther V. 37: Locke, Berkeley, Hume V. 38: Harvey, Jenner, Lister, Pasteur V. 39: Prefaces and Prologues V. 40–42: English Poetry V. 43: American Historical Documents V. 44 & 45: Sacred Writings V. 46 & 47: Elizabethan Drama V. 48: Blaise Pascal V. 49: Epic and Saga V. 50: Reader's Guide V. 51: Lectures The Shelf of Fiction: V. 1 & 2: The History of Tom Jones V. 3: A Sentimental Journey & Pride and Prejudice V. 4: Guy Mannering V. 5 & 6: Vanity Fair V. 7 & 8: David Copperfield V. 9: The Mill on the Floss V. 10: Hawthorne, Irving, Poe, Harte, Twain, Hale V.11: The Portrait of a Lady V. 12: Notre Dame de Paris V. 13: Balzac, Sand, de Musset, Daudet, de Maupassant V. 14 & 15: Goethe, Keller, Storm, Fontane V. 16–19: Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev V. 20: Valera, Bjørnson, Kielland

Download or read book The Harvard Classics Anthology written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 24736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Harvard Classics Anthology stands as a monumental collection that showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of human thought, creativity, and expression across ages and cultures. Featuring works by luminary figures such as Plato, Shakespeare, Kant, Darwin, and many others, this anthology spans a multitude of literary styles, from the philosophical treatises of antiquity to the poignant narratives of the modern era. Each piece has been carefully selected to highlight the diversity of human thought and the continuities in our collective intellectual and cultural endeavors. The inclusion of stand-out pieces from varied time periods and geographic locales underscores the anthology's commitment to a comprehensive exploration of the human condition. Bringing together authors from the realms of literature, science, philosophy, and beyond, The Harvard Classics Anthology encompasses a striking array of backgrounds and perspectives. These authors, hailing from different centuries and societies, contribute to a dialogue that transcends temporal and geographical boundaries. The collection aligns with significant historical, cultural, and literary movements, offering readers insights into the development of human thought and the interplay of cultural forces. The varied voices in this anthology enrich the overarching theme by providing a multifaceted exploration of humanity's greatest achievements, struggles, and questions. The Harvard Classics Anthology is a testament to the enduring power of the written word and its capacity to illuminate the complexities of the human experience. Readers are afforded a unique opportunity to journey through time and space, encountering the minds and hearts of some of history's most revered thinkers and writers. This anthology is not merely a collection of works; it is an invitation to engage in a dialogue with the giants of human history. For scholars, students, and the intellectually curious, this volume offers an unparalleled educational experience, and the breadth of insights contained within its pages fosters a deeper understanding of our shared heritage and the continuing narrative of human thought and creativity.

Download or read book Zane Grey Ultimate Collection 60 Western Classics Historical Novels Baseball Stories written by Zane Grey and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-05 with total page 12149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zane Grey's 'Ultimate Collection' is a comprehensive anthology containing over 60 Western Classics, Historical Novels, and Baseball Stories, showcasing the author's versatility and wide-ranging interests. Grey's writing style is characterized by vivid descriptions of the American West, intricate character developments, and gripping plots that captivate readers from the first page. Incorporating elements of adventure, romance, and suspense, this collection offers a multifaceted view of the various genres that Grey excelled in, solidifying his reputation as a prominent figure in American literature. Set against the backdrop of the Wild West, these stories provide a glimpse into a bygone era and explore themes of honor, loyalty, and the enduring spirit of the frontier. Zane Grey, a prolific writer and avid outdoorsman, drew inspiration from his firsthand experiences in the rugged landscapes of the American West, which shaped his narratives with authenticity and depth. His passion for baseball also shines through in the engaging sports stories included in this anthology, reflecting his diverse literary interests and unique storytelling approach. Grey's enduring legacy as a masterful storyteller continues to resonate with readers of all ages, making this collection a must-read for fans of classic American literature. For readers who appreciate immersive historical fiction, thrilling Western adventures, and enthralling sports tales, Zane Grey's 'Ultimate Collection' offers a captivating literary journey through the landscapes and cultures of America's past. With its rich tapestry of stories and timeless themes, this anthology is a treasure trove for fans of Grey's work and newcomers alike, inviting them to explore the vibrant world of one of America's most beloved authors.

Download or read book The Harvard Classics Complete 51 Volume Collection written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 18658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Harvard Classics: Complete 51-Volume Collection stands as a monumental anthology that encapsulates the core of Western literary tradition, philosophy, and scientific thought. This collection traverses the dynamic landscapes of literature, from the epics of Homer to the existential musings of Kierkegaard, embodying a remarkable diversity in literary style and thematic depth. It weaves together the seminal works that have shaped human intellect and culture, including pivotal pieces in drama, poetry, philosophy, political theory, and science. The anthology distinguishes itself by the inclusion of works that have not only stood the test of time but have fundamentally transformed our understanding of the world and our place within it. The contributing authors and editors of this anthology are titans of literature and thought, each bringing their unique perspective to the collective human story. This diverse array of authors, ranging from Plato to Darwin, Goethe to Descartes, reflects a confluence of eras, cultures, and disciplines. The anthology aligns with various historical and cultural movements, offering readers an immersive journey through the Enlightenment, the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and beyond, fostering a rich dialogue between disparate yet interconnected schools of thought. This collection is indispensable for readers seeking to delve into the multifaceted landscape of Western intellectual heritage. It provides a unique opportunity to engage with the seminal works that have defined and reshaped our world, encouraging a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the pivotal events, ideas, and figures in human history. The Harvard Classics: Complete 51-Volume Collection is not solely an academic resource but a gateway to the vast and varied dialogues that have propelled humanity forward, making it an essential addition to any intellectual's library.

Download or read book Harvard Classics Complete Collection of the Greatest Works of World Literature written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-28 with total page 24734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 'Harvard Classics - Complete Collection of the Greatest Works of World Literature' stands as a monumental anthology that traverses the broad landscape of human thought and artistic expression. Within its pages, readers encounter an array of literary styles from the seminal works of philosophy, poetry, science, and drama. This carefully curated collection spans the epochs, offering an unparalleled glimpse into the intellectual and cultural currents that have shaped our world. Among its myriad offerings, standout pieces delve into the complexities of human nature, the pursuit of knowledge, and the beauty of the natural world, reflecting the diverse and significant contributions of its authors to the literary canon. The contributing authors and editors represent a veritable who's who of literary and intellectual giants across history. From the poetic grandeur of Goethe and the philosophical depths of Plato, to the scientific curiosity of Charles Darwin and the dramatic intensity of Sophocles, each contributor brings a unique voice and perspective to the collection. Bound by a common pursuit of truth and beauty, these works collectively highlight the cultural, historical, and literary movements of their times, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of the human experience as seen through the eyes of some of its greatest observers. This anthology is not merely a collection of great works; it is an invitation to explore the richness of human culture and thought across ages. For scholars, students, and lovers of literature and philosophy alike, the 'Harvard Classics' presents a unique opportunity to engage with the profound ideas and diverse narratives that have shaped human history. Encompassing the profound, the poetic, and the profound, this collection promises to enrich the mind and stir the soul, encouraging a deeper appreciation of the interconnectedness of human endeavor in the pursuit of knowledge and beauty.

Download or read book The Complete Harvard Classics ALL 71 Volumes written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-09 with total page 24735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Complete Harvard Classics - ALL 71 Volumes, stands as a monumental anthology that embarks on an epic journey through the annals of world literature, philosophy, and science. This collection is distinguished by its diverse array of literary styles, embracing works from ancient tracts to the prose of the Enlightenment and the poetry of the Romantic era. The anthology skillfully intertwines the dynamics of literary form, thematic depth, and historical context, offering readers an unparalleled vista into human thought and creativity. Among its pages, standout pieces across civilizations and centuries coalesce, forming a dialogue that transcends temporal and geographical boundaries, reflective of editor Charles W. Eliot's vision of a comprehensive 'five-foot shelf' of books that could serve as a good education in itself. The contributing authors and editors, ranging from Homer to Shakespeare, and Darwin to Tolstoy, present a tapestry rich with the intellectual and cultural movements that have shaped human history. This anthology not only mirrors the evolution of literature and thought but also encapsulates the spirit of the periods from which these titans hailed. Their collective works, diverse in origin yet unified in their exploration of human experience, provide insight into the notions of identity, morality, and society. The anthology stands as a testament to the enduring nature of their contributions, aligning with various historical, cultural, and literary movements and fostering a deeper appreciation for the multiplicity of human expression. The Complete Harvard Classics - ALL 71 Volumes is not merely a collection to be admired from afar but is a vibrant invitation to immerse oneself in the wealth of knowledge and emotion captured within its pages. It beckons scholars, students, and curious minds alike to delve into its depths, offering an educational journey that is as profound as it is expansive. This anthology facilitates a dialogue with the minds of great thinkers and artists across ages, providing a unique opportunity to explore the landscape of human culture and intellect. Engaging with this collection is to partake in an ongoing conversation about the values, questions, and understandings that continue to shape our world.

Download or read book The Grand Babylon Hotel by Arnold Bennett Delphi Classics Illustrated written by Arnold Bennett and published by Delphi Classics. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook features the unabridged text of ‘The Grand Babylon Hotel by Arnold Bennett - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ from the bestselling edition of ‘The Complete Works of Arnold Bennett’. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. The Delphi Classics edition of Bennett includes original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of the author, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily. eBook features: * The complete unabridged text of ‘The Grand Babylon Hotel by Arnold Bennett - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ * Beautifully illustrated with images related to Bennett’s works * Individual contents table, allowing easy navigation around the eBook * Excellent formatting of the textPlease visit www.delphiclassics.com to learn more about our wide range of titles

Download or read book The Complete Harvard Classics All 51 Volumes in One Edition written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-09 with total page 18656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Complete Harvard Classics - All 51 Volumes in One Edition represents an unparalleled assembly of the seminal works spanning across literature, philosophy, science, and history. This collection stands as a testament to the breadth and depth of human thought and creativity. From the dramatic eloquence of Shakespeare and the keen insights of Plato to the transformative theories of Darwin and the poignant reflections of Thoreau, this anthology traverses a vast landscape of literary styles and periods. It highlights the diversity of human thought, showcasing the enduring relevance of these works, and features pieces that have shaped the very fabric of Western culture, ensuring its stature as a cornerstone of scholarly collections. The contributors to this anthology, including figures such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, represent a spectrum of intellectual giants whose works have ignited the flames of inquiry, revolutionized thought, and influenced countless generations. These authors' backgrounds, ranging from ancient philosophy to the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and beyond, offer a rich tapestry of cultural and historical contexts. The collective alignment of these varied voices with pivotal movements across literary history and philosophical thought illustrates a shared human endeavor to understand and articulate our place in the universe. This compendium is a must-have for any scholar, student, or enthusiast eager to explore the depths of human ingenuity and reflection. Offering a unique opportunity to engage with the minds that have profoundly shaped our world, The Complete Harvard Classics encourages a dialogue between different epochs, disciplines, and perspectives. Its educational value is immeasurable, providing readers with a comprehensive foundation in the humanities and a renewed appreciation for the dialogue across centuries that continues to inform and enrich our modern discourse.

Download or read book The Greatest British Classics written by Charles Dickens and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2018-12-21 with total page 9530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Musaicum Books presents to you this unique collection, designed and formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices: Hamlet (Shakespeare) Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) Macbeth (Shakespeare) Paradise Lost (John Milton) Gulliver's Travels (Jonathan Swift) Robinson Crusoe (Daniel Defoe) The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (Henry Fielding) Tristram Shandy (Laurence Sterne) Pride & Prejudice (Jane Austen) Sense and Sensibility (Jane Austen) Vanity Fair (William Makepeace Thackeray) Ode to the West Wind (P. B. Shelley) Frankenstein (Mary Shelley) Odes (John Keats) Jane Eyre (Charlotte Brontë) Wuthering Heights (Emily Brontë) Middlemarch (George Eliot) David Copperfield (Charles Dickens) Great Expectations (Charles Dickens) Tess of the d'Urbervilles (Thomas Hardy) Jude the Obscure (Thomas Hardy) The Enchanted April (Elizabeth von Arnim) Sons and Lovers (D. H. Lawrence) The Mysteries of Udolpho (Ann Ward Radcliffe) Dracula (Bram Stoker) A Study in Scarlet (Arthur Conan Doyle) Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad) The Picture of Dorian Gray (Oscar Wilde) Alice in Wonderland (Lewis Carroll) The Secret Garden (Frances Hodgson Burnett) The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (C. S. Lewis) Diary of a Nobody (George and Weedon Grossmith) The Time Machine (H. G. Wells) The War of the Worlds (H. G. Wells) The Woman in White (Wilkie Collins) The Innocence of Father Brown (G. K. Chesterton) Howards End (E. M. Forster) The Waste Land (T. S. Eliot) Ulysses (James Joyce) Pygmalion (George Bernard Shaw) Arms and the Man (George Bernard Shaw) The Second Coming (W. B. Yeats) Ivanhoe (Sir Walter Scott) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Robert Louis Stevenson) The Wind in the Willows (Kenneth Grahame) Phantastes (George MacDonald) Peter and Wendy (J. M. Barrie)