Download or read book The use of next generation sequencing for the surveillance of drug resistant tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-10-17 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document provides practical guidance on planning and implementing next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology for the characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bacteria. The aim is to detect mutations associated with drug resistance in the context of a surveillance system for tuberculosis (TB). This guide is intended to inform staff of national TB programmes and ministries of health, implementing partners, laboratory managers and technical staff, clinicians, donors, and other stakeholders engaged in the surveillance of drug-resistant TB and TB laboratory strengthening.

Download or read book Use of targeted next generation sequencing to detect drug resistant tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prevalence of Drug resistant Tuberculosis Assessed by Next generation Sequencing written by Salam El Achkar and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis (TB) is the first killer infectious disease, with 10 million new cases estimated worldwide in 2017. TB drug resistance and its diagnosis are particularly problematic. Only 25% of the 450,000 incident multidrug resistant (MDR) TB patients estimated over the same year were diagnosed and treated as such.Although Lebanon is a low-TB burden country, significant challenges exist in terms of disease control. Lebanon is the country hosting the largest refugee population proportionally to its national population worldwide, with 1.5 million Syrian refugees as a consequence of the war in Syria, in addition to large populations of Palestinian refugees and migrant workers. Such populations are particularly vulnerable to risks of TB and emergence of drug resistance. The last national survey on the prevalence of drug resistant TB was done 15 years ago, well before the start of the Syrian crisis in 2011. Even most recent reported rates of MDR TB largely relied on estimates. Second-line drug susceptibility testing (DST) and individualized extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB treatments were not available in the country.In order to gain a more comprehensive view of the TB situation, we set up the first nationwide study combining phenotypic and extensive molecular testing to determine the prevalence and extent of TB drug resistance in the country. A total of 417 patients were included, corresponding to all confirmed TB cases reported to the national tuberculosis program between June, 2016 and November, 2017. Lowenstein-Jensen and/or MGIT culturing, and molecular testing using GeneXpert MTB/RIF and/or Anyplex MTB/NTM Real-time were used in Lebanon for diagnostic confirmation and DST. In Lille, we evaluated, for the first time on a nationally representative sample, a new deep sequencing assay called Deeplex-MycTB, for extensive drug resistance prediction and genotyping of patient isolates. MIRU-VNTR typing was used in combination for defining molecular clusters, potentially suggestive of endemically circulating or epidemically transmitted TB strains.For the first time in the country, out of the 354 culture positive TB cases with available DST, 3 XDR cases, resistant to at least rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), kanamycin (KAN)/amikacin (AMI) and levofloxacin (LFX) were detected, in addition to 5 MDR (resistant to at least RIF, INH) cases and one RIF mono-resistant case. Among the remaining cases, 3.4% (12/354) had resistance to INH and streptomycin (SM), 3.4% (12/354) mono-resistance to INH, 0.3% (1/354) mono-resistance to ethambutol (EMB), 8.5% (30/354) mono-resistance to streptomycin (SM), while 81.9% (290/354) were susceptible to all 4 first line drugs. While none of MDR and XDR TB cases were found in molecular clusters, a large cluster comprising 36 other patients was identified, suggestive of a highly endemic or actively transmitted drug susceptible strain.A total of 4184 out of 4407 (94.9%) possible phenotypes could be predicted by Deeplex-MycTB for 339/348 (97.4%) analyzable samples, of which 1282/1380 (92.9%) matched the available phenotypic results. Based on detectable resistance determinants, INH, RIF, EMB and SM resistance was concordantly predicted with 90.3%, 100%, 100%, 52.8% sensitivity, respectively, and susceptibility with 99.6%, 100%, 99.4%, 99.6% specificity, respectively. While predicted first and second-line drug resistance matched almost completely the available phenotypic profiles of the 8 MDR and XDR cases, mutations were additionally detected in all of these 8 cases in targets predicting supplementary pyrazinamide and/or ethionamide resistance, not phenotypically tested. Moreover, resistance to fluoroquinolones was also predicted in 34/339 (10%) non-MDR cases, not subjected to LFX DST. Finally, the use of advanced molecular testing allowed us to identify the first 12 (3.4%) zoonotic TB cases identified in the country [...].

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2017 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO's Global Tuberculosis Report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in care and prevention at global, regional and country levels. This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and associated targets, and broader development goals. For the period 2016-2035, these are WHO's End TB Strategy and the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which share a common aim: to end the global TB epidemic. The main data sources for the report are annual rounds of global TB data collection implemented by WHO's Global TB Program since 1995 and databases maintained by other WHO departments, UNAIDS and the World Bank. In WHO's 2017 round of global TB data collection, 201 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases reported data.

Download or read book WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis Module 3 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2024-03-15 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, third edition” is the latest edition replacing the one issued in 2021. A new class of technologies for drug susceptibility testing is endorsed by WHO and included in this edition: targeted next generation sequencing. The operational handbook aims at facilitating the implementation of the WHO recommendations by the Member States, technical partners, and others involved in managing patients with TB and DR-TB. It provides practical information on existing and new tests recommended by WHO, step-by-step advice on implementing and scale-up testing to achieve local and national impact and lastly, model diagnostic algorithms, which are updated to incorporate the latest recommendations. An overview of budgetary considerations and information sheets on each of the newly recommended tests is provided. The class of targeted next generation sequencing is recommended for the detection of resistance to a number of first- and second-line anti-TB drugs, rather than culture-based phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. The recommendations will open for faster detection of resistance to a range of anti-TB drugs directly from sputum samples.

Download or read book Laboratory Methods for Clinical and Public Health written by George P. Kubica and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Use of Bedaquiline in the Treatment of Multidrug resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO estimates that up to half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) occur worldwide, each year. Current treatment regimens for MDR-TB present many challenges: treatment lasts 20 months or more, requiring daily administration of drugs that are more toxic, less effective, and far more expensive than those used to treat drug-susceptible TB. Globally, less than half of all patients who start MDR-TB therapy are treated successfully. For the first time in over 40 years, a new TB drug with a novel mechanism of action - bedaquiline- is available, and was granted accelerated approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2012. There is considerable interest in the potential of this drug to treat MDR-TB. However, information about this new drug remains limited. It has only been through two Phase IIb trials for safety and efficacy. The World Health Organization (WHO) is therefore issuing "interim policy guidance". This interim guidance provides advice on the inclusion of bedaquiline in the combination therapy of MDR-TB in accordance with the existing WHO Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant TB (2011 Update).

Download or read book Management of MDR TB written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are increasingly encountered in resource-limited settings. In the context of a national response to MDR- and XDR-TB, health workers in TB clinics (in district hospitals and some accredited health centers) will need to diagnose MDR-TB, initiate second-line anti-TB drugs, and monitor MDR-TB treatment. This Field Guide was created to help health workers carry out these tasks. It is a job aid that medical officers and TB nurses are meant to use frequently during the day for quick reference. It is based on the Emergency Update 2008 of Guidelines for Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis, and may be considered a companion document to these guidelines. It also draws on the experience of the international health NGO Partners In Health (PIH) in many countries. This module should be introduced to health workers in the context of a training course with a strong emphasis on TB-HIV co-management.

Download or read book WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 4 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 2011 and 2019, WHO has developed and issued evidence-based policy recommendations on the treatment and care of patients with DR-TB. These policy recommendations have been presented in several WHO documents and their associated annexes, including the WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment, issued by WHO in March 2019. The policy recommendations in each of these guidelines have been developed by WHO-convened Guideline Development Groups, using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to summarize the evidence, and formulate policy recommendations and accompanying remarks. The present WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment includes a comprehensive set of WHO recommendations for the treatment and care of DR-TB. The document includes two new recommendations, one on the composition of shorter regimens and one on the use of the BPaL regimen (i.e. bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid). In addition, the consolidated guidelines include existing recommendations on treatment regimens for isoniazid-resistant TB and MDR/RR-TB, including longer regimens, culture monitoring of patients on treatment, the timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in MDR/RR-TB patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of surgery for patients receiving MDR-TB treatment, and optimal models of patient support and care. The guidelines are to be used primarily in national TB programmes, or their equivalents in Ministries of Health, and for other policy-makers and technical organizations working on TB and infectious diseases in public and private sectors and in the community.

Download or read book Guidance for the surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis sixth edition written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this document is to assist national TB programmes in developing the strongest possible mechanisms of surveillance, starting from periodic country-specific surveys of sampled patients. The ultimate goal is to establish continuous surveillance systems based on routine drug susceptibility testing (DST). This guidance promotes certain standardized criteria for surveillance to ensure that results are comparable within and between countries over time. The target audience of this document is national TB programmes and, in particular, the coordination team for surveillance ideally composed of the programme manager, a laboratory specialist, a logistician, and an epidemiologist/statistician.

Download or read book The use of next generation sequencing in fighting antimicrobial resistant pathogens written by Ibrahim Bitar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-03-07 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2016 written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global tuberculosis report is the first to be produced in the era of the SDGs and the End TB Strategy. It provides an assessment of the TB epidemic and progress in TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts as well as an overview of TB-specific financing and research. It also discusses the broader agenda of universal health coverage, social protection, and other SDGs that have an impact on health. Data was available for 202 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases.

Download or read book Application of Next Generation Sequencing NGS in Infection Prevention written by Michael Kemp and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-04 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integration of NGS in clinical and public health microbiology workflows applications compliance quality considerations written by Varvara K. Kozyreva and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-02-05 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansion of NGS implementation in clinical and public health practice accelerated drastically during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, where NGS has been playing a vital role in tracking dangerous strains of the virus. NGS applications not only influenced public health decision-making but also have been crossing into the clinical field with individual patients’ results being potentially available to the physicians. Hence, the topic of implementation of NGS methods in clinical and public health microbiology, its challenges and special considerations, is as timely as ever. The use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in clinical and public health microbiology laboratories has been steadily expanding in the past decade. However, this progress has been held back by multiple logistical challenges, like the absence of regulatory compliance framework, lack of clear quality guidelines, the need for standardization and interoperability between laboratories, as well as cost and turn-around-time limitations.

Download or read book Evidence and research gaps identified during development of policy guidelines for tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2024-01-22 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieving the goals and targets of the WHO End TB Strategy requires innovative tools and strategies as well as rapid progress towards universal access. This document serves as an update to a previously released report with an identical title: It summarizes evidence gaps articulated in various WHO TB policy guidance to help steer innovation towards sustainable, desirable, acceptable, and feasible public health interventions required to end TB. It aims to serve as a reference for research policy-makers, funders, civil society and other relevant actors on the urgent TB research priorities for policy guidance.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2011 update of Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis is intended as a tool for use by public health professionals working in response to the Sixty-second World Health Assembly's resolution on prevention and control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Resolution WHA62.15, adopted in 2009, calls on Member States to develop a comprehensive framework for the management and care of patients with drug-resistant TB. The recommendations contained in these guidelines address the most topical questions concerning the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB: case-finding, multidrug resistance, treatment regimens, monitoring the response to treatment, and selecting models of care. The guidelines primarily target staff and medical practitioners working in TB treatment and control, and partners and organizations providing technical and financial support for care of drug-resistant TB in settings where resources are limited.

Download or read book Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-11-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges-Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop.