Download or read book The Use of Gender and Age as Rating Variables in Motor vehicle Insurance Law written by Anthea Nataile Wagener and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact on Women on the Removal of Gender as a Rating Variable in Motor Vehicle Insurance written by Anthea Wagener and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insurers use actuarial statistics as rating variables to differentiate and distinguish for the purposes of risk classification. They justify their use of actuarial statistics due to its accuracy as a predictor of risk. South African motor-vehicle insurers use gender, inter alia, as a rating variable to classify risks into certain classes and to determine insurance premiums. Depending upon whether the insured is male or female, it could have a significant impact on the cost of his or her premium. Women drivers pay less for motor-vehicle insurance because actuarial statistics indicate that women are more careful drivers and are involved in 20 per cent fewer accidents than men. Men pay higher premiums because the statistics indicate that they are less responsible drivers than women. Should a South African court decide that the use of gender as a motor-vehicle insurance rating variable is unfair discrimination, this would benefit male drivers, as it would lower their premium. Women, on the other hand, would be disadvantaged as they would be required to pay higher premiums to subsidise men. The article examines the impact that the removal of gender as a rating variable in motor-vehicle insurance would have on women, and asks if the effects thereof would influence a South African Court's decision in determining if the use of gender as a rating variable amounts to unfair discrimination. The article first considers the findings of American and Canadian Courts in determining this same issue and then considers South African equality legislation, particularly the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (“the Equality Act”). Thereafter, the article provides recommendations for a South African Court. As the Equality Act indicates that the discriminatory insurance practice of placing a disadvantage or advantage on persons based inter alia on their gender may possibly be unfair, it is suggested that South African insurers would have to consider alternative methods of risk assessment. In the light of the American and the Canadian case law, the article suggests that there should be a change of approach to insurance risk assessment. Rather than using gender as a rating variable the insurer could assess the risk of the individual insured, using appropriate, neutral rating variables suited to the particular circumstances of the insured. This would require a much more intensive and individualised risk evaluation and would require the insurer to “tailor-make” insurance for each individual. It is submitted that such an approach would give effect to the right to equality by disallowing the use of gender as a rating variable without producing the undesirable consequence that women drivers would have to subsidise men.
Download or read book Handbook of Insurance written by Georges Dionne and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 1133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the Handbook of Insurance reviews the last forty years of research developments in insurance and its related fields. A single reference source for professors, researchers, graduate students, regulators, consultants and practitioners, the book starts with the history and foundations of risk and insurance theory, followed by a review of prevention and precaution, asymmetric information, risk management, insurance pricing, new financial innovations, reinsurance, corporate governance, capital allocation, securitization, systemic risk, insurance regulation, the industrial organization of insurance markets and other insurance market applications. It ends with health insurance, longevity risk, long-term care insurance, life insurance financial products and social insurance. This second version of the Handbook contains 15 new chapters. Each of the 37 chapters has been written by leading authorities in risk and insurance research, all contributions have been peer reviewed, and each chapter can be read independently of the others.
Download or read book Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1983 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1018 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Automobile Insurance Risk Classification equity Accuracy written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ...Research papers that were presented at a hearing on classification procedures used to determine automobile rates; includes excerpts from Insurance Commission's December 1977 decision which ended the use of age, sex, and marital status, and de-emphasized the use of the place of residence as classification variables for determining premiums...
Download or read book The Use of Age Sex and Marital Status as Rating Variables in Automobile Insurance written by Wanda A. Wiegers and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Use of Age Sex Marital and Scholastic Staus as Rating Variables in Automobile Insurance written by Maria Camargo and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013 written by World Health Organization. Violence and Injury Prevention and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides legislation data last updated in 2011 and fatality data updated for 2010.
Download or read book Care Without Coverage written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-06-20 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Americans believe that people who lack health insurance somehow get the care they really need. Care Without Coverage examines the real consequences for adults who lack health insurance. The study presents findings in the areas of prevention and screening, cancer, chronic illness, hospital-based care, and general health status. The committee looked at the consequences of being uninsured for people suffering from cancer, diabetes, HIV infection and AIDS, heart and kidney disease, mental illness, traumatic injuries, and heart attacks. It focused on the roughly 30 million-one in seven-working-age Americans without health insurance. This group does not include the population over 65 that is covered by Medicare or the nearly 10 million children who are uninsured in this country. The main findings of the report are that working-age Americans without health insurance are more likely to receive too little medical care and receive it too late; be sicker and die sooner; and receive poorer care when they are in the hospital, even for acute situations like a motor vehicle crash.
Download or read book Atiyah s Accidents Compensation and the Law written by Peter Cane and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive text on personal injury law, now updated to take into account recent significant changes in the law.
Download or read book Driving Characteristics of the Young and Aging Population electronic Resource written by Nicoletta, John and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This analytical study uses Canadian Vehicle Survey data for 2000 to explain road use characteristics of young and aging drivers on a national basis. The analysis examines differences between two age groups -- those aged 24 and under and those aged 55 and over -- with the remainder of the population, those aged 25 to 54. The focus of the study is on when and why drivers choose to make road trips, and how the driving population compares with the population as a whole. Driver characteristics were compared with Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics published by Transport Canada as a means of putting driving exposure into perspective.
Download or read book Deregulating Property Liability Insurance written by J. David Cummins and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2004-06-23 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, the United States has successfully deregulated prices and restrictions on most previously-regulated industries, including airlines, trucking, railroads, telecommunications, and banking. Only a few industries remain regulated, the largest being the property-liability insurance business. In light of recent sweeping financial modernization legislation in other sectors of the insurance industry, this timely volume examines the basis for continued regulation of rates and forms of the U.S. property-liability insurance market. The book focuses on private passenger automobile insurance—the most important personal line of property-liability coverage, with annual premiums of about $120 billion. The authors analyze five state case studies: California, Massachusetts, and New Jersey—three of the most heavily regulated states—as well as Illinois, which has been deregulated for about 30 years, and South Carolina, which began to deregulate in 1997. The study also includes an econometric analysis based on all fifty states over a 25-year period that gauges the impact of regulation on insurance price levels, price volatility, and the proportion of automobiles insured in residual markets. The authors conclude that regulation does not significantly reduce long-run prices for consumers, and generally limits availability of coverage, reduces the quality and variety of services available in the market, inhibits productivity growth, and increases price volatility. Contributors include Dwight Jaffee (University of California, Berkeley), Thomas Russell (Santa Clara University ), Laureen Regan (Temple University), Sharon Tennyson (Cornell University), Mary Weiss (Temple University), John Worrall (Rutgers University), Stephen D'Arcy (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign), Martin Grace (Georgia State University), Robert Klein (Georgia State University), Richard Phillips (Georgia State University), Georges Dionne (University of Montreal), and Richard Butler (Brigham Young University).
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book The Economics of Insurance written by John MacGregor M'Candlish and published by . This book was released on 1888 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Minnesota Insurance Laws written by Minnesota and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Use of Occupation and Educational Level as Rating Factors in Private Passenger Motor Vehicle Insurance written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Premiums and Losses written by and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
