Download or read book The Sumerian City Nippur in the Period of the Third Dynasty of Ur written by Thomas Fish and published by . This book was released on 1938 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Ancient Near East A Very Short Introduction written by Amanda H. Podany and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the lands of the ancient Near East from around 3200 BCE to 539 BCE. The earth-shaking changes that marked this era include such fundamental inventions as the wheel and the plow and intellectual feats such as the inventions of astronomy, law, and diplomacy.
Download or read book The Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur written by Richard L. Zettler and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Sumerians written by Samuel Noah Kramer and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2010-09-17 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sumerians, the pragmatic and gifted people who preceded the Semites in the land first known as Sumer and later as Babylonia, created what was probably the first high civilization in the history of man, spanning the fifth to the second millenniums B.C. This book is an unparalleled compendium of what is known about them. Professor Kramer communicates his enthusiasm for his subject as he outlines the history of the Sumerian civilization and describes their cities, religion, literature, education, scientific achievements, social structure, and psychology. Finally, he considers the legacy of Sumer to the ancient and modern world. "There are few scholars in the world qualified to write such a book, and certainly Kramer is one of them. . . . One of the most valuable features of this book is the quantity of texts and fragments which are published for the first time in a form available to the general reader. For the layman the book provides a readable and up-to-date introduction to a most fascinating culture. For the specialist it presents a synthesis with which he may not agree but from which he will nonetheless derive stimulation."—American Journal of Archaeology "An uncontested authority on the civilization of Sumer, Professor Kramer writes with grace and urbanity."—Library Journal
Download or read book Neo Sumerian Archival Texts Primarily from Nippur in the University Museum the Oriental Institute and the Iraq Museum NATN written by David I. Owen and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NATN contains copies of 988 tablets and seal inscriptions from the Third Dynasty of Ur, mostly from private archives. Loans, contracts, sales, court documents, letter-orders, agricultural texts, name lists, incantations, and other genres are represented in the collection. In addition, there is a comprehensive catalogue of the entire Ur III holdings of the Babylonian Section of the University Museum in Philadelphia.
Download or read book The Fall of Cities in the Mediterranean written by Mary R. Bachvarova and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-02-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores some of the most prominent literary responses to the collective trauma of a fallen city.
Download or read book Land Tenure and Social Stratification in Ancient Mesopotamia written by E. L. Cripps and published by British Archaeological Reports Oxford Limited. This book was released on 2007 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research is concerned with the city-states of the area known for the latter part of this period as ki-en-gi, the limits of which regularly varied with the shifting channels of the Tigris to the east and the Euphrates to the west. The texts, which are the database of this study, originate from Souruppak towards the south and Nippur and Isin in the north of Sumer. The primary evidence for types of land tenure in third millennium Sumer is adduced from cuneiform text archives from Early Dynastic Souruppak (Fara), pre- or early Sargonic Isin and Nippur of the classical Sargonic period. These archives are, arguably, administrative and economic records from palace, temple and private households. The study incorporates and emphasises transactions concerning real property from the genre of texts usually represented as sale documents or sale contracts.
Download or read book Sumer and the Sumerians written by Harriet E. W. Crawford and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1991-04-26 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the social and technological developments in Mesopotamia, from 3800 to 2000 BC.
Download or read book The Role of Temples from the Third Dynasty of Ur to the First Dynasty of Babylon written by Fritz Rudolf Kraus and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: F. R. Kraus Die Rolle der Tempel von der dritten Dynastie von Ur bis ersten Dynastie von Babylon," an unpublished manuscript in German published in French in The Journal of World History in anticipation of inclusion in a scientific and cultural history of mankind to be issued by the International Commission for a Scientific and Cultural History of Mankind. The essay discusses in general terms the role of temples in early Mesopotamian society. then turns to more detailed consideration of the respective positions of temples in Babylonian society at the end of the third and during the first half of the second millennium B.C.
Download or read book Lagash written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-07-12 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts of Lagash *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading In southern Iraq, a crushing silence hangs over the dunes. For nearly 5,000 years, the sands of the Iraqi desert have held the remains of the oldest known civilization: the Sumerians. When American archaeologists discovered a collection of cuneiform tablets in Iraq in the late 19th century, they were confronted with a language and a people who were at the time only scarcely known to even the most knowledgeable scholars of ancient Mesopotamia. The exploits and achievements of other Mesopotamian peoples, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, were already known to a large segment of the population through the Old Testament and the nascent field of Near Eastern studies had unraveled the enigma of the Akkadian language that was widely used throughout the region in ancient times, but the discovery of the Sumerian tablets brought to light the existence of the Sumerian culture, which was the oldest of all the Mesopotamian cultures. For a people so great it is unfortunate that their accomplishments and contributions, not only to Mesopotamian civilization but to civilization in general, largely go unnoticed by the majority of the public. Perhaps the Sumerians were victims of their own success; they gradually entered the historical record, established a fine civilization, and then slowly submerged into the cultural patchwork of their surroundings. They also never suffered a great and sudden collapse like other peoples of the ancient Near East, such as the Hittites, Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians did. A close examination of Sumerian culture and chronology reveals that the Sumerians set the cultural tone in Mesopotamia for several centuries in the realms of politics/governments, arts, literature, and religion. The Sumerians were truly a great people whose legacy continued long after they were gone. The ruined Sumerian city of Lagash is located 15 miles east of present-day Shatra in the province of Nasiriya in southern Iraq. Also known as Tell al-Hiba, this was one of the largest urban sites in the ancient lands of southern Mesopotamia; at its height in the Early Dynastic period, the city is believed to have to occupied a total area of approximately 600 hectares. Based on the presence of so many temples, Lagash clearly served as the religious capital of the state. It is from the huge corpus of documents that have been recovered from the city ruins that historians so much about the ancient gods and goddesses that were worshiped by the ancient Sumerians. The temple architecture in the city is amongst the finest found in any of the ancient settlements in Mesopotamia. Lagash experienced a Golden Age of prosperity and growth in the early 21st century BCE during the reign of Gudea, a contemporary of Urnammu, the founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur. It is no wonder that Gudea was worshipped as a god. Although Gudea was a fine ruler, after his reign ended the city quickly succumbed to invasion, and over time faded out of popular knowledge. It is only because of excavations carried out there from the 1950s onwards that the questions regarding this site's identity have been answered. Lagash: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Sumerian City looks at the remarkable site and its impact on the region. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about Lagash like never before.
Download or read book The Fall of the Anunnaki and the Third Dynasty of UR written by Ryan Moorhen and published by DTTV PUBLICATIONS. This book was released on with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anunnaki governor Ur-Nammu, who subsequently became an independent king (2113-2096 BC) and founded a spin-off dynasty known as the Third Dynasty of Ur (or Ur 3 period), lasted for more than a century (2113-2006 BC). Anunnaki civilization in its most advanced form showed a more compact Anunnaki empire than Sargon of Agade. Over a hundred thousand cuneiform tablets from this period, depicting gods and descendants of Nibiru, indicate the existence of a highly organized bureaucratic society. References to the Anunnaki became obsessive. On one tablet, an exact count of Anunnaki Deities (2,740 in total), although only 96 were worshipped as Gods, was added to the Anunnaki realm. Anunnaki was even recorded as returning to Nibiru to celebrate a festival in documents found on Nibiru. As archaeology indicates, as widespread evidence of Anunnaki Temple activities show, it was an era of considerable material prosperity despite or perhaps because of this sophisticated Anunnaki worship. Ur-Nammu himself, the founder of the Anunnaki dynasty, built or rebuilt temples in several ancient cities, including Erech, Lagash, Nippur, and Eridu, but especially at his Anunnaki capital, Ur. He rebuilt the ziggurat here, a massive rectangular stepped tower about two hundred feet by 150 feet at the base and perhaps 70 feet high, with a shrine at the top, as a tribute to the moon-doing deity Nanna. Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered this ziggurat in 1923 after it had been repaired by later kings and restored by later kings. It remains a monument to Ur-Nammu's piety. Several Anunnaki temple-building calculations have been made possible due to chance references to writings of the period. Although it was not the largest temple in Sumer, a temple built at Umma in the reign of Ur-Nammu's third successor Shu-sin took at least seven years to complete. The building was constructed with nearly nine million large and seventeen million small bricks. We know from a tablet that a brickmaker could make eighty bricks a day, so simple arithmetic shows that the bricks for this temple would have taken a thousand Igigi workers for nearly a year to manufacture.
Download or read book Nippur written by Charles River and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts of Nippur *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading In southern Iraq, a crushing silence hangs over the dunes. For nearly 5,000 years, the sands of the Iraqi desert have held the remains of the oldest known civilization: the Sumerians. When American archaeologists discovered a collection of cuneiform tablets in Iraq in the late 19th century, they were confronted with a language and a people who were at the time only scarcely known to even the most knowledgeable scholars of ancient Mesopotamia. The exploits and achievements of other Mesopotamian peoples, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, were already known to a large segment of the population through the Old Testament and the nascent field of Near Eastern studies had unraveled the enigma of the Akkadian language that was widely used throughout the region in ancient times, but the discovery of the Sumerian tablets brought to light the existence of the Sumerian culture, which was the oldest of all the Mesopotamian cultures. Although the Sumerians continue to get second or even third billing compared to the Babylonians and Assyrians, perhaps because they never built an empire as great as the Assyrians or established a city as enduring and great as Babylon, they were the people who provided the template of civilization that all later Mesopotamians built upon. The Sumerians are credited with being the first people to invent writing, libraries, cities, and schools in Mesopotamia (Ziskind 1972, 34), and many would argue that they were the first people to create and do those things anywhere in world. For a people so great it is unfortunate that their accomplishments and contributions, not only to Mesopotamian civilization but to civilization in general, largely go unnoticed by the majority of the public. Perhaps the Sumerians were victims of their own success; they gradually entered the historical record, established a fine civilization, and then slowly submerged into the cultural patchwork of their surroundings. They also never suffered a great and sudden collapse like other peoples of the ancient Near East, such as the Hittites, Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians did. A close examination of Sumerian culture and chronology reveals that the Sumerians set the cultural tone in Mesopotamia for several centuries in the realms of politics/governments, arts, literature, and religion. The Sumerians were truly a great people whose legacy continued long after they were gone. Located approximately 100 miles southeast of present-day Baghdad, on the east bank of the Euphrates River, are the remains of a large complex of ruins known as Nippur, a once great city with a history that stretches back to the 5th millennium BCE. Nippur owed its prestige through its status as a religious capital; it was the main place of worship of the great Sumerian god Enlil, considered to be the lord of the cosmos in the Mesopotamian pantheon. The city contained the main sanctuary and temple of Enlil, the Ekur (meaning -House-mountain- or -House of Life-). This religious complex was located in the heart of the city, and was believed to be where the gods met together at assemblies to decide upon the future of mankind. Throughout history, the kings of Mesopotamia and beyond traveled to Nippur to be consecrated at the Ekur-a ceremony that would symbolize their divine legitimacy as rulers. It was largely for these reasons that the struggles for possession of the city in the early days of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire (approximately 1830-1531 BCE) were so intense. The political situation in Nippur between the end of the Ur III kingdom and the end of the rivalry between Isin, Larsa, and Babylon was one of fierce competition over the site's ownership, and while it is likely that local authorities remained in place to preserve continuity and stability, the dominating rulers of Nippur changed frequently.
Download or read book Ur III Period 2112 2004 BC written by Douglas Frayne and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 1997-12-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides editions of all known royal inscriptions of the five kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112-2004 BC), from Ur-Nammu to Ibbi-Sin, as well as those of contemporaneous rulers of states on the periphery of the Ur III empire (excluding Elam). Ur III Period contains the first complete edition of the Fu-Sin inscriptions, the most complete and up-to-date information on the members of the Ur III royal family, and the first published charts of Ur III city governors, providing a wealth of new material for researchers. Douglas Frayne has provided indexes of museum numbers, excavation numbers, provenances, dimensions, and lines preserved of the various exemplars in an easy-to-read tabular mode. The accompanying microfiche, now incorporated at the back of the book, displays the text of selected inscriptions in a "musical score" format. Most of the inscriptions are in Sumerian, with a few in Akkadian and one in Hurrian. Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC) is yet another exhaustively researched and substantial contribution to the RIM project, and to the study of ancient Mesopotamia.
Download or read book Ur and Uruk written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Examines the Sumerians' culture, daily life at the cities, and architecture *Includes ancient accounts describing the cities *Includes a bibliography for further reading In southern Iraq, a crushing silence hangs over the dunes. For nearly 5,000 years, the sands of the Iraqi desert have held the remains of the oldest known civilization: the Sumerians. When American archaeologists discovered a collection of cuneiform tablets in Iraq in the late 19th century, they were confronted with a language and a people who were at the time only scarcely known to even the most knowledgeable scholars of ancient Mesopotamia. The exploits and achievements of other Mesopotamian peoples, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, were already known to a large segment of the population through the Old Testament and the nascent field of Near Eastern studies had unraveled the enigma of the Akkadian language that was widely used throughout the region in ancient times, but the discovery of the Sumerian tablets brought to light the existence of the Sumerian culture, which was the oldest of all the Mesopotamian cultures. Although the Sumerians continue to get second or even third billing compared to the Babylonians and Assyrians, perhaps because they never built an empire as great as the Assyrians or established a city as enduring and great as Babylon, they were the people who provided the template of civilization that all later Mesopotamians built upon. The Sumerians are credited with being the first people to invent writing, libraries, cities, and schools in Mesopotamia (Ziskind 1972, 34), and many would argue that they were the first people to create and do those things anywhere in world. No site better represents the importance of the Sumerians than the city of Uruk. Between the fourth and the third millennium BCE, Uruk was one of several city-states in the land of Sumer, located in the southern end of the Fertile Crescent, between the two great rivers of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Discovered in the late 19th century by the British archaeologist William Loftus, it is this site that has revealed much of what is now known of the Sumerian, Akkadian, and Neo-Sumerian people. Although Uruk was not the only city that the Sumerians built during the Uruk period, it was by far the greatest and also the source of most of the archeological and written evidence concerning early Sumerian culture (Kuhrt 2010, 1:23). Uruk went from being the world's first major city to the most important political and cultural center in the ancient Near East in relatively quick fashion. Long before Alexandria was a city and even before Memphis and Babylon had attained greatness, the ancient Mesopotamian city of Ur stood foremost among ancient Near Eastern cities. Today, the greatness and cultural influence of Ur has been largely forgotten by most people, partially because its monuments have not stood the test of time the way other ancient culture's monuments have. For instance, the monuments of Egypt were made of stone while those of Ur and most other Mesopotamian cities were made of mud brick and as will be discussed in this report, mud-brick may be an easier material to work with than stone but it also decays much quicker. The same is true to a certain extent for the written documents that were produced at Ur. At its height Ur was the center of a great dynasty that controlled most of Mesopotamia directly through a well maintained army and bureaucracy and the areas that were not under its direct control were influenced by Ur's diplomats and religious ideas. Ur was also a truly resilient city because it survived the downfall of the Sumerians, outright destruction at the hands of the Elamites, and later occupations by numerous other peoples, which included Saddam Hussein more recently.
Download or read book The Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur written by Piotr Michalowski and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents for the first time in its entirety the long Sumerian poem describing the destruction and suffering in Babylonia during the final days of the Third Dynasty of Ur. The text is both an important work of native historiography and a moving literary composition. The author's introduction places the work within the Sumerian literary tradition, and evaluates it as a historical source. Indexes and copies of unpublished texts are included.
Download or read book The Sumerian Dam K r E Ne of the Third Ur Dynasty written by Nels W. Forde and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East written by Morris Silver and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-28 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic Structures of the Ancient Near East (1985) is a political economy of antiquity which applies the universal conclusions of theoretical economics to the interpretation of economic life. The first part of the book shows that the analysis of transaction costs – that is, the resources used up in exchanging ownership rights including costs of communication and of designing and enforcing contracts – provides numerous insights into the structure of the ancient economy. The role of temples as centres of commerce, inculcation of professional standards by gods, elevation of technology to the status of divine gift, religious syncretism and fetishism and many more seemingly exotic practices are comprehended as elements in a strategy to cope with high transaction costs by increasing the stock of what might be called trust capital. It is shown that similar considerations lie behind the ubiquity of diversified, multinational family firms, the prominent entrepreneurial role of high-born women, the prominence within the contractual process of publicly performed conventional gestures and recitations, and the intrusion of gifts, friendship, and other manifestations of personal economics into exchange relationships. The book goes on to examine carefully, and then reject, the view of economic historian Karl Polanyi and others that the ancient Near East lacked true markets for consumer goods and productive factors. The direct evidence of market exchange (local and long distance), occupational specialisation, supply-demand determined prices, investment in material and human capital, production for the market, and other ‘modern’ traits is uneven with respect to place and time, but nevertheless abundant. The requisite market functions demanded by Polanyi, including a market for labour (slave and free) and elaborate credit and investment markets, can be seen plainly from very early times. Finally, the book deals with the impact on the ancient Near Eastern economy of changes in economic incentives and of changes in economic policy. It becomes evident that ancient economies were capable of making profound alterations in order to take advantage of new economic opportunities. It is also shown that the ancient Near East was not static, as is usually asserted: periods of pervasive economic regulation by the state are interspersed with lengthy periods of relatively unfettered market activity and growth.
