Download or read book The Studies of Improved Quantification Techniques for Positron Emission Tomography written by Xiujuan Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Furthermore, the frequent invasive arterial blood sampling to obtain input function poses many challenges and inconvenience for tracer kinetic modeling with dynamic PET imaging. Non-invasive approaches were proposed to address this issue. A simple non-invasive quantification method based on Patlak graphic analysis (PGA) that uses a reference region to obtain the relative influx rate without an input function has recently been proposed. This non-invasive Patlak (nPGA) method was extended to whole-body FDG-PET studies and systematically investigated using a set of mouse studies and computer simulations. In the mouse studies, a high linearity of relative influx rates was observed between the nPGA and PGA for most pairs of reference and target regions, when an appropriate underlying kinetic model was used. The simulation results demonstrated that the accuracy of the nPGA method was similar to that of the PGA method, with a higher reliability for most pairs of reference and target regions. The results proved that the nPGA method could provide a non-invasive and indirect way of quantifying the FDG kinetics in the tissues where the k4 and vascular effect were negligible. The automatic non-invasive approach can further facilitate the analysis of dynamic PET imaging. A novel hybrid clustering method (HCM) was proposed to objectively delineate the regions of interest (ROIs) in dynamic PET images for the automatic estimation of image-derived input function (IDIF) and was demonstrated the application to the mouse FDG-PET studies. The results showed that the HCM achieved accurate ROIs delineation in both computer simulations and experimental mouse studies. In the mouse studies the predicted IDIF had a high correlation with the gold standard, the PTAC derived from invasive blood sampling. The results indicate that the proposed HCM has a great potential in ROI delineation for automatic estimation of IDIF in dynamic FDG-PET studies. In summary, this thesis has significantly contributed to the improvement of several critical quantification approaches for preclinical small-animal studies and clinical patient examinations.
Download or read book Quantitative Functional Brain Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography written by Richard E. Carson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-09-08 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest scientific developments in the field of positron emission tomography (PET) dealing with data acquisition, image processing, applications, statistical analysis, tracer development, parameter estimation, and kinetic modeling. It covers improved methodology and the application of existing techniques to new areas. The text also describes new approaches in scanner design and image processing, and the latest techniques for modeling and statistical analyses. This volume will be a useful reference for the active brain PET scientist, as well as a valuable introduction for students and researchers who wish to take advantage of the capabilities of PET to study the normal and diseased brain. Authored by international authorities in PET Provides the latest up-to-date techniques and applications Covers all fundamental disciplines of PET in one volume A comprehensive resource for students, clinicians, and new PET researchers
Download or read book Correction Techniques in Emission Tomography written by Mohammad Dawood and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-27 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an interdisciplinary team of medical doctors, computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and mathematicians, Correction Techniques in Emission Tomography presents various correction methods used in emission tomography to generate and enhance images. It discusses the techniques from a computer science, mathematics, and physics viewpoint. The book gives a comprehensive overview of correction techniques at different levels of the data processing workflow. It covers nuclear medicine imaging, hybrid emission tomography (PET-CT, SPECT-CT, PET-MRI, PET-ultrasound), and optical imaging (fluorescence molecular tomography). It illustrates basic principles as well as recent advances, such as model-based iterative algorithms and 4D methods. An important aspect of the book is on new and sophisticated motion correction techniques in PET imaging. These techniques enable high-resolution, high-quality images, leading to better imaging analysis and image-based diagnostics. Reflecting state-of-the-art research, this volume explores the range of problems that occur in emission tomography. It looks at how the resulting images are affected and presents practical compensation methods to overcome the problems and improve the images.
Download or read book Quantification in Positron Emission Tomography written by Pablo Aguiar and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is focused on the development of processing, quantification and standarization methods, aimed at enhancing the quality and accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images, both for human brain studies and for high-resolution small animal studies. Firstly, the effects of scatter, reconstruction method, anatomical variability, positron range, partial volume effect and non-colinearity on the quantification of PET studies are investigated. Several correction methods for the essential degradations are presented. Finally, the suitability of Monte Carlo techniques for simulating PET studies is also assessed.
Download or read book Positron Emission Tomography written by Sandro Misciagna and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Positron Emission Tomography is a nuclear medicine technique first used to study the brain. Several decades ago, PET scanners design and performance have improved considerably: number of detectors has increased from 20 to 20,0000, axial field of view from 2 to 20 cm, spatial resolution has improved from 25 to 5 mm, sensitivity has increased of about 1000 fold. At the same time, clinical applications have grown dramatically. In the first section of this book the authors review some of developments in PET instrumentation, with emphasis on data acquisition, processing and image formation. In the second section authors expose examples of applications in human research. In the last section authors describe applications in assessment and prediction of oncological treatment response.
Download or read book Positron Emission Tomography written by Timothy H. Witney and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-25 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume explores key concepts and experimental design related to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging that have revolutionized our understanding of human biology. The first part focuses on recent advances in radiotracer probe development to enable the detection of materials, from large macromolecules to complicated drug-like structures. The next section describes how key physiological and pathophysiological processes can be interrogated and quantifiably measured with this imaging technique. Finally, chapters examine important technological developments in the field that are revolutionizing the way these innovative PET probes are utilized in the clinic. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Positron Emission Tomography: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers looking to use imaging to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat disease.
Download or read book Novel Denoising Methods for Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Positron emission tomography (PET) provides inherently quantitative information about physiological and molecular processes, endowing it with great clinical and research potential. This is particularly true of dynamic PET imaging. Unfortunately, PET, and especially dynamic PET, suffers from unfavorable noise properties, limiting it diagnostically and quantitatively. Denoising methods that improve image quality and thus increase diagnostic accuracy and improve estimates of quantitative parameters could be of great benefit, particularly if they are simple, accurate, and easily implemented on a wide range of PET tracer studies. The aim of this thesis is to develop and evaluate two novel denoising methods for dynamic PET imaging: HighlY constrained back-Projection-Local Reconstruction (HYPR-LR), which has recently been applied to dynamic PET data with promising results, and spatio-temporal expectation maximization (STEM) filtering, a newly developed 4-dimensional iterative filtering process. An implementation of HYPR-LR is presented that provides the maximum amount of noise reduction that is possible without introducing any significant bias. This is accomplished using multiple time-dependent temporally summed composite images that account for the kinetics of the tracer being studied. The potential of HYPR-LR to improve dynamic PET imaging is demonstrated using phantom, simulated, and human data, with a focus on quantitative parametric images. The newly proposed STEM filtering combines two well established image processing techniques: 4-dimensional Gaussian smoothing followed by EM deconvolution. In principle, this approach should provide substantial reductions in noise while introducing little bias. STEM filtering is also evaluated using phantom, simulated, and human data, with a focus on parametric images. The potential of HYPR-LR and STEM filtering to improve PET imaging of [I-124] labeled agents is also studied. [I-124] could be a valuable radionuclide for PET imaging, but its use is often limited by noise because of dosimetry concerns and relatively few decays by positron emission. Finally, the impact of a more traditional means of controlling image noise at the cost of bias, varying the number of iterations performed during EM reconstruction, on the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy is studied. This also serves as an illustration of how HYPR-LR and STEM filtering might be evaluated in a clinical context.
Download or read book Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging written by Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-03-13 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cross-disciplinary book documents the key research challenges in the mathematical sciences and physics that could enable the economical development of novel biomedical imaging devices. It is hoped that the infusion of new insights from mathematical scientists and physicists will accelerate progress in imaging. Incorporating input from dozens of biomedical researchers who described what they perceived as key open problems of imaging that are amenable to attack by mathematical scientists and physicists, this book introduces the frontiers of biomedical imaging, especially the imaging of dynamic physiological functions, to the educated nonspecialist. Ten imaging modalities are covered, from the well-established (e.g., CAT scanning, MRI) to the more speculative (e.g., electrical and magnetic source imaging). For each modality, mathematics and physics research challenges are identified and a short list of suggested reading offered. Two additional chapters offer visions of the next generation of surgical and interventional techniques and of image processing. A final chapter provides an overview of mathematical issues that cut across the various modalities.
Download or read book Clinical efficacy of positron emission tomography written by WD Heiss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series of workshops sponsored by the European Communities started with "Methodology of PET" at Hammersmith Hospital, London, in March 1984. This was followed by "Radiochemistry, Methodology and Standardization in PET" at the Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot in Orsay, France, in March 1985. Both these meetings were, in the opinion of all participants, great successes, and it was agreed that such work shops should continue and be organized on the same basis. After these two workshops on the fundamentals of PET, time now is ripe to evaluate the clinical efficacy of PET investigations, and to discuss to what extend the information provided by this high technology and theoretical area has contributed to the understanding of disease mechanisms, leading to immediate clinical applications. As pointed out in the previous meetings, PET using short-lived radioisotopes produced in an on-line cyclotron is restricted to a few centers. Therefore, the topics studied so far were mainly of scientific interest and clinical problems were dealt with only marginally. Before this costly technique can be spread and new information made accessible to a broader clinical clientele, its clinical value must be demonstrat ed. So far, in the majority of studies, the central nervous system was the primary target organ, and PET has contributed a great deal to our understanding of brain physiology and pathology. Also on the heart, a substantial number of studies have been performed in various centers, but the application of PET to this organ is still somewhat limited.
Download or read book Positron Emission Tomography written by Peter E. Valk and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-16 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a contemporary reference to the science, technology and clinical applications of PET and PET/CT. The book is designed to be used by residents and fellows training in medical imaging specialties as well as imaging experts in private or academic practice who need to become familiar with this technology and its applications. It is also for use by those whose specialties carry over to PET and PET/CT, referring physicians such as oncologists, cardiologists, neurologists and surgeons. Developed as an offshoot/update of the "clinical practice" portion of the main book, edited by PE Valk et al, published in 2003 (Positron Emission Tomography: basic science and clinical practice), this offshoot covers the second half of the main book only, dealing with mainly the clinical research and practice. Most of the book comprises chapters updated from the "Clinical practice" portion of the main Valk book. It contains 6 brand new chapters and 22 completely revised and updated chapters from the main Valk book.
Download or read book Physics of PET and SPECT Imaging written by Magnus Dahlbom and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PET and SPECT imaging has improved to such a level that they are opening up exciting new horizons in medical diagnosis and treatment. This book provides a complete introduction to fundamentals and the latest progress in the field, including an overview of new scintillator materials and innovations in photodetector development, as well as the latest system designs and image reconstruction algorithms. It begins with basics of PET and SPECT physics, followed by technology advances and computing methods, quantitative techniques, multimodality imaging, instrumentation, pre-clinical and clinical imaging applications.
Download or read book Improved Brain PET Quantification Using Partial Volume Correction Techniques written by B. A. Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Positron emission tomography (PET) suffers from a degradation in quantitative accuracy due to a phenomenon known as the partial volume effect (PVE). The effects are due to the limited spatial resolution of the scanner. Methods that correct for PVEs are known as partial volume correction (PVC) techniques and are either data-driven or make use of anatomical information from other modalities such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This thesis reports investigations into PVC techniques for improving the quantification of brain amyloid PET tracers. These tracers image amyloid plaque aggregation in-vivo, which is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. An extension to existing anatomy-based PVC methods is reported. Region-based voxelwise (RBV) correction has been shown to reduce PVE-induced regional bias and variance when compared to commonly applied PVC techniques. This has been proven in phantom studies and observed in clinical data. In addition, RBV has been used to demonstrate that white matter variability exists in two different amyloid tracers. This finding has implications for the application of PVC in amyloid imaging and also how scans should be normalised. Alternative reference regions were investigated in two amyloid PET tracers. The brain stem, in combination with PVC, was found to result in the strongest agreement between tracers. Anatomy-based PVC techniques rely on parcellations of structural images. These parcellations are not necessarily representative of the PET data. A further extension to RBV is proposed which iteratively modifies the parcellations to find an optimal PVC in terms of the observed PET data. This novel technique reduces quantification errors due to PET-MR mismatch and has the potential to provide an additional parameter of 'functional volume change' in longitudinal studies.
Download or read book Positron Emission Tomography written by Dale L. Bailey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-07-04 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential for students, science and medical graduates who want to understand the basic science of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), this book describes the physics, chemistry, technology and overview of the clinical uses behind the science of PET and the imaging techniques it uses. In recent years, PET has moved from high-end research imaging tool used by the highly specialized to an essential component of clinical evaluation in the clinic, especially in cancer management. Previously being the realm of scientists, this book explains PET instrumentation, radiochemistry, PET data acquisition and image formation, integration of structural and functional images, radiation dosimetry and protection, and applications in dedicated areas such as drug development, oncology, and gene expression imaging. The technologist, the science, engineering or chemistry graduate seeking further detailed information about PET, or the medical advanced trainee wishing to gain insight into the basic science of PET will find this book invaluable. This book is primarily repackaged content from the Basic Science section of the 'big' Valk book on PET. It contains new, completely revised and unchanged chapters covering the "basic sciences" section of the main book - total 18 chapters: 2 new (chapters 1, 16) 8 completely revised (chapters 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18) 3 minor corrections (chapters 2, 6, 11) 5 unchanged (chapters 3, 7, 9, 10, 12)
Download or read book New Techniques for Positron Emission Tomography in the Study of Human Neurological Disorders written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general goals of the physics and kinetic modeling projects are to: (1) improve the quantitative information extractable from PET images, and (2) develop, implement and optimize tracer kinetic models for new PET neurotransmitter/receptor ligands aided by computer simulations. Work towards improving PET quantification has included projects evaluating: (1) iterative reconstruction algorithms using supplemental boundary information, (2) automated registration of dynamic PET emission and transmission data using sinogram edge detection, and (3) automated registration of multiple subjects to a common coordinate system, including the use of non-linear warping methods. Simulation routines have been developed providing more accurate representation of data generated from neurotransmitter/receptor studies. Routines consider data generated from complex compartmental models, high or low specific activity administrations, non-specific binding, pre- or post-injection of cold or competing ligands, temporal resolution of the data, and radiolabeled metabolites. Computer simulations and human PET studies have been performed to optimize kinetic models for four new neurotransmitter/receptor ligands, [11C]TRB (muscarinic), [11C]flumazenil (benzodiazepine), [18F]GBR12909, (dopamine), and [11C]NMPB (muscarinic).
Download or read book Brain Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography written by Mirwais Wardak and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Positron emission tomography (PET) is a unique and powerful imaging technique that is used to visualize and quantify various biological processes in living subjects in health and disease. PET imaging can also provide biological information for the assessment of therapies. In this dissertation, we will cover three projects that utilize the quantitative capability of PET for studying two neurological disorders: Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. One of the goals in PET imaging is to produce an image volume that accurately describes the true distribution of the injected radioactivity. The correction factor that has the most significant impact on the quantitative aspects of a PET image is attenuation correction. Without it, the reconstructed images will give a distorted view of the true activity distribution. Head movement during a PET scan (especially a dynamic scan) can also lead to a loss in the information content contained in a PET image. This is especially true when scanning patients with dementia or movement disorders. The transmission scan, which is typically acquired at the start of a PET study, corrects for photon attenuation in each of the serial emission scans that are acquired afterwards. In the first project of this dissertation, we developed a retrospective image-based movement correction (MC) method and evaluated its implementation on dynamic 18F-FDDNP PET images of cognitively intact control subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), each with varying degrees of head movement. 18F-FDDNP is a PET probe that binds to beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. The MC method corrected for transmission-emission misalignments as well as for emission-emission misalignments that might have been present in the dynamic PET scan. The image quality, tracer kinetics, and diagnostic accuracy of the 18F-FDDNP PET images were significantly improved after applying the MC method. In the second project of this dissertation, we investigated whether changes in 18F-FLT kinetic parameters, taken early after the start of therapy, could predict overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with recurrent malignant glioma undergoing treatment with bevacizumab (an angiogenesis inhibitor) and irinotecan (a chemotherapeutic agent). 18F-FLT is a radiotracer used in PET to measure cellular proliferation. We found that when a group of optimal kinetic parameter changes are incorporated into a linear discriminant function, one could accurately classify patients into their known survival groups. This method is advantageous because by reliably identifying short- and long-term survivors early during therapy, clinicians can discontinue ineffective treatment strategies and switch to more advanced treatment regimens that could improve patient outcome. Our third project expanded on what we did in our second project in that we acquired longitudinal 18F-FDOPA PET scans in addition to 18F-FLT PET scans. We also tried to predict overall survival as a continuous outcome variable using multiple linear regression (as opposed to a dichotomous categorical variable with discriminant analysis from before). In brain tumors, 18F-FDOPA is used to image amino acid transport. We found that in patients with recurrent malignant glioma, kinetic information from 18F-FLT alone was more predictive than using information from 18F-FDOPA alone. Using both probes combined provided comparable results to using 18F-FLT alone, suggesting that a single tracer may provide sufficient information for predicting OS with reasonable accuracy. The studies reported in this dissertation have demonstrated in three examples that the utility of kinetic quantification can significantly improve the value of PET for imaging biological functions in brain tissues in vivo. The developed methodologies in these examples are also expected to be useful in other quantitative brain PET imaging studies & ndash; for other applications or using other tracers.
Download or read book Emission Tomography written by Miles N. Wernick and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-12-07 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PET and SPECT are two of today’s most important medical-imaging methods, providing images that reveal subtle information about physiological processes in humans and animals. Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT explains the physics and engineering principles of these important functional-imaging methods. The technology of emission tomography is covered in detail, including historical origins, scientific and mathematical foundations, imaging systems and their components, image reconstruction and analysis, simulation techniques, and clinical and laboratory applications. The book describes the state of the art of emission tomography, including all facets of conventional SPECT and PET, as well as contemporary topics such as iterative image reconstruction, small-animal imaging, and PET/CT systems. This book is intended as a textbook and reference resource for graduate students, researchers, medical physicists, biomedical engineers, and professional engineers and physicists in the medical-imaging industry. Thorough tutorials of fundamental and advanced topics are presented by dozens of the leading researchers in PET and SPECT. SPECT has long been a mainstay of clinical imaging, and PET is now one of the world’s fastest growing medical imaging techniques, owing to its dramatic contributions to cancer imaging and other applications. Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT is an essential resource for understanding the technology of SPECT and PET, the most widely used forms of molecular imaging. *Contains thorough tutorial treatments, coupled with coverage of advanced topics *Three of the four holders of the prestigious Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medical Imaging Scientist Award are chapter contributors *Include color artwork
Download or read book Quantification and Optimization Techniques for Dynamic Brian Imaging in High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern positron emission tomography (PET) scanners have a large number of detector crystals which corresponds to an even larger number of lines of response (LOR) addressing the coincidence events. This increasing complexity makes the image reconstruction much more challenging especially in dynamic imaging where the acquired number of counts per frame or per LOR is much less as compared to that in the static case. The low statistical quality of the data thus degrades the quantitative accuracy of the images. Moreover, the increasing number of LORs and dynamic frames requires a longer computational time and larger data storage for the image reconstruction task. A dual reconstruction scheme, a novel scatter calibration, and a practical scatter and randoms approximation methods were developed in this work. These methods have been validated using phantom, non-human primate, and human studies and have been demonstrated to improve the quantification accuracy of the images, to accelerate the image formation task, and to reduce the data storage requirement for dynamic brain imaging in high resolution PET. In conclusion, these studies contribute to increasing the accuracy and to decreasing the computational burden for dynamic high resolution quantitative PET imaging. The proposed methods are modular and can be applied to any PET scanners with the exception of the dual reconstruction scheme which requires list-mode acquisition capability. These methods are particularly beneficial for high resolution scanners which have a large number of LORs, such as the high resolution research tomograph (HRRT).
