Download or read book The Strategies of Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X in the Course of the Mass African American Protest of the Early 1960s written by Stefan Küpper and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 2,0, University of Reading (Department of History), language: English, abstract: In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. still held the opinion that violent resistance to white supremacy would be futile. But at this time a certain group of people, especially young blacks in the northern cities, turned towards a strategy of armed resistance which was spread by radical black nationalists like Malcolm X. Beginning shortly after the Second World War, when the hopes of most African Americans for racial equality were not fulfilled, and on its peak at the end of the 1950s, an increasing number of blacks protested peacefully against discrimination. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and leading figures like MLK helped to organize several demonstrations, sit-ins (Greensboro lunch counter sit-in, 1960) and boycotts (Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955), aiming at full integration of black Americans. At the same time, but evidently opposing these nonviolent forms of protest, the Nation of Islam (NoI), amongst them Malcolm X, demanded a new kind of Black Nationalism which emphasized black pride, unity and self-respect. Nevertheless, these pragmatic radicals aimed at separatism, but the vehicle to achieve it was supposed to be a revolution. These two antagonistic approaches determined the Civil Rights Movement from the mid 1950s onward.
Download or read book The Sword and the Shield written by Peniel E. Joseph and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dual biography of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King upends longstanding preconceptions to transform our understanding of the twentieth century's most iconic African American leaders. To most Americans, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. represent contrasting ideals: self-defense vs. nonviolence, black power vs. civil rights, the sword vs. the shield. The struggle for black freedom is wrought with the same contrasts. While nonviolent direct action is remembered as an unassailable part of American democracy, the movement's militancy is either vilified or erased outright. In The Sword and the Shield, Peniel E. Joseph upends these misconceptions and reveals a nuanced portrait of two men who, despite markedly different backgrounds, inspired and pushed each other throughout their adult lives. This is a strikingly revisionist biography, not only of Malcolm and Martin, but also of the movement and era they came to define.
Download or read book Stokely written by Peniel E. Joseph and published by Civitas Books. This book was released on 2014-03-04 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the author of The Sword and the Shield, this definitive biography of the Black Power activist Stokely Carmichael offers "an unflinching look at an unflinching man" (Daily Beast). Stokely Carmichael, the charismatic and controversial Black activist, stepped onto the pages of history when he called for "Black Power" during a speech one Mississippi night in 1966. A firebrand who straddled both the American civil rights and Black Power movements, Carmichael would stand for the rest of his life at the center of the storm he had unleashed. In Stokely, preeminent civil rights scholar Peniel E. Joseph presents a groundbreaking biography of Carmichael, using his life as a prism through which to view the transformative African American freedom struggles of the twentieth century. A nuanced and authoritative portrait, Stokely captures the life of the man whose uncompromising vision defined political radicalism and provoked a national reckoning on race and democracy.
Download or read book A History of African American Leadership written by John White and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of black emancipation is one of the most dramatic themes of American history, covering racism, murder, poverty and extreme heroism. Figures such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King are the demigods of the freedom movements, both film and household figures. This major text explores the African-American experience of the twentieth century with particular reference to six outstanding race leaders. Their philosophies and strategies for racial advancement are compared and set against the historical framework and constraints within which they functioned. The book also examines the 'grass roots' of black protest movements in America, paying particular attention to the major civil rights organizations as well as black separatist groups such as the Nation of Islam.
Download or read book History of Civil Rights Movement in USA written by IntroBooks and published by IntroBooks. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long before the particular civil rights movement in the United States of America of the time of 1950s & 1960s had started making proper headlines, the response of the black community towards oppression as well as racial inequality was highly under its way. Definitely, as the failed emancipation’s promise in the latter half of the 19th century had given rise to the case of Jim Crow which was viewed as a series of customs and laws that were responsible for segregation and disfranchising of the black community – it was also responsible for compelling a group of individuals towards launching the efforts for asserting their respective constitutional rights and for improving their given standing in the community. Towards the turning of the century, for instance, the outspoken leader Ida B. Wells had grappled with the most major leading issues of the time: the lynching of the people belonging to the black community. Through a series of highly analyzed orchestrated attack on the journalist, Wells had almost brought the given form of violence that tended to be racial singlehandedly –this represented as the major trenchant symbolism of the supremacy of the whites –to the headlines of the consciousness of the nation. However, the others were still mobilizing the overall creation of the leading organizations that would be shaping and supporting the fights & movements for the given civil rights. Under this scenario, Marcus Garvey was responsible for forming the Universal Negro Improvement Association during the time of 1917 for the aim of promoting his contention with respect to the fact that the black community should be working towards self-determination: the idea that was responsible for prefiguring the overall power movement of the black community during the time of the 1960s. Similarly, during the time of the 1905, the man named W.E.B Du Bois and several other leaders had resulted into the formation of the famous Niagara Movement for addressing the black grievances. This had led to the immensely influential and reputed NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People) along with the legal assaulting of the given discrimination.
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr and Peaceful Protest written by Kelly Spence and published by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. This book was released on 2016-07-15 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martin Luther King Jr. followed the lead of Mahatma Gandhi and employed nonviolent civil disobedience to fight discrimination. His methods brought about some of the most effective civil rights legislation in our countrys history and earned him a Nobel Peace Prize. Those methods also brought criticism from whites who said he was pushing too fast, and from African Americans who advocated violence to speed up change.
Download or read book Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr Different Circumstances Made Different Men written by Dilan Erdogan and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-02-14 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bachelor Thesis from the year 2017 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Other, grade: 2.0, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel (Englisches Seminar), language: English, abstract: Die Methode dieser Arbeit ist der Vergleich, der genutzt wird, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob Malcolm X und Martin Luther King, Jr. Gegner oder Partner waren. Der erste Aspekt, welcher zu vergleichen gilt, ist das Leben und die Kindheit der beiden Charaktere. Hierbei fällt auf, dass Malcolm eine deutlich schwierigere Kindheit hatte. Zu Hause erfuhr viel Gewalt und auch weiße Rassisten bedrohten die Familie oft bis sie letztlich sein Leben nahmen. Nachdem er aufgrund seiner Kriminalität ins Gefängnis kam, lernte er dort Elijah Muhammad kennen und konvertierte so zum Islam. Im Gegensatz zu Malcolm ist King im Süden Amerikas friedlich und behütet aufgewachsen. Mit hervorragenden Leistungen glänzte er in der Schule und durchlief Universitäten, bis er seinen Doktortitel erlangte. Sein Vater, ein Pastor einer Baptistenkirche, welcher nach den Werten des Christentums lebte und niemals Hass predigte, und auch Mahatma Gandhi, der durch friedliche Proteste Indien zur Unabhängigkeit verhalf, waren seine Vorbilder.
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm X and the Civil Rights Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s written by David Howard-Pitney and published by Macmillan Higher Education. This book was released on 2004-02-20 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The civil rights movement’s most prominent leaders, Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) and Malcolm X (1925–1965), represent two wings of the revolt against racism: nonviolent resistance and revolution "by any means necessary." This volume presents the two leaders’ relationship to the civil rights movement beyond a simplified dualism. A rich selection of speeches, essays, and excerpts from Malcolm X’s autobiography and King’s sermons shows the breadth and range of each man’s philosophy, demonstrating their differences, similarities, and evolution over time. Organized into six topical groups, the documents allow students to compare the leaders’ views on subjects including integration, the American dream, means of struggle, and opposing racial philosophies. An interpretive introductory essay, chronology, selected bibliography, document headnotes, and questions for consideration provide further pedagogical support.
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr and the Civil Rights Movement written by John A. Kirk and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martin Luther King, Jr is one of the iconic figures of 20th century history, and one of the most influential and important in the American Civil Rights Movement; John Kirk here presents the life of Martin Luther King in the context of that movement, placing him at the center of the Afro-American fight for equality and recognition. This book combines the insights from two fields of study, seeking to combine the top down; national federal policy-oriented approach to the movement with the bottom up, local grassroots activism approach to demonstrate how these different levels of activism intersect and interact with each other.
Download or read book From Civil Rights to Human Rights written by Thomas F. Jackson and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2013-07-17 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martin Luther King, Jr., is widely celebrated as an American civil rights hero. Yet King's nonviolent opposition to racism, militarism, and economic injustice had deeper roots and more radical implications than is commonly appreciated, Thomas F. Jackson argues in this searching reinterpretation of King's public ministry. Between the 1940s and the 1960s, King was influenced by and in turn reshaped the political cultures of the black freedom movement and democratic left. His vision of unfettered human rights drew on the diverse tenets of the African American social gospel, socialism, left-New Deal liberalism, Gandhian philosophy, and Popular Front internationalism. King's early leadership reached beyond southern desegregation and voting rights. As the freedom movement of the 1950s and early 1960s confronted poverty and economic reprisals, King championed trade union rights, equal job opportunities, metropolitan integration, and full employment. When the civil rights and antipoverty policies of the Johnson administration failed to deliver on the movement's goals of economic freedom for all, King demanded that the federal government guarantee jobs, income, and local power for poor people. When the Vietnam war stalled domestic liberalism, King called on the nation to abandon imperialism and become a global force for multiracial democracy and economic justice. Drawing widely on published and unpublished archival sources, Jackson explains the contexts and meanings of King's increasingly open call for "a radical redistribution of political and economic power" in American cities, the nation, and the world. The mid-1960s ghetto uprisings were in fact revolts against unemployment, powerlessness, police violence, and institutionalized racism, King argued. His final dream, a Poor People's March on Washington, aimed to mobilize Americans across racial and class lines to reverse a national cycle of urban conflict, political backlash, and policy retrenchment. King's vision of economic democracy and international human rights remains a powerful inspiration for those committed to ending racism and poverty in our time.
Download or read book The Life of Martin Luther King Jr written by Michael A. Schuman and published by Enslow Publishers, Inc.. This book was released on 2014-09 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "So, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream..." These now famous words were spoken by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., during the March on Washington in 1963. The many historic milestones of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, life are examined in this informative biography. Examining the civil rights leader's life from his birth in Atlanta, winning the Nobel Peace Prize, the march to Selma, his "I Have a Dream" speech, and his assassination. This book is developed from MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.: LEADER FOR CIVIL RIGHTS to allow republication of the original text into ebook, paperback, and trade editions.
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr written by John J. Ansbro and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2000 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the "New York Times" bestselling author of "If I Stay" Allyson Healeys life is exactly like her suitcase--packed, planned, ordered. Then on the last day of her three-week post-graduation European tour, she meets Willem. A free-spirited, roving actor, Willem is everything shes not, and when he invites her to abandon her plans and come to Paris with him, Allyson says yes. This uncharacteristic decision leads to a day of risk and romance, liberation and intimacy: 24 hours that will transform Allysons life. A book about love, heartbreak, travel, identity, and the "accidents" of fate, "Just One Day" shows us how sometimes in order to get found, you first have to get lost. . . and how often the people we are seeking are much closer than we know. The first in a sweepingly romantic duet of novels. Willems story--"Just One Year"--is coming soon
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr written by Ron Ramdin and published by Haus Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martin Luther King (1929-1968) was the dominant force in the civil rights movement in the decade before his death. With his genius for rhetoric and his passionate advocacy of non-violent protest, King, like Gandhi, is a modern icon of the possibilities of political activism. He was at the centre of many of the key events in the struggle for equal rights for non-whites in America: he organised the boycott of the (segregated) buses of Montgomery, Alabama; was arrested for his role in mass protest in Birmingham; and was a keynote speaker, delivering his famous 'I have a dream' speech, at the historic March on Washington. He was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1963 and a few months later became the youngest person ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. From the mid-1960s until his assassination in 1968, King widened his political concerns to protest against the Vietnam war and the evils of poverty. His birthday is now a national holiday in the United States.
Download or read book Living Black History written by Manning Marable and published by Civitas Books. This book was released on 2006-01-03 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are the stars of the Civil Rights firmament yesterday's news? In Living Black History scholar and activist Manning Marable offers a resounding “No!” with a fresh and personal look at the enduring legacy of such well-known figures as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Medgar Evers and W.E.B. Du Bois. Marable creates a “living history” that brings the past alive for a generation he sees as having historical amnesia. His activist passion and scholarly memory bring immediacy to the tribulations and triumphs of yesterday and reveal that history is something that happens everyday. Living Black History dismisses the detachment of the codified version of American history that we all grew up with. Marable's holistic understanding of history counts the story of the slave as much as that of the master; he highlights the flesh-and-blood courage of those figures who have been robbed of their visceral humanity as members of the historical cannon. As people comprehend this dynamic portrayal of history they will begin to understand that each day we-the average citizen-are “makers” of our own American history. Living Black History will empower readers with knowledge of their collective past and a greater understanding of their part in forming our future.
Download or read book The Autobiography of Malcolm X written by Malcolm X and published by Penguin Modern Classics. This book was released on 1965 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malcolm X's blazing, legendary autobiography, completed shortly before his assassination in 1965, depicts a remarkable life: a child born into rage and despair, who turned to street-hustling and cocaine in the Harlem ghetto, followed by prison, where he converted to the Black Muslims and honed the energy and brilliance that made him one of the most important political figures of his time - and an icon in ours. It also charts the spiritual journey that took him beyond militancy, and led to his murder, a powerful story of transformation, redemption and betrayal. Vilified by his critics as an anti-white demagogue, Malcolm X gave a voice to unheard African-Americans, bringing them pride, hope and fearlessness, and remains an inspirational and controversial figure today.
Download or read book Martin Luther King Jr written by Tanya Savory and published by Townsend Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The arc of history is long, but it bends toward justice." —Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., dedicated his life to bringing equal rights to African Americans through peaceful protest. Sometimes the cruelty of racists would test King’s faith in the goodness of humankind. Sometimes a vicious death threat on the telephone in the middle of the night would weaken his resolve. However, King remained faithful to his dream of bringing equality to black people. In time, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s work changed the course of history. Although King was killed while he was still a young man, he helped bend “the arc of history” closer to justice.
Download or read book Race Matters written by Cornel West and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now more than ever, Race Matters is a book for all Americans, as it helps us to build a genuine multiracial democracy in the new millennium."--BOOK JACKET.
