Download or read book The Significance of Indoor Air as a Source of Human Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs and Polychlorinated Biphenyl PCBs written by Sadegh Hazrati and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Signiflcance of Indoor Air as a Source of Human Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs and Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs written by Sadegh Hazrati and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Child specific Exposure Factors Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exposure of Humans to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs Via Residential Indoor Environment in the U S written by Hua He and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Persistent Organic Pollutants written by Stuart Harrad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-11-19 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic, resistant to degradation, bioaccumulative, and display wide spatial distribution. They accumulate in humans and wildlife, and have been linked to cancer, as well as reproductive and immunological disorders. In 2001 a global treaty on POPs was agreed, to minimise and ultimately eliminate the release of POPs into the environment. The Stockholm Convention lists 12 groups of chemicals, and as of late 2008, a further 12 chemicals are under consideration for inclusion. This book addresses all of these chemicals, but focuses particularly on currently listed POPs that are still of major concern (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs), as well as new and emerging POPs that have been the subject of an explosion of scientific interest in the last decade, i.e. brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Other chapters address the challenges posed by the presence of POPs in the developing world; how the properties of chiral POPs can provide unique insights into their environmental sources, fate and behaviour; and issues arising from the presence of POPs in urban and indoor environments. Persistent Organic Pollutants provides a much-anticipated reference source for a wide audience including academics, industrial scientists and regulators.
Download or read book Human Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDES in the Indoor Environment written by Deborah Jean Watkins and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants that have been widely added to consumer products such as polyurethane foam furniture and electronics. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse effects on neurodevelopment and the endocrine system. House dust and diet are thought to be main sources of PBDE exposure, but the process by which these compounds are released from products and subsequently enter people is somewhat unclear. In addition, PBDE exposure in offices and vehicles has not been well characterized. The objectives of this work were to examine pathways of PBDE exposure in multiple indoor microenvironments among a population of 31 office workers. Associations between concurrent measures of PBDEs in office dust, air, and surface wipes, home dust, vehicle dust, handwipes, and serum were examined. Dietary exposure to PBDEs was also explored using a food frequency questionnaire. In Chapter 2 we report positive correlations between PBDEs in office air, dust, and surface wipes. Associations between the three samples types were influenced by the volatility of individual congeners, as well as characteristics of the surrounding environment. PentaBDEs in handwipes were equally correlated with office air, dust, and surface wipes, suggesting that the office microenvironment is a significant source of PentaBDE exposure among office workers. In Chapter 3 we explore relationships between PBDEs in office dust, handwipes, and serum. We found that handwipes collected in the office microenvironment were correlated with both office dust and serum, providing a link between the office microenvironment and body burden. This suggests that handwipes may provide a measure of personal exposure to PBDEs in the surrounding environment, and exposure likely occurs via hands, either through incidental ingestion or dermal absorption. In Chapter 4 we examine the relative contributions of diet and dust from the home, office, and car microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden. We found that the main living area and bedroom microenvironments of the home were the most predictive of PentaBDE concentrations in serum. Although previous studies found associations between meat and dairy intake and PentaBDE body burden, diet did not predict PentaBDEs in serum in this study population.
Download or read book Indoor Environment written by Lidia Morawska and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the fundamentals of air-borne particles and settled dust in the indoor environment, this handy reference investigates: * relevant definitions and terminology, * characteristics, * sources, * sampling techniques and instrumentation, * exposure assessment, * monitoring methods. The result is a useful and comprehensive overview for chemists, physicists and biologists, postgraduate students, medical practitioners, occupational health professionals, building owners and managers, building, construction and air-conditioning engineers, architects, environmental lawyers, government and regulatory professionals.
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-08-14 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To safeguard public health, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must keep abreast of new scientific information and emerging technologies so that it can apply them to regulatory decision-making. For decades the agency has dealt with questions about what animal-testing data to use to make predictions about human health hazards, how to perform dose-response extrapolations, how to identify and protect susceptible subpopulations, and how to address uncertainties. As alternatives to traditional toxicity testing have emerged, the agency has been faced with additional questions about how to incorporate data from such tests into its chemical assessments and whether such tests can replace some traditional testing methods. Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) have raised concerns that traditional toxicity-testing protocols might be inadequate to identify all potential hazards to human health because they have the ability to modulate normal hormone function, and small alterations in hormone concentrations, particularly during sensitive life stages, can have lasting and significant effects. To address concerns about potential human health effects from EACs at low doses, this report develops a strategy to evaluate the evidence for such low-dose effects.
Download or read book Assessing Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDEs in the Home Environment written by Joseph Gardner Allen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of toxic fire retardant compounds commonly used in household furniture and electronics. Human exposure to PBDEs primarily occurs in the indoor environment and levels in household dust have been linked to PBDE levels in breast milk. Further investigation of the home environment was necessary to improve our understanding of how PBDE sources contribute to personal exposure via both air and dust. In our first paper, we reported the first personal air concentrations of PBDEs in a non- occupational setting, and the first air concentrations in the United States. Further, we reported on BDE 209, a congener not widely reported in air. Concentrations of PBDEs were higher in personal air than in area air, particularly for the less volatile compounds, consistent with a personal cloud effect. We found that inhalation exposure may account for up to 22% of BDE 209 exposure in adults, far higher than previously estimated. Our second paper evaluated factors critical to assessing exposure to PBDEs in house dust. Concentrations of PBDEs in dust did not exhibit temporal variability over an 8-month period suggesting that cross-sectional sampling may be representative of exposure. Researcher-collected dust was up to 3.3 times higher, on average, than dust from the home vacuum bag. Concentrations of PBDEs in dust were significantly higher in the main living area compared with the bedroom, indicating spatial heterogeneity within homes. PBDE concentrations in air and dust were correlated, but only for the pentaBDE congeners and not decaBDE. Lastly, two dust exposure metrics (ng/g and ng/m 2) were strongly correlated, suggesting similar dust loadings across homes in our sample. In our final paper, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to quantify bromine in consumer products and then relate those measures to room-specific concentrations of PBDEs in dust. In the validation phase, we demonstrated that XRF is a reliable predictor of bromine in products compared with GC/MS. In the field study phase, we found associations between XRF-measured bromine content in furniture and pentaBDE concentrations in dust from the same room. We also found that XRF-measured bromine levels in televisions were associated with decaBDE concentrations in dust, with the number of residents acting as an effect modifier.
Download or read book Removal of Organic Pollution in Water Environment written by Joanna Karpińska and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of civilization entails a growing demand for consumer goods. A side effect of the production and use of these materials is the production of solid waste and wastewater. Municipal and industrial wastewater usually contains a large amount of various organic compounds and is the main source of pollution of the aquatic environment. Therefore, the search for effective methods of wastewater and other polluted water treatment is an important element of caring for the natural environment. This book presents research on the determination and removal of environmentally hazardous organic compounds from aqueous samples. The articles included in this book describe the results of examinations, at the laboratory scale, of the efficiency of chemical as well as physical processes for the removal or degradation of selected model pollutants. Environmental studies, especially those concerning the determination of trace impurities, require effective isolation and concentration procedures. The methods used for this purpose should meet the requirements of green chemistry. The liquid phase microextraction procedures and use of electrochemical methods described in this book seem to be proper for environmental studies, as they are effective and environmentally friendly.
Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants written by Ethel Eljarrat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brominated flame retardants are one of the last classes of halogenated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in large quantities in many applications. They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of the analysis, fate and behaviour of brominated flame retardants. Experts in the field provide an overview of the compounds’ physico-chemical properties and uses, their occurrence in the environment and biota, advanced chemical analytical methods, degradation studies, toxicological effects and human exposure. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in brominated flame retardant issues, and for authorities and producers.
Download or read book Climate Change the Indoor Environment and Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts that climate change may have on the indoor environment and the resulting health effects. It finds that steps taken to mitigate climate change may cause or exacerbate harmful indoor environmental conditions. The book discusses the role the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should take in informing the public, health professionals, and those in the building industry about potential risks and what can be done to address them. The study also recommends that building codes account for climate change projections; that federal agencies join to develop or refine protocols and testing standards for evaluating emissions from materials, furnishings, and appliances used in buildings; and that building weatherization efforts include consideration of health effects. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health is written primarily for the EPA and other federal agencies, organizations, and researchers with interests in public health; the environment; building design, construction, and operation; and climate issues.
Download or read book America s Children and the Environment written by U.s. Environmental Protection Agency and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "America's Children and the Environment (ACE)" is EPA's report presenting data on children's environmental health. ACE brings together information from a variety of sources to provide national indicators in the following areas: Environments and Contaminants, Biomonitoring, and Health. Environments and Contaminants indicators describe conditions in the environment, such as levels of air pollution. Biomonitoring indicators include contaminants measured in the bodies of children and women of child-bearing age, such as children's blood lead levels. Health indicators report the rates at which selected health outcomes occur among U.S. children, such as the annual percentage of children who currently have asthma. Accompanying each indicator is text discussing the relevance of the issue to children's environmental health and describing the data used in preparing the indicator. Wherever possible, the indicators are based on data sources that are updated in a consistent manner, so that indicator values may be compared over time.
Download or read book Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment written by Leo M.L. Nollet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-03 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed handbook covers different chromatographic analysis techniques and chromatographic data for compounds found in air, water, and soil, and sludge. The new edition outlines developments relevant to environmental analysis, especially when using chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques. It addresses new issues, new lines of discussion, and new findings, and develops in greater detail the aspects related to chromatographic analysis in the environment. It also includes different analytical methodologies, addresses instrumental aspects, and outlines conclusions and perspectives for the future.
Download or read book Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-11-30 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomonitoring—a method for measuring amounts of toxic chemicals in human tissues—is a valuable tool for studying potentially harmful environmental chemicals. Biomonitoring data have been used to confirm exposures to chemicals and validate public health policies. For example, population biomonitoring data showing high blood lead concentrations resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory reduction of lead in gasoline; biomonitoring data confirmed a resultant drop in blood lead concentrations. Despite recent advances, the science needed to understand the implications of the biomonitoring data for human health is still in its nascent stages. Use of the data also raises communication and ethical challenges. In response to a congressional request, EPA asked the National Research Council to address those challenges in an independent study. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals provides a framework for improving the use of biomonitoring data including developing and using biomarkers (measures of exposure), research to improve the interpretation of data, ways to communicate findings to the public, and a review of ethical issues.
