Download or read book Small Clinical Trials written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.

Download or read book Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials written by Christopher Jennison and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-09-15 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Group sequential methods answer the needs of clinical trial monitoring committees who must assess the data available at an interim analysis. These interim results may provide grounds for terminating the study-effectively reducing costs-or may benefit the general patient population by allowing early dissemination of its findings. Group sequential methods provide a means to balance the ethical and financial advantages of stopping a study early against the risk of an incorrect conclusion. Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials describes group sequential stopping rules designed to reduce average study length and control Type I and II error probabilities. The authors present one-sided and two-sided tests, introduce several families of group sequential tests, and explain how to choose the most appropriate test and interim analysis schedule. Their topics include placebo-controlled randomized trials, bio-equivalence testing, crossover and longitudinal studies, and linear and generalized linear models. Research in group sequential analysis has progressed rapidly over the past 20 years. Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials surveys and extends current methods for planning and conducting interim analyses. It provides straightforward descriptions of group sequential hypothesis tests in a form suited for direct application to a wide variety of clinical trials. Medical statisticians engaged in any investigations planned with interim analyses will find this book a useful and important tool.

Download or read book The Design and Analysis of Sequential Clinical Trials written by John Whitehead and published by Horwood Publishing Limited. This book was released on 1983 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details all aspects of sequential clinical trials from preliminary planning, through the monitoring of the trial, to the final analysis of the results.

Download or read book The Design and Analysis of Sequential Clinical Trials written by John Whitehead and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1997-08-04 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details all aspects of sequential clinical trials from preliminary planning, through the monitoring of the trial, to the final analysis of the results. Emphasis is placed on the triangular test and other procedures based on straight line stopping boundaries. These methods allow for frequent or occasional interim analyses and permit the analysis of a wide variety of patient responses. Alternative procedures are also covered in detail, and these include -spending function methods, repeated confidence intervals and Bayesian approaches to sequential clinical trials.

Download or read book Recent Advances in Clinical Trial Design and Analysis written by Peter F. Thall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical trials have two purposes -- to treat the patients in the trial, and to obtain information which increases our understanding of the disease and especially how patients respond to treatment. Statistical design provides a means to achieve both these aims, while statistical data analysis provides methods for extracting useful information from the trial data. Recent advances in statistical computing have enabled statisticians to implement very rapidly a broad array of methods which previously were either impractical or impossible. Biostatisticians are now able to provide much greater support to medical researchers working in both clinical and laboratory settings. As our collective toolkit of techniques for analyzing data has grown, it has become increasingly difficult for biostatisticians to keep up with all the developments in our own field. Recent Advances in Clinical Trial Design and Analysis brings together biostatisticians doing cutting-edge research and explains some of the more recent developments in biostatistics to clinicians and scientists who work in clinical trials.

Download or read book The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-12-21 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data.

Download or read book Modern Approaches to Clinical Trials Using SAS written by Sandeep Menon and published by SAS Institute. This book was released on 2015-12-09 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the tools you need to use SAS® in clinical trial design! Unique and multifaceted, Modern Approaches to Clinical Trials Using SAS: Classical, Adaptive, and Bayesian Methods, edited by Sandeep M. Menon and Richard C. Zink, thoroughly covers several domains of modern clinical trial design: classical, group sequential, adaptive, and Bayesian methods that are applicable to and widely used in various phases of pharmaceutical development. Written for biostatisticians, pharmacometricians, clinical developers, and statistical programmers involved in the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical trials, as well as students in graduate and postgraduate programs in statistics or biostatistics, the book touches on a wide variety of topics, including dose-response and dose-escalation designs; sequential methods to stop trials early for overwhelming efficacy, safety, or futility; Bayesian designs that incorporate historical data; adaptive sample size re-estimation; adaptive randomization to allocate subjects to more effective treatments; and population enrichment designs. Methods are illustrated using clinical trials from diverse therapeutic areas, including dermatology, endocrinology, infectious disease, neurology, oncology, and rheumatology. Individual chapters are authored by renowned contributors, experts, and key opinion leaders from the pharmaceutical/medical device industry or academia. Numerous real-world examples and sample SAS code enable users to readily apply novel clinical trial design and analysis methodologies in practice.

Download or read book Recent Developments in Multiple Comparison Procedures written by Yoav Benjamini and published by IMS. This book was released on 2004 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biostatistics in Clinical Trials written by Carol K. Redmond and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-04-25 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume in the Wiley reference series in Biostatistics. Featuring articles from the prestigious Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, many of which have been fully revised and updated to include recent developments, Biostatistics in Clinical Trials also includes up to 25% newly commissioned material reflecting the latest thinking in: Bayesian methods Benefit/risk assessment Cost-effectiveness Ethics Fraud With exceptional contributions from leading experts in academia, government and industry, Biostatistics in Clinical Trials has been designed to complement existing texts by providing extensive, up-to-date coverage and introducing the reader to the research literature. Offering comprehensive coverage of all aspects of clinical trials Biostatistics in Clinical Trials: Includes concise definitions and introductions to numerous concepts found in current literature Discusses the software and textbooks available Uses extensive cross-references helping to facilitate further research and enabling the reader to locate definitions and related concepts Biostatistics in Clinical Trials offers both academics and practitioners from various disciplines and settings, such as universities, the pharmaceutical industry and clinical research organisations, up-to-date information as well as references to assist professionals involved in the design and conduct of clinical trials.

Download or read book Sharing Clinical Trial Data written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data sharing can accelerate new discoveries by avoiding duplicative trials, stimulating new ideas for research, and enabling the maximal scientific knowledge and benefits to be gained from the efforts of clinical trial participants and investigators. At the same time, sharing clinical trial data presents risks, burdens, and challenges. These include the need to protect the privacy and honor the consent of clinical trial participants; safeguard the legitimate economic interests of sponsors; and guard against invalid secondary analyses, which could undermine trust in clinical trials or otherwise harm public health. Sharing Clinical Trial Data presents activities and strategies for the responsible sharing of clinical trial data. With the goal of increasing scientific knowledge to lead to better therapies for patients, this book identifies guiding principles and makes recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This report offers guidance on the types of clinical trial data available at different points in the process, the points in the process at which each type of data should be shared, methods for sharing data, what groups should have access to data, and future knowledge and infrastructure needs. Responsible sharing of clinical trial data will allow other investigators to replicate published findings and carry out additional analyses, strengthen the evidence base for regulatory and clinical decisions, and increase the scientific knowledge gained from investments by the funders of clinical trials. The recommendations of Sharing Clinical Trial Data will be useful both now and well into the future as improved sharing of data leads to a stronger evidence base for treatment. This book will be of interest to stakeholders across the spectrum of research-from funders, to researchers, to journals, to physicians, and ultimately, to patients.

Download or read book Handbook of Sequential Analysis written by B.K. Ghosh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-04-24 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sequential analysis refers to the body of statistical theory and methods where the sample size may depend in a random manner on the accumulating data. A formal theory in which optimal tests are derived for simple statistical hypotheses in such a framework was developed by Abraham Wald in the early 1

Download or read book Multiple Testing Problems in Pharmaceutical Statistics written by Alex Dmitrienko and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-08 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Useful Statistical Approaches for Addressing Multiplicity IssuesIncludes practical examples from recent trials Bringing together leading statisticians, scientists, and clinicians from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and regulatory agencies, Multiple Testing Problems in Pharmaceutical Statistics explores the rapidly growing area of multiple c

Download or read book Strategy and Statistics in Clinical Trials written by Joseph Tal and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-07-14 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delineates the statistical building blocks and concepts of clinical trials.

Download or read book Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions written by Julian P. T. Higgins and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2008-11-24 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves.

Download or read book Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research A User s Guide written by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)

Download or read book Paediatric Cardiology written by Robert H. Anderson and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 1344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As patients live longer and need to be treated over the long term and the management of pediatric cardiology problems and congenital heart disease moves more into the mainstream, turn to Pediatric Cardiology for current clinical guidance. Trust Dr. Robert Anderson, godfather of cardiac morphology, to bring you coverage of potential cardiovascular anomalies, all potential diseases related to anomalies or developmental problems, and methods for management and treatment. New contributors from all over the world-including 70% new to this edition-present the latest challenges in the field and emphasize the adolescent and post-operative outcomes for management. Now, in full color, this leading reference offers you everything you need to treat and manage pediatric heart conditions. A comprehensive and exhaustive reference of fundamental and clinical aspects of heart disease in infancy and childhood. The contributors are well-known experts in the field and the editors are a world class group who have published extensively in the field. Emphasizes the treatment of corrected congenital heart disease for coverage of the clinical management of cardiac problems in the adolescent and young adult. Integrates development in chapters on lesions to make physiology clinically relevant for the specific cardiac lesions. Provides the latest clinical perspectives on neonate cardiac development management issues so you can offer the best long-term care. Presents the contributions of 70% new authors, from all over the world, in a consistent format to make referencing global perspectives quick and easy. Captures the nuances of the anatomical structure of lesions through full-color illustrations depicting morphologic, congenital, and surgically corrected examples for exceptional visual guidance.

Download or read book Diagnostic Cytopathology written by Winifred Gray and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1064 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnostic Cytopathology provides the clinician with a comprehensive guide to the diagnostic applications of exfoliative and aspiration cytology. The book takes a systemic approach and will cover the recognised normal and abnormal cytological findings encountered in a particular organ. Appropriate histopathological correlations and a consideration of the possible differential diagnosis accompany the cytological findings. The book is heavily illustrated to ensure that it will be a practical resource for daily reference in the laboratory. A uniformity of basic chapter structure will expedite the clinician's search for answers to any query. in-depth bench book that covers everyday diagnostic work. Provides the clinician with an accessible guide to diagnostic investigation and screening. Cytologic findings closely related to histology. Provides the general diagnostic pathologist in the interpretation and recognition of tissue samples. Each chapter provides a summary of major diagnostic criteria and discusses the pitfalls and limitations of cytology. Enables the clinician to use cytology services more effectively. Major revisions of the following chapters: Mesotheliomas, Malignant Breast Tumours, Lymph Nodes, The Pathogenesis of Cervical Neoplasia, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and Squamous Carcinoma of the Cervix. Brand new chapter on Automation which is increasingly important in cervical screening. Additional material on Thin Core Biopsy technique which is increasingly used in Breast Screening Program. Inclusion of new genetic markers in immunohistochemistry increasingly important in non-gynaecological areas. With 47 additional contributors.