Download or read book The Sarbanes Oxley Act Accounting and Conservatism written by Denis Stein and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2012-10-15 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Controlling, grade: 2,0, The FOM University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, course: Master of Business Administration, language: English, abstract: At the beginning of this millenium several economic scandals like Enron or WorldCom shocked the US economy and the stock exchanges around the world. To restore the trust of the investors the US government enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This act increased the demands on the financial reporting of companies registered at the US Securities and Exchange Commission. This act possibly changed also the accounting measurement practices that are less conservative in the US than in other countries. This assignment analysis if the accounting measurement practices changed to a more conservative accounting after the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This analysis is mainly based on section 404 of this act. Beyond that the assignment gives an overview about the Sarbanes-Oxley Act itself and the value of conservative accounting.
Download or read book Accounting Conservatism and Income Smoothing After the Japanese Sarbanes Oxley Act written by Ian Eddie and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lobo and Zhou (2006) find an increase in accounting conservatism following the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In Japan, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act of 2006, the so-called Japanese Sarbanes-Oxley Act (J-SOX), was implemented for fiscal years ending on or after March 31, 2009. Consistent with Lobo and Zhou (2006), we first investigate the change in accounting conservatism following J-SOX and demonstrate an increase in accounting conservatism in the post-J-SOX period. In particular, using the Basu (1997) measure of conservatism, we find that the degree to which firms incorporate losses more quickly than gains in their earnings is greater in the post-J-SOX period. We also find that firms report lower discretionary accruals in the post-J-SOX period. In addition to accounting conservatism, this study focuses on income smoothing and demonstrates a decrease in income smoothing following J-SOX. The evidence suggests that J-SOX may have altered managers' accounting discretionary behavior.
Download or read book Does the SOX Definition of an Accounting Expert Matter the Association between Audit Committee Directors Accounting Expertise and Accounting Conservatism written by Gopal V. Krishnan and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act mandates the disclosure of whether at least one member of the audit committee is a financial expert. However, the final version of the rule adopted by the SEC defined experts to include both accounting and non-accounting experts. Did the SEC do the right thing? Are the non-accounting experts just as competent as the accounting experts in enhancing the quality of financial reporting? For a sample of Samp;P 500 firms we examine whether the audit committee's financial expertise is associated with accounting conservatism, a fundamental characteristic of financial reporting. Our results suggest that an audit committee's financial expertise is positively associated with conservatism when financial expertise is defined to include only accounting experts. Our findings are consistent with the notion that accounting expertise contributes to greater monitoring by the members of the audit committee which in turn enhances conservatism. However, this finding is conditional upon the firm's overall corporate governance, i.e., in weak boards accounting financial expertise is ineffective in promoting conservative accounting. Our findings have implications for regulators, corporate boards, and the accounting profession. Our findings are also relevant to regulators in other countries who are considering adopting measures to enhance corporate governance, particularly the effectiveness of the audit committees.
Download or read book Accounting Conservatism Cost of Capital and Fraudulent Financial Reporting written by Karin A. Petruska and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accounting conservatism is often described as an equilibrium reaction used to moderate a decrease in value resulting from information asymmetry, uncertainty, or private information that occurs between investors and managers (LaFond and Watts, 2008). Although a qualitative characteristic of the FASB conceptual framework, standard setters have addressed concerns that accounting conservatism may lack neutrality and can lead to biased firm reporting that misrepresents economic conditions. Based on the theoretical framework of litigation proposed by Watts (2003), I address whether firms with higher thresholds of litigation risk are inclined to use higher levels of asymmetric timeliness as a choice in reducing information asymmetry. The motivation for this study is to extend the concept of accounting conservatism to a setting that investigates firms with egregious levels of litigation risk to determine if they exhibit higher levels of accounting conservatism. In terms of regulation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted to increase transparency and disclosure in financial reporting and represents a more transparent shift in the information environment. I examine whether the asymmetric timeliness of earnings and firm-specific measures of accounting conservatism are more pronounced for alleged fraud firms in the post-SOX period, when litigation risk is expected to increase. In terms of standard setting, I examine if goodwill impairment is higher for firms accused of alleged fraudulent activity and whether these firms utilizing goodwill impairment maintain a higher degree of accounting conservatism. I investigate whether accounting conservatism, as a disclosure mechanism, can mitigate an increase in the cost of equity capital, even under the auspices of alleged fraud. Additionally, this study addresses the issue of whether there are contagion effects of asymmetric timeliness for firms in similar industries as the alleged fraud firms. The results suggest that the threat of litigation for alleged fraud firms invokes a higher degree of asymmetric timeliness surrounding the alleged fraud manipulation date in the financial statements vis-á-vis a control sample and is driven by the accrual component of earnings. The degree of asymmetric timeliness of earnings remains higher in the post-SOX period for alleged fraud firms. However, the relation between firm-specific measures of accounting conservatism and the post-SOX period vary depending on the measure used. Goodwill impairment is higher for firms accused of alleged fraudulent activity and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings is greater for alleged fraud firms that utilize goodwill impairment. The relation between accounting conservatism and the cost of equity capital varies as to the measure used to construct the cost of equity capital. This suggests that firms are not able to influence the cost of equity capital through a more conservative disclosure policy. Also, there do not appear to be industry contagion effects. The findings lend support as to the role of accounting conservatism and why the FASB should continue to monitor its increasing effects. The results can provide support to investors, analysts, and academicians in adjusting for the effects of conservatism and to auditors in understanding how accounting conservatism could be used by firms and the multiple ways that it can be measured.
Download or read book Understanding Accounting Academic Research written by Stephen R. Moehrle and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2013-06-25 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accounting scandals such as Enron and WorldCom ushered in several regulatory overhauls including Sarbanes-Oxley. This monograph summarizes and synthesize a decade of academic research to develop an evolving dominant explanation around these myriad changes.
Download or read book The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 written by United States and published by LexisNexis/Matthew Bender. This book was released on 2002 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handy reference booklet contains the text of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, along with analysis and guidance from leading corporate and securities practitioners. The expert commentary provides: an overview of the Act's requirements; discussion on how the Act affects corporate officers and directors; and advice on how to implement the new certification requirements.
Download or read book A Director s Guide to Corporate Financial Reporting written by Krista Fiolleau and published by Business Expert Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed for corporate directors and senior executives who want to gain a better understanding of accounting. Corporate directors and managers are under pressure from recent changes in the law (especially The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002) and demands by shareholders and the public to be more informed, vigilant and involved in the governance of business organizations.
Download or read book International Financial Reporting written by Clare B. Roberts and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2005 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated to reflect the ongoing changes in international accounting standards, International Financial Reporting contrasts the processes of convergence on global harmonisation with the continuing causes of national diversity in accounting and accountability. It analyses the work of the International Accounting Standards Board in setting internationally applied standards (IFRS) of measurement and disclosure. Key Features Chapters on research in international accounting, commended by users of previous editions. Coverage of use of accounting information by global market participants. Includes examples of accounting practices drawn from the published accounts and reports of multinational companies such as Heineken, Kingfisher, Kodak and Wal-Mart. A chapter on 'issues in multinational accounting' provides a comparative discussion of national practices in relation to IFRS. New to this edition Increased focus on accountability in corporate reporting, particularly the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Focus on the whole annual report including narrative reporting The development of financial reporting practices across Europe is integrated in one chapter with particular reference to Poland as the largest economy entering the EU in the 2004 enlargement. International Financial Reporting: A Comparative Approach is ideal for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of accounting and international business, studying in any country throughout the world. Clare Roberts BSc MSc PhD is Professor of Accounting at the University of Aberdeen. She has held permanent teaching positions in the UK at Glasgow and Exeter Universities, and visiting positions in the US at Texas A & M University and the University of California Santa Barbara, and in Australia at Newcastle University, New South Wales. Pauline Weetman BA (Oxon) BSc PhD CA is Professor of Accounting at the University of Strathclyde and was formerly Dean of Faculty and Professor of Accounting at Heriot-Watt University. She received the British Accounting Association's Distinguished Academic Award in 2005. Paul Gordon BA MA FCA is Lecturer in Accounting and Finance at Heriot-Watt University, having held positions at Glasgow, Aberdeen and Wales (Bangor).
Download or read book Corporate Managers Experiences Related to Implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act written by Lois D. Bryan and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) with regard to information systems' compliance and the economic and organizational impact of such compliance is featured. A survey was used to generate feedback on a variety of SOX/information systems issues. Specifically, information systems' training, information systems' documentation, and recommendations for the use of more conservative accounting practices are discussed.
Download or read book Principles of Accounting Volume 1 Financial Accounting written by Mitchell Franklin and published by . This book was released on 2019-04-11 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The text and images in this book are in grayscale. A hardback color version is available. Search for ISBN 9781680922929. Principles of Accounting is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of a two-semester accounting course that covers the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. This book is specifically designed to appeal to both accounting and non-accounting majors, exposing students to the core concepts of accounting in familiar ways to build a strong foundation that can be applied across business fields. Each chapter opens with a relatable real-life scenario for today's college student. Thoughtfully designed examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting knowledge. Concepts are further reinforced through applicable connections to more detailed business processes. Students are immersed in the "why" as well as the "how" aspects of accounting in order to reinforce concepts and promote comprehension over rote memorization.
Download or read book Economic Policy and the Regulation of Corporate Securities written by Henry G. Manne and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Accounting Rule Reform and Conditional Conservatism written by Juan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates how accounting rule reform affects the usage of conditional conservatism in the property-liability (P&L) insurance industry. More specifically, whether the accounting rule changes that strengthen the internal control over financial reporting and improve the financial reporting transparency reduce insurers' incentives for conservatively reserving. The P&L insurance industry is a perfect setting for studying accruals and accounting conservatism because it has specific and detailed firm-year level data about loss accrual development. We develop a new method of assessing conditional conservatism, measuring it as the concavity of an insurer's loss development curve. We study the U.S. domiciled P&L insurance companies from 1995 to 2015. Using a diff-in-diff identification strategy, we find that the level of conditional conservatism is significantly reduced after the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Section 404 and the Model Audit Rule (MAR), both of which increased board oversight of internal risk management. Our result indicates that complying with additional disclosure requirements reduces P&L insurers' incentives to use conditional conservatism to mitigate regulatory monitoring costs. With fewer reserves, insurers may become less resistant to unexpected or catastrophic losses and face greater insolvency risk. The paper's results also shed light on the question of which should be an appropriate measure of financial reporting quality given a goal of reducing bankruptcy risk: transparency and accuracy or conservatism.
Download or read book Study of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Section 404 written by Barry Leonard and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Public Co. Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, otherwise known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, was enacted in July 2002 after a series of high-profile corp. scandals involving Enron and Worldcom. Section 404(a) of the Act requires management to assess and report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. It also requires that an independent auditor attest to management¿s assessment of the effectiveness of those controls. Efforts to reduce the costs while retaining the effectiveness of compliance resulted in a series of reforms in 2007. This report presents an analysis of data from publicly traded co. collected from a survey of financial exec. of co. with Section 404 experience. Charts. This is a print on demand report.
Download or read book Earnings Management written by Joshua Ronen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?
Download or read book Management Through Accounts written by James Harris Bliss and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Sarbanes Oxley Debacle written by Henry N. Butler and published by A E I Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors argue that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is a colossal failure, yet seek to salvage some lessons from the ruins of SOX.
Download or read book Following the Money written by George Benston and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Brookings Institution Press and American Enterprise Institute publication A few years ago, Americans held out their systems of corporate governance and financial disclosure as models to be emulated by the rest of the world. But in late 2001 U.S. policymakers and corporate leaders found themselves facing the largest corporate accounting scandals in American history. The spectacular collapses of Enron and Worldcom—as well as the discovery of accounting irregularities at other large U.S. companies—seemed to call into question the efficacy of the entire system of corporate governance in the United States. In response, Congress quickly enacted a comprehensive package of reform measures in what has come to be known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ followed by making fundamental changes to their listing requirements. The private sector acted as well. Accounting firms—watching in horror as one of their largest, Arthur Andersen, collapsed after a criminal conviction for document shredding—tightened their auditing procedures. Stock analysts and ratings agencies, hit hard by a series of disclosures about their failings, changed their practices as well. Will these reforms be enough? Are some counterproductive? Are other shortcomings in the disclosure system still in need of correction? These are among the questions that George Benston, Michael Bromwich, Robert E. Litan, and Alfred Wagenhofer address in Following the Money. While the authors agree that the U.S. system of corporate disclosure and governance is in need of change, they are concerned that policymakers may be overreacting in some areas and taking actions in others that may prove to be ineffective or even counterproductive. Using the Enron case as a point of departure, the authors argue that the major problem lies not in the accounting and auditing standards themselves, but in the system of enforcing those standards.
