Download or read book The Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide PACAP in the Neurobiology of Stress Related Behaviors written by Rachel Jane Donahue and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PACAP increased anxiety-like behavior when infused directly into the CeA, recapitulating the effects of ICV PACAP, although it did not significantly alter social behaviors when infused directly into the BNST or NAc. Based on published work indicating that cAMP response element-binding (CREB) activation in the NAc produces reductions in motivated behavior and resistance to fear extinction, I hypothesized that ICV PACAP treatment would increase CREB activation, as reflected by elevations of CREB phosphorylated at serine residue 133 (pCREB), within the NAc shell. Surprisingly, ICV PACAP treatment produced acute decreases in pCREB within the NAc shell, with no differences found in the BNST or CeA. To complement these studies, we used viral mediated gene transfer to examine whether altering CREB levels specifically within the NAc could mimic ICV PACAP effects in the SI test.

Download or read book Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide PACAP written by Dora Reglodi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-08 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive book to cover all aspects of the last 25 years of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide) research, this book contains contributions from virtually all the leading researchers in the field, and addresses some of the following topics: evolutionary aspects of PACAP, distribution and occurrence of PACAP and its receptors, hormonal effects of PACAP, intracellular signaling, effects on cellular proliferation and differentiation, protective effects of PACAP, behavioral effects of PACAP, developmental aspects of PACAP, other physiological effects of PACAP (cardiovascular, thermoregulatory), human studies, drug design, metabolism and transport. This compendium can serve as an important reference for researchers and students in PACAP research and can also be a thorough introduction for those in related fields.

Download or read book The Role of a Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Pacap Circuit in Stress and Anxiety written by Melissa Nicole Boucher and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, effecting approximately one-third of the population during their lifetime and about 20% of the population annually. Chronic or severe stress can cause or exacerbate many psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, understanding the underlying neurobiology of stress and anxiety behavior may be imperative for the prevention and treatment of these disorders. There is a long-standing literature suggesting that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in anxiety-like behavior and serves as a nexus integrating both acute and chronic stressor exposure. Our lab has demonstrated an important role of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in stress and emotional behavior. PACAP is increased in the BNST following chronic stressor exposure and PACAP receptor activation in the BNST is both necessary and sufficient to generate anxiety-like behavior. In addition to local PACAP producing neurons in the BNST, the primary source of BNST PACAP may be the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBn), which we have demonstrated by both lesioning and neuronal tracing studies. The purpose of this dissertation was to understand the role of PACAPergic LPBn terminals in the BNST in stress and anxiety-like responding. We found that LPBn neurons are activated following both acute and chronic stressor exposure and that a portion of those neuron project to the BNST. Moreover, PACAP mRNA transcripts are also upregulated in the LPBn following acute and chronic stressor exposure. These results suggest that this circuit may be important for transmitting information regarding stressful stimuli. Next, we examined if activation of PACAPergic LPBn afferents in the BNST could modulate anxiety-like behavior. We found that activation of this pathway dramatically increased anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, since PACAP LPBn neurons can also express other neuropeptides and transmitters, we found that BNST PAC1 receptor activation is necessary for the anxiety-like effects we observed. Lastly, we examined if inactivation of PACAPergic LPBn afferents in the BNST could prevent the anxiogenic effects of acute stressor exposure. Neither inactivation of this circuit post-stress but prior to behavior, nor prior to stress could prevent the anxiogenic effects of stress. Furthermore, inactivation prior to stress may be anxiogenic. Together the results of this dissertation suggest that PACAPergic LPBn afferents in the BNST have dynamic, yet complex, roles in stress and anxiety-like responding.

Download or read book Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide written by Hubert Vaudry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is the first volume to be written on the neuropeptide PACAP. It covers all domains of PACAP from molecular and cellular aspects to physiological activities and promises for new therapeutic strategies. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is the twentieth volume published in the Endocrine Updates book series under the Series Editorship of Shlomo Melmed, MD.

Download or read book Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase activating Polypeptide PACAP in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis BNST written by Joseph Cheung and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The anterolateral BNST has been suggested to play an important role in mediating anxiety-like behaviors as well as participating in the behavioral response to stress. Chronic exposure to stress could produce maladaptive anxiety-like behaviors as well as physiological changes in the BNST, which might lead to clinical anxiety disorders. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its cognate PAC1 receptor have been identified in many stress-associated brain regions including the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the BNST. In particular, PACAP has been shown to play a role in stress signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). To investigate whether chronic stress affected PACAP expression in the BNST as well as in other stress-associated brain regions, rats were exposed to a chronic variate stress paradigm prior to tissue extraction for quantitative RT-PCR transcript expression analyses.

Download or read book The Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in the Dentate Gyrus in Regulating Behavior and Neurophysiology written by Gregory Charles Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fear and anxiety disorders are potentially crippling conditions that often stem from past experience of trauma and chronic stress. One clear feature of these disorders is the failure to use proximate spatial and contextual information presented in the environment to regulate reflexive physiological threat responses. The central nervous system networks that govern spatial navigation and contextual learning and memory are a series of complex circuitries in which the hippocampus is integrally involved. Deficits in hippocampal function have been linked to severe anterograde and mild retrograde amnesia of semantic and episodic memory, and specific deficits in contextual processing. These deficits manifest as failure to distinguish between the details of contexts that help predict for danger or safety and can thus lead to the overexpression of threat responses that compose the behavioral symptoms of fear disorders. The dentate gyrus (DG) is a subdivision of the hippocampus that serves as the first filter of excitatory flow through the hippocampus. The DG is hypothesized to function in "pattern separation" or the dissociation of similar inputs into dissimilar outputs. Failure in this domain leads to generalization between contexts, a common feature of pathology. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the PAC1 receptor are associated with multiple behavioral disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Mutations in the PAC1 receptor gene are associated with hypervigilance, and modified amygdalar and hippocampal activity. These results are mirrored by rodent studies where central PACAP infusion causes anxiety-like behavior, pain hypersensitivity, anorexia, and reinstatement of drug-seeking. PAC1 receptor transcript is found in high abundance in granule cells of the dentate gyrus and potentiation of DG synapses is impaired in PAC1 knockout mice. PACAP is known to have effects of long-duration, such as those in injury repair, growth, and development, but it also can affect ion channel physiology to control neuronal excitability through several parallel intracellular signaling cascades including those dependent on adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and extracellular signal regulated kinase. Accumulated evidence suggests that recruitment of extracellular signal regulated kinase can be through either adenylyl cyclase-, phospholipase C-, or a receptor endocytosis-dependent mechanism. The experiments described in this dissertation address the role of PACAP in the DG in regulating expression of fear behavior, the effects of PACAP on the excitability of DG granule cells, and the signaling pathways and ion channels responsible for these effects. We found that PACAP infused into the DG amplifies expression of fear to a context but does not affect fear acquisition. Electrophysiology studies demonstrate that treating DG neurons with PACAP increases their excitability, and that parallel signaling mechanisms recruit extracellular signal regulated kinase to drive this excitability. Furthermore, these effects on excitability are attenuated by blocking a persistent inward sodium current. This work represents novel regulation of the DG and its impacts on behavior and identifies a current that likely participates in modulating granule cell excitability in multiple domains. In aggregate, this research traces the path from ligand, to receptor and intracellular signaling, to neurophysiology in order to propose a comprehensive description of behavioral regulation by these processes.

Download or read book Effects of Chronic Stress on the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide PACAP in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis BNST written by Mahafuza Aktar and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure to chronic stressors can produce maladaptive behavioral and physiological consequences. Previous work has demonstrated that chronic variant stress exposure enhances anxiety-like behavior and increases pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PAC1 receptor transcripts in the anterolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in rats. The studies described here demonstrate that treatment with a chronic variant stress paradigm produced anxiety-like behavior in transgenic PACAP-Cre mice. Additionally, the stressed group did not gain weight during the 14 days of chronic stressor exposure compared to control mice. Furthermore, fewer PACAP-expressing neurons were observed in the posterior BNST and lateral hypothalamus following chronic variate stress. In aggregate, these data suggest that chronic stress has behavioral and physiological consequences in mice and that PACAP systems in the posterior BNST and the lateral hypothalamus may play a role in these behavioral changes.

Download or read book Novel Therapeutic Potential for Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide PACAP Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide VIP and related peptides in cognition deficits written by Lucia Ciranna and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide written by Yanzhen Zhang and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide PACAP written by Kristian Moller and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chronic Stress Potentiates the Response to Intra Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Bnst Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Pacap Infusion written by S. Bradley King and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic or repeated exposure to stressful stimuli can result in several maladaptive consequences, including increased anxiety-like behaviors and altered peptide expression in brain structures involved in emotion. Among these structures, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been implicated in emotional behaviors as well as regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. In rodents, chronic variate stress (CVS) has been shown to increase BNST pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its cognate PAC1 receptor transcript, and BNST PACAP signaling may mediate the maladaptive changes associated with chronic stress. In order to determine whether chronic stress would potentiate the behavioral and/or endocrine response to subthreshold BNST PACAP infusion, rats were exposed to a 7 day CVS paradigm previously shown to upregulate BNST PAC1 receptor transcripts; control rats were not stressed. Twenty-four hours following the last stressor, stressed and control rats were bilaterally infused into the BNST with 0.5 μg PACAP. Startle response to intra-BNST PACAP infusion was assessed post-infusion in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, blood was sampled via a tail nick 30 min following PACAP infusion to assess the corticosterone response to PACAP following CVS. We found an increase in startle amplitude and an increase in plasma corticosterone levels 30 minutes following BNST PACAP infusion only in rats that had been previously exposed to CVS. These results were likely mediated via PAC1 receptors, as equimolar infusion of the VPAC1/2 receptor ligand vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) had no effect on plasma corticosterone levels. These results suggest that repeated exposure to stressors sensitizes the neural circuits underlying the behavioral and endocrine responses to BNST PACAP infusion and BNST PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling likely plays a critical role in mediating stress responses.

Download or read book Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Projections to the Central Nervous System Regions written by Lauren Lepeak and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide that has vast functions, ranging from behavioral, to endocrine, cardiovascular, and cellular, in which often these effects are biphasic. This paper will focus on the effects of PACAP within the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in response to stress and anxiety. PACAP has been extensively researched in terms of its effect on the stress response and is well-known for its effects in inducing anxiety-like behaviors. PACAP induces such effects through working in regions of the CNS such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Research has shown that injecting PACAP into the BNST produces anxiogenic effects; this is backed up by in situ hybridization and mRNA studies. While it is known that BNST-PACAP signaling produces such behavior, it is not fully clear how these processes are connected to other CNS regions that are implicated in the stress-response or have been shown to hold PACAP neurons. Using Cre-recombinase technology, this study mapped BNST-PACAP projections to various CNS nuclei, specifically anterior projections to the nucleus accumbens, intrinsic BNST signaling, and posterior projections to the medial habenular nucleus (MHb), amygdala and hypothalamic regions. These projections occurred via three fiber pathways: stria terminalis, stria medullaris, and forebrain projections. The novel finding was of BNST-PACAP projections within the MHb via stria medullaris, as well as the conformation of one-directional BNST-PACAP projections to the amygdala via the stria terminalis and anterior projections to the nucleus accumbens.

Download or read book Stress Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology written by George Fink and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology: Handbook of Stress Series, Volume 2, focuses on neuroendocrinology, the discipline that deals with the way that the brain controls hormonal secretion, and in turn, the way that hormones control the brain. There have been significant advances in our understanding of neuroendocrine molecular and epigenetic mechanisms, especially in the way in which stress-induced hormonal and neurochemical changes affect brain plasticity, neuronal connectivity, and synaptic function. The book features the topic of epigenetics, and how it enables stress and other external factors to affect genetic transmission and expression without changes in DNA sequence. Integrated closely with new behavioral findings and relevance to human disorders, the concepts and data in this volume offer the reader cutting-edge information on the neuroendocrinology of stress. Volume 2 is of prime interest to neuroscientists, clinicians, researchers, academics, and graduate students in neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, biomedicine, endocrinology, psychology, psychiatry, and in some areas of the social sciences, including stress and its management in the workplace. Includes chapters that offer impressive scope with topics addressing the neuroendocrinology and endocrinology of stress Presents articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors that represent outstanding scholarship in the field Richly illustrated, with explanatory figures and tables

Download or read book Handbook of Stress and the Brain Part 1 The Neurobiology of Stress written by Thomas Steckler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-02-25 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Stress and the Brain focuses on the impact of stressful events on the functioning of the central nervous system; how stress affects molecular and cellular processes in the brain, and in turn, how these brain processes determine our perception of and reactivity to, stressful challenges - acutely and in the long-run. Written for a broad scientific audience, the Handbook comprehensively reviews key principles and facts to provide a clear overview of the interdisciplinary field of stress. The work aims to bring together the disciplines of neurobiology, physiology, immunology, psychology and psychiatry, to provide a reference source for both the non-clinical and clinical expert, as well as serving as an introductory text for novices in this field of scientific inquiry. Part 1 addresses basic aspects of the neurobiology of the stress response including the involvement of neuropeptide, neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems and its corollaries regarding gene expression and behavioural processes such as cognition, motivation and emotionality. * Provides an overview of recent advances made in stress research* Includes timely discussion of stress and its effect on the immune system* Presents novel treatment strategies targeting brain processes involved in stress processing and coping mechanisms

Download or read book Stress Physiology Biochemistry and Pathology written by George Fink and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-12 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress impacts the daily lives of humans and all species on Earth. Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathology, the third volume of the Handbook of Stress series, covers stress-related or induced physiology, biochemistry, and pathology. Integrated closely with new behavioral findings and relevance to human conditions, the concepts and data in this volume offer readers cutting-edge information on the physiology of stress. A sequel to Elsevier’s Encyclopedia of Stress (2000 and 2007), this Handbook of Stress series covers the many significant advances made since then and comprises self-contained volumes that each focus on a specific area within the field of stress. Targeted at scientific and clinical researchers in neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, biomedicine, endocrinology, psychology, psychiatry, the social sciences, and stress and its management in the workplace, this volume and series are ideal for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and faculty interested in stress and its consequences. Chapters offer impressive scope, with topics addressing stress-related or induced physiology, biochemistry, and pathology Articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors representing outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter fully vetted for reliable expert knowledge Richly illustrated with explanatory figures and tables Each chapter has a boxed “Key points call out section The volume is fully indexed All chapters are electronically available via ScienceDirect Affordably priced, self-contained volume for readers specifically interested in the physiology, biochemistry and pathology of stress, avoiding the need to purchase the whole Handbook series

Download or read book Stress and Mental Disorders written by Richard McCarty and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress has been recognized as an important factor in the development or recurrence of various mental disorders, from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder to anxiety disorders. Stressful stimuli also appear to exert their effects by acting upon individuals with susceptible genotypes. Over the past 50 years, animal models have been developed to study these dynamic interactions between stressful stimuli and genetically susceptible individuals during prenatal and postnatal development and into adulthood. Stress and Mental Disorders: Insights from Animal Models begins with a discussion of the history of psychiatric diagnosis and the recent goal of moving toward precision psychiatry, followed by a review of clinical research on connections between stressful stimuli and the development of psychiatric disorders. Chapters are also included on neuroendocrine, immune, and brain systems involved in responses to stress. Additional chapters focus on the development of animal models in psychiatry and the susceptibility of the developing organism to stressful stimuli. Subsequent chapters are devoted to animal models of specific stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These chapters also focus on identification of promising molecular targets for development of new drug therapies. The section concludes with a chapter on animal models of resilience to stress-induced behavioral alterations as a newer approach to understanding why some animals are susceptible to stress and others are resilient, even though they are essentially genetically identical. The final chapter discusses how these basic laboratory studies are providing promising leads for future breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

Download or read book Posttraumatic Stress Disorder written by J. Douglas Bremner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-18 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Neurobiology to Treatment presents a comprehensive look at this key neuropsychiatric disorder. The text examines the neurobiological basis of post-traumatic stress and how our understanding of the basic elements of the disease have informed and been translated into new and existing treatment options. The book begins with a section on animal models in posttraumatic stress disorder research, which has served as the basis of much of our neurobiological information. Chapters then delve into applications of the clinical neuroscience of posttraumatic stress disorder. The final part of the books explores treatments and how our basic and clinical research is now being converted into treatment. Taking a unique basic science to translational intervention approach, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Neurobiology to Treatment is an invaluable resource for researchers, students and clinicians dealing with this complex disorder.