Download or read book The Role of Diet Obesity and Metabolic Phenotype on Hippocampal Dependent Memory and Learning in Rats Sensitive to Diet induced Obesity written by Sunam Gurung and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impact of Diet on Learning Memory and Cognition written by Amy Claire Reichelt and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-08-22 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in food composition and availability have contributed to the dramatic increase in obesity over the past 30-40 years in developed and, increasingly, in developing countries. The modern diet now contains many foods that are rich in saturated fat and refined sugar. People who eat excessive amounts of this diet are not only likely to become overweight, even obese, develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer, but also undergo a more rapid rate of normal age-related cognitive decline and more rapid progression of neurological diseases such as dementia. A central problem is why people persist in consuming this diet in spite of its adverse health effects and when alternative food choices are available. As high fat / high sugar foods are inherently rewarding, eating for pleasure, like taking psychoactive drugs, can modulate reward neurocircuitry, causing changes in responsiveness to reward-predicting stimuli and incentive motivation. Indeed, the excessive ingestion in modern societies and the resulting obesity epidemic may be viewed as a form of food addiction. Thus, a diet high in palatable foods is proposed to impact upon reward systems in the brain, modulating appetitive learning and altering reward thresholds. Impairments in other forms of cognition have been associated with obesity, and these have a rapid onset. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of high fat and high sugar diets. Recent research has shown that as little as one week of exposure to a high fat, high sugar diet leads to impairments in place but not object recognition memory in the rat. Excess sugar alone had similar effects, and the detrimental effects of diet consumption was linked to increased inflammatory markers in the hippocampus, a critical region involved in memory. Furthermore, obesity-related inflammatory changes have also been described in the human brain that may lead to memory impairments. These memory deficits may contribute to pathological eating behaviour through changes in the amount consumed and timing of eating. The aim of this eBook is to present up-to-date information about the impact of diet and diet-induced obesity on reward driven learning, memory and cognition, encompassing both animal and human literature, and also potential therapeutic targets to attenuate such deficits.

Download or read book The Effects of Diet Induced Obesity and Metabolic Irregularities on Hippocampal Based Cognition and Neuroplasticity in Young Female and Male Rat written by Nicole Ann Jurdak and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Hippocampus Book written by Per Andersen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brain's medial temporal lobe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The Hippocampus Book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it, and what happens when things go wrong. At the same time, it illustrates how research focusing on this single brain structure has revealed principles of wider generality for the whole brain in relation to anatomical connectivity, synaptic plasticity, cognition and behavior, and computational algorithms. Well-organized in its presentation of both theory and experimental data, this peerless work vividly illustrates the astonishing progress that has been made in unraveling the workings of the brain. The Hippocampus Book is destined to take a central place on every neuroscientist's bookshelf.

Download or read book Does Maternal Obesity Affect Hippocampal dependent Spatial Learning and Memory Retention in Offspring written by Jamie-Lee Robb and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Synaptic Plasticity written by Michael R. Kreutz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-18 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the current concepts of molecular mechanisms in synaptic plasticity and provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge research technology used to investigate the molecular dynamics of the synapses. It explores current concepts on activity-dependent remodeling of the synaptic cytoskeleton and presents the latest ideas on the different forms of plasticity in synapses and dendrites. Synaptic Plasticity in Health and Disease not only supplies readers with extensive knowledge on the latest developments in research, but also with important information on clinical and applied aspects. Changes in spine synapses in different brain disease states, so-called synaptopathies, are explained and described by experts in the field. By outlining basic research findings as well as physiological and pathophysiological impacts on synaptic plasticity, the book represents an essential state-of-the-art work for scientists in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology and the neurosciences, as well as for doctors in neurology and psychiatry alike.

Download or read book Obesity Weighs Down Memory written by Frankie D. Heyward and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A preponderance of evidence has established that obesity contributes to memory impairments in mid-age adults. Empirical evidence has revealed that diet-induced obesity contributes to memory impairments in adult rodents. Precisely how obesity disrupts memory remains an open question. Bourgeoning data indicate that molecular epigenetic mechanisms mediate the changes in gene transcription that are necessary for hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, stably regulate gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence. Moreover, DNA methylation of memory-related genes with in the hippocampus is indispensible for memory formation. There is recent evidence of obesity-induced aberrantions in DNA methylation both peripherally and centrally. These obesityassociated alterations in DNA methylation have yet to be observed within the hippocampus, nor have they been linked to memory impairment. The present body of work sought out to detect, for the first time, dysregulated transcription and DNA methylation of memory related genes within the hippocampus of adult mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Here we report evidence obesity-induced impairments in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, alterations in the expression of memory-related genes, as well as corresponding alterations in DNA methylation. Of the genes studied, special attention was paid to Sirt1. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which Sirt1 expression within the hippocampus is reduced in obese mice. To access the sufficiency of high-fat diet-induced reductions in Sirt1 expression to impair memory, Sirt1 was deleted in the forebrain neurons of adult mice. Sirt1 inducible and conditional knockout mice (SICKO) closely recapitulated the hippocampus-dependent deficits in spatial memory exhibited by obese mice, suggesting that high-fat diet mediated reduction of hippocampal Sirt1 could potentially be the critical pathogenic insult responsible for obesity-linked memory impairment. To further test the hypothesis that obesity-linked memory impairment is at least partially mediated by reduced Sirt1 within the hippocampus, obese mice were fed a diet supplemented with the Sirt1-activating molecule resveratrol. Interestingly, resveratrol-fed obese mice exhibited increased hippocampal Sirt1 activity and preserved hippocampus-dependent memory. Thus, the findings presented in this dissertation suggest that the memory impairing effects of dietinduced obesity are potentially mediated by neuroepigenetic dysregulation of Sirt1 expression within the hippocampus.

Download or read book Chemogenetic Manipulation of the Hippocampus Alleviates Obesogenic Diet induced Memory Deficits written by Ioannis Bakogiannis and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity epidemic is currently reaching an alarming level, with the prevalence increasing dramatically in youth. Obesity is associated with numerous comorbidities such as neurocognitive dysfunctions, specifically those affecting learning and memory function. This is particularly worrisome since childhood and adolescence are crucial periods for the maturation of certain brain structures, including the hippocampus (HPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), necessary for shaping cognitive function for life duration. Previous studies in the NutriNeuro lab on animal models have shown that obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) intake throughout adolescence (adoHFD), but not adulthood, induced opposite effects on HPC- and BLA-dependent memory systems, impairing HPC-dependent relational and spatial memory and enhancing BLA-dependent cue-based aversive memory. However, the causal role of the alterations of these two brain areas in adoHFD-related memory changes remains to be demonstrated.As these memory changes are associated with enhanced neuronal activation in HFD-fed animals, the main objective of this PhD project was therefore to evaluate whether attenuation of neuronal activation, in a specific area or pathway, was able to rescue adoHFD-induced memory alterations.The first part of this PhD project was dedicated to evaluate in rats the effects of chemogenetic silencing of ventral HPC (vHPC) or BLA projecting neurons on adoHFD-induced long-term memory changes. For this purpose, memory performances were evaluated using an aversive task, the conditioned odour aversion, and a spontaneous, non-rewarded and non-aversive, object recognition memory (ORM) task. We first showed that adoHFD induced long-term, but not short-term, ORM deficits, specifically when animals were exposed to a novel context. We then demonstrated that chemogenetic inactivation of vHPC, but not the BLA, projecting neurons during memory formation restored adoHFD-induced long-term ORM deficits. Inversely, chemogenetic silencing of BLA, but not the vHPC, projecting neurons normalized the enhanced long-term odour aversion memory in HFD-fed group. Taken together, these findings suggest that adoHFD consumption alters long-term ORM and aversion memory through enhanced activity in vHPC and BLA, respectively. Moreover, these results further highlight the bidirectional effects of adolescent HFD on hippocampal and amygdala functions.In the second part of this PhD project, we wondered which vHPC efferent pathway is involved in object-based memory deficits induced by adoHFD consumption. We focused on two of the main target projections of the vHPC, i.e. the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and used a double viral approach to specifically inactivate these pathways. We first demonstrated in mice that adoHFD enhanced the c-Fos activity in vHPC and in these pathways after training and that our chemogenetic approach was effective in normalizing this overactivation. We then showed that chemogenetic inactivation of the vHPC-NAc, but not vHPC-vmPFC, pathway restored adoHFD-induced deficits of long-term ORM. Using another hippocampal-dependent object-based memory task, we found that silencing the vHPC-vmPFC, but not vHPC-NAc, pathway improved short-term object location memory.Taken together, our results demonstrate that attenuated aberrant activity in specific brain area and pathway improves adoHFD-induced memory changes, providing new evidence of how HFD consumption during early developmental periods exerts its deleterious effects on cognitive functions.

Download or read book A Diet High in Saturated Fat Leads to Obesity in Female Rats But Does Not Affect Total Synaptic Or Cell Surface Expression of NMDA Receptor Subunits in Hippocampus written by Dmytro Pavlov and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity is an accumulation of adipose tissue to the point of negative health outcomes; the association of obesity with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is particularly profound. Notably, obesity has begun to be associated with impairments in cognitive function; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood. Behavioural studies have demonstrated a link between a high fat diet and impaired hippocampal function, and our aim was to characterize protein level changes in the hippocampus of an obese female rat model. Female rats were fed either a control diet (CD; 10% kcal from fat), or a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal from fat) for 16 weeks. Body weight, food consumption, fasting blood glucose levels, and glucose tolerance were monitored. Upon sacrifice brain, liver, adrenal glands, spleens and fat pads were harvested and analyzed. Plasma leptin and insulin levels were also measured. The distribution of NMDA receptor subunits was examined by using either cell-surface biotinylation, or differential filtration-centrifugation followed by immunoblotting. The feeding protocol induced an obese phenotype in female rats characterized by larger fat pads, spleens and adrenal glands, as well as greater problems handling a glucose load. However, cellular, surface and synaptic expression of NMDA receptor subunits (GluN1, GluN2A & GluN2B) were not significantly altered, which suggests that changes downstream of the receptor may be responsible for the effects of HFD on cognitive behaviour.

Download or read book The Circadian Clock written by Urs Albrecht and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-23 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the invitation to edit this volume, I wanted to take the opportunity to assemble reviews on different aspects of circadian clocks and rhythms. Although most c- tributions in this volume focus on mammalian circadian clocks, the historical int- duction and comparative clocks section illustrate the importance of various other organisms in deciphering the mechanisms and principles of circadian biology. Circadian rhythms have been studied for centuries, but only recently, a mole- lar understanding of this process has emerged. This has taken research on circadian clocks from mystic phenomenology to a mechanistic level; chains of molecular events can describe phenomena with remarkable accuracy. Nevertheless, current models of the functioning of circadian clocks are still rudimentary. This is not due to the faultiness of discovered mechanisms, but due to the lack of undiscovered processes involved in contributing to circadian rhythmicity. We know for example, that the general circadian mechanism is not regulated equally in all tissues of m- mals. Hence, a lot still needs to be discovered to get a full understanding of cir- dian rhythms at the systems level. In this respect, technology has advanced at high speed in the last years and provided us with data illustrating the sheer complexity of regulation of physiological processes in organisms. To handle this information, computer aided integration of the results is of utmost importance in order to d- cover novel concepts that ultimately need to be tested experimentally.

Download or read book High Calorie Diet and the Human Brain written by Akhlaq A. Farooqui and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-25 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this monograph is to present readers with a comprehensive and cutting edge description of neurochemical effects of diet (beneficial and harmful effects) in normal human brain and to discuss how present day diet promotes pathogenesis of stroke, AD, PD, and depression in a manner that is useful not only to students and teachers but also to researchers, dietitians, nutritionists and physicians. A diet in sufficient amount and appropriate macronutrients is essential for optimal health of human body tissues. In brain, over-nutrition, particularly with high-calorie diet, not only alters cellular homeostasis, but also results in changes in the intensity of signal transduction processes in reward centers of the brain resulting in food addiction. Over-nutrition produces detrimental effects on human health in general and brain health in particular because it chronically increases the systemic and brain inflammation and oxidative stress along with induction of insulin resistance and leptin resistance in the brain as well as visceral organs. Onset of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress not only leads to obesity and heart disease, but also promotes type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are risk factors for both acute neural trauma (stroke) and chronic age-related neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD) and depression.

Download or read book Sex dependent Effects of a High fat Diet on Spatial Memory Peripheral Metabolism Hippocampal Intrinsic Excitability and Neuronal Insulin Sensitivity written by Erica Lynn Underwood and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-fat diets are often associated with obesity, type-2 diabetes, and heart disease, but it has only been within the last decade that dietary fat has emerged as a topic of research interest for altered brain function and cognitive performance. A review of the current literature describes the impact of high-fat diets on the health of the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation and consolidation. Our experimental findings show that a high fat diet has sex-dependent effects on peripheral metabolism and brain insulin-sensitivity, while detrimental effects on spatial memory and hippocampal intrinsic plasticity are seen in both sexes. A more thorough understanding of these sex-differences and neuronal deficits will help provide novel therapeutic targets for obesity related diseases like Alzheimer’s.

Download or read book Nutrition and lifestyle medicine for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders written by Nicholas Pang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-29 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Learning and Memory written by Michael A. Yassa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-08-22 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding on the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, this book deals specifically with mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research laboratories. It offers flexible guidelines for the care of these animals, and guidance on adapting these guidelines to various situations without hindering the research process. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research offers a more in-depth treatment of concerns specific to these disciplines than any previous guide on animal care and use. It treats on such important subjects as: The important role that the researcher and veterinarian play in developing animal protocols. Methods for assessing and ensuring an animal's well-being. General animal-care elements as they apply to neuroscience and behavioral research, and common animal welfare challenges this research can pose. The use of professional judgment and careful interpretation of regulations and guidelines to develop performance standards ensuring animal well-being and high-quality research. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research treats the development and evaluation of animal-use protocols as a decision-making process, not just a decision. To this end, it presents the most current, in-depth information about the best practices for animal care and use, as they pertain to the intricacies of neuroscience and behavioral research.

Download or read book Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence written by Antonio Noronha and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-02 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent scientific advances have provided substantial information on the brain circuits and pathways relevant to various aspects of dependence. Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence highlights the most recent data at the molecular, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels, fostering an understanding how neuroplasticity and neuroadaptation occur, and how different neural pathways and neurocircuits contribute to dependence. Highlights recent advances in understanding alcohol addiction from molecular, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels Integrates several emerging areas of research and discusses the application of novel research techniques to the understanding of alcohol dependence Chapters authored by leaders in the field around the globe — the broadest, most expert coverage available

Download or read book Neurodegenerative Diseases written by Uday Kishore and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the pathophysiological complexities of the mechanisms and factors that are likely to be involved in a range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, other Dementia, Parkinson Diseases and Multiple Sclerosis. The spectrum of diverse factors involved in neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, caspases and secretase, regulators, cholesterol, zinc, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, etc, have been discussed in the context of disease progression. In addition, novel approaches to therapeutic interventions have also been presented. It is hoped that students, scientists and clinicians shall find this very informative book immensely useful and thought-provoking.