Download or read book The Role of Chromatin in the Transcriptional Regulation of the Human T cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 written by Nicole Ann Siddon and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of the Regulation of the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 HTLV 1 Promoter Formatted in the Context of Chromatin in T Cells and Monocytes written by Devanshi Pandya and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transcriptional and Chromatin Regulation in Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells written by Keiko Ozato and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-05-22 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcription depends on an ordered sequence of events, starting with (i) setting of the enhancer and chromatin environment, (ii) assembly of DNA binding and general transcription factors, (iii) initiation, elongation, processing of mRNA and termination, followed by (iv) creation of epigenetic marks and memory formation. Highlighting the importance of these activities, more than 10% total genes are dedicated to regulating transcriptional mechanisms. This area of research is highly active and new insights are continuously being added to our knowledge. Cells of the immune system have unique features of gene regulation to support diverse tasks required for innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity involves the recognition of external infectious and noxious agents as well as internal cancer cell components, and the elimination of these agents by non-specific mechanisms. Adaptive immunity involves gene rearrangement to achieve highly specific T and B cell responses, imparting the capability of self and non-self discrimination. This requires transcription and epigenetic regulation. Adaptive immunity also employs epigenetic memory, enabling recapitulation of prior transcription. Recent advances in nuclear architecture, chromatin structure, and transcriptional regulation have provided new insights into immune responses. The increased understanding of these molecular mechanisms is now affording opportunities to improve therapeutic strategies for various diseases.
Download or read book Signaling Mechanisms Regulating T Cell Diversity and Function written by Jonathan Soboloff and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T cells play a vital role mediating adaptive immunity, a specific acquired resistance to an infectious agent produced by the introduction of an antigen. There are a variety of T cell types with different functions. They are called T cells, because they are derived from the thymus gland. This volume discusses how T cells are regulated through the operation of signaling mechanisms. Topics covered include positive and negative selection, early events in T cell receptor engagement, and various T cell subsets.
Download or read book Role of Chromatin and Transcriptional Regulation in the DNA Damage Response written by Neeraja Vegesna and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA is the repository of genetic information and thus, it is important to maintain its integrity over time and generations. However, DNA can be damaged by a multitude of endogenous and exogenous damaging agents leading to genome instability. In order to maintain genomic integrity and organismal fitness, organisms have evolved highly conserved mechanisms--collectively termed the DNA damage response (DDR)--that coordinate key biological processes needed to repair damaged DNA, including cell cycle arrest, gene regulation, DNA repair and programmed cell death. As a first step, the DDR includes the recognition of the DNA lesion in the context of the local chromatin landscape followed by activation of signaling cascades and transcriptional programs, depending on the type of DNA damage. Two critical, but as yet poorly understood aspects of the DDR in the plant model, Arabidopsis thaliana, are: (1) the kinetics and regulatory networks controlling the expression of genes orchestrating key biological processes during the DDR and (2) the roles of specific chromatin modifications and chromatin modifying complexes in regulating the process of DNA repair. In the studies comprising my thesis, we worked to shed light on both these knowledge gaps using a combination of genetic, genomic, and biochemical approaches. Chapter one introduces what is currently known about the transcriptional and chromatin-mediated aspects of the DNA damage response, specially focusing on plants. Chapter two presents the development of a temporal model of the Arabidopsis transcriptional response to DNA damage as well as the identification and characterization of key factors that regulate this transcriptional network. Chapter three outlines the setup of a reverse genetic screen to identify candidate chromatin-associated factors required for DNA repair. It also includes the characterization of a candidate chromatin reader, YAF9B, and its homolog YAF9A, in DNA repair. Chapter four concludes by synthesizing the core achievements of the dissertation and suggesting future directions. Together, these chapters have helped understand the multifaceted roles of chromatin in orchestrating DNA repair by revealing the (1) dynamics of transcriptional regulation during the DNA damage response and (2) demonstrating roles for two histone reader proteins, YAF9B and YAF9A, in double strand break repair via homologous recombination-like mechanisms.
Download or read book Human T cell leukemia virus 1 HTLV 1 infection associated pathology and response of the host written by Roberto S. Accolla and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulation of Chromatin Structre and Transcription by Poly ADP ribose Polymerase 1 written by Raga Krishnakumar and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of transcription, which is a vital step in the cellular response to physiological and environmental stimuli, is highly regulated at multiple levels. Many proteins are involved in orchestrating transcriptional responses, including proteins that modulate the physiological template for transcription, chromatin. One such protein is the highly abundant nuclear enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 , or PARP-1. Although PARP-1 has classically been studied with relation to its role in the detection and repair of DNA damage, recent work has uncovered physiological functions of PARP-1 in regulating transcription. PARP-1 has been shown to have a range of functions in transcriptional regulating, including acting as a co-activator and as a modulator of chromatin structure. Although there are increasing numbers of studies revealing roles for PARP-1 in many processes, the molecular mechanisms of PARP-1 action in most pathways is largely unknown. In this study, I have investigated transcriptional regulation by PARP-1 in vivo, using both genomic and gene-specific analyses in breast cancer cells and human cardiomyocytes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with DNA microarrays (ChIPchip), I show that PARP-1 binds to active promoters in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and that at genes that are positively-regulated by PARP-1, it acts to exclude the binding of linker histone H1. Further analysis revealed that exclusion of H1 from promoters allows for a favorable chromatin structure which in turn permits the binding of RNA Polymerase II at target genes. This open chromatin conformation also requires methylated histones, which PARP-1 maintains by PARylating and preventing recruitment of the demethylase KDM5B, a pathway which is also utilized by signaldependent transcription. Besides breast cancer, PARP-1 plays a prominent role in other pathologies, one of which is the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). I use a human cardiomyocyte cell line to show that TNF[alpha] can drastically increase the binding of the transcription factor NF[kappa]B to chromatin, and that this causes changes in the gene expression profile of these cells. PARP-1 is known to cooperate with NF[kappa]B at target genes. I show that in human cardiomyocytes, PARP-1 is required for NF[kappa]B upregulated genes, but not for down-regulated genes, confirming its role as an activator of NF[kappa]B-dependent transcription. Interestingly, I see that the majority of NF[kappa]B binding in the presence of TNF[alpha] is not to canonical NF[kappa]B binding sites, suggesting the the majority of the NF[kappa]B response is intricately dependent on other transcription factors, and I show that one of these factors, ATF2, is vital for recruiting NF[kappa]B to promoters and regulating transcription. It will be interesting to further investigate how PARP-1 and ATF2 may be collaborating at target genes. Together, these data demonstrate a conserved binding pattern of PARP-1 on chromatin across cell types, and establish novel connections between PARP-1, signaling pathways, chromatin and gene expression.
Download or read book The Role of High Order Chromatin Organization in Gene Regulation written by Alexey V. Pindyurin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression written by Sarah C. R. Elgin and published by Frontiers in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2000 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since publication of the first edition in 1995, there have been significant advances and understanding of chromatin structure and its relation to gene expression. These include a high-resolution structure of the nucleosome core, discovery of the enzymes and complexes that mediate histone acetylation and deacetylation, discovery of novel ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, new insights into nuclear organization and epigenetic silencing mechanisms. In light of these advances, Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression (2ed.) includes updated chapters and additional material that introduce new concepts in the process of gene regulation in chromatin.
Download or read book Replication and Transcription of Chromatin written by Roumen G. Tsanev and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-11-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Replication and Transcription of Chromatin summarizes the main structural features of chromatin and presents results on replication and transcription gained over the last 20 years. The book emphasizes DNA-histone complexes and their importance in restricting genetic information encoded in DNA. Figures are used to illustrate many of the most important concepts of chromatin replication and transcription, and promising hypotheses and models are discussed to promote further research. Replication and Transcription of Chromatin is an important reference for biochemists, biophysicists, molecular biologists, cell biologists, and other researchers interested in this topic.
Download or read book Salt Inducible Kinases Function as a Host Restriction to Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transcription written by Weiwei Gao and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Salt-inducible Kinases Function as a Host Restriction to Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transcription" by Weiwei, Gao, 高蔚为, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 Tax is the major viral transactivator and transforming protein centrally involved in the proviral transcription, transformation and proliferation of infected T-cells as well as progression of diseases caused by HTLV-1 infection. Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases belonging to the AMPK-related kinase (AMPK-RK) family. SIK subfamily consists of three isoforms named SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3 respectively. We have previously demonstrated the negative regulatory role of SIK1 in Tax-mediated activation of proviral transcription from long terminal repeats (LTR). In this study, we reported that both SIK2 and SIK3 exhibited a kinase-dependent suppressive effect on Tax-activated LTR transcription. We also found that SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3 act additively to suppress Tax activation of LTR. We further demonstrated that the SIK2- and SIK3-mediated suppression on LTR transcription was achieved through phosphorylation of TORC1, an essential transcriptional coactivator of CREB required for Tax-mediated transcriptional activation of LTR. Our findings revealed a new function of SIK2 and SIK3 in host restriction to HTLV-1 transcription. Pharmaceutical activation of SIKs or upstream kinase such as LKB1 may provide a new strategy for anti-HTLV-1 therapy. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4818309 Subjects: HTLV-I (Virus) Protein kinases
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Download or read book Characterization of the Human T cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 P28 Accessory Protein written by Rami Doueiri and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes malignancy, several neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, HTLV-2 is less pathogenic with few cases of neurodegenerative diseases. Comparative studies of the regulatory genes of HTLV elucidated the role of these proteins in the viral life cycle and in part explained the different pathology of both viruses. However, increasing amount of evidence describes an essential role for the accessory genes in viral pathogenesis. The accessory protein p30 of HTLV-1 and p28 of HTLV-2 are encoded from ORF-II and share some amino acid homology. They are post-transcriptional negative regulators of viral replication, and act by retaining tax/rex mRNA in the nucleus. However, unlike p30, p28 is devoid of transcriptional activity. Several binding proteins, functional domains and post-translational modification have been identified for p30; however, no such studies have been performed for p28. Identification and characterization of p28 structure/function would facilitate comparative studies between p28 and p30, allow us to better understand the role of accessory genes in the viral life cycle, and ultimately to better understand the different pathobiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. In Chapter 2, we identified binding partners of p30 and p28 using mass spectrometry, and then verified our data using molecular methods. We identified NIP30 as a unique binding partner for p30, while hnRNP H1 solely interacted with p28, and PRMT5 interacted with both proteins. We then knocked down PRMT5 in vivo to assess its role in the viral life cycle. Our data suggest that PRMT5 is involved in post-transcriptional control of HTLV-2 replication, while its effect on HTLV-1 might be at the level of DNA damage and cell cycle control. In Chapter 3, we identified and characterized the effect of phosphorylation on p28 in vivo. We conducted phosphoryl mapping of mammalian-expressed p28 protein using mass spectrometry and substitution mutational analysis. We identified seven phosphorylation events on p28 at Ser-33, Ser-160, Ser-170, Ser-172, Thr-199, Ser-200 and Ser-203. We evaluated the functional significance of these phosphorylation sites and found that phosphorylation at Ser-160 and Thr-199 reduced the ability of p28 to dimerize, while phosphorylation did not affect the post-transcriptional activity of p28 or its ability to interact with hnRNP H1 or PRMT5. In Chapter 4, we identified functional domains of p28. We created six p28 deletion mutations p28d"N (deletion of amino acid (aa) (d")1-50), p28d"M1(d"51-100), p28d"M2 (d"101-150), p28d"C (d"151-216), p28d"M2-C (d"101-216) and p28d"M1-M2-C(d"51-216), and evaluated the functional significance of these domains. We identified a tripartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) in regions N-M2-C (aa 1-50 and 100-216), while p28 interaction with hnRNP H1 requires domains N (aa 1-50) and C (aa 151-216), and its dimerization requires domains M1 (aa 51-100) and C (aa 151-216). Finally, we identified that p28 C terminus (150-216) exerts an inhibitory effect on p28 post-transcriptional function. This work is the first to identify p28 binding partners, phosphorylation sites and functional domains, providing insight into p28 mechanism of action to better understand its role in HTLV-2 replication and pathogenesis.
Download or read book Chromatin and Transcriptional Regulation in Mouse Macrophages written by Michael McAndrew and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Chromatin in T Cell Gene Transcription written by Pek Siew Chloe Lim and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specific chromatin characteristics, especially the modification status of the core histone proteins, are associated with active and inactive genes. There is also growing evidence that genes that respond to environmental or developmental signals may possess distinct chromatin marks. Using two approaches, mining of ChIP-seq data and ChIP-qPCR for individual genes, this thesis sought to define the chromatin signature of inducible genes in T cells. Inducible genes with low basal expression, especially rapidly induced primary response genes (genes that do not need new protein synthesis), are more likely to display the histone modifications of active genes than their non-responsive counterparts. In addition, the majority of inducible, low basal expression genes with an active chromatin signature also have RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at their promoters suggesting a close link between Pol II recruitment and the presence of active chromatin marks. In tum, the majority of these genes show evidence of ongoing elongation as measured by the presence of H3K36me3, a mark of elongation, in the gene body. In contrast, genes with slower kinetics of expression (secondary response genes that need new protein synthesis) have less active chromatin marks and Pol II at the promoter. Following T cell activation, there was little evidence for a major shift in the active chromatin signature around inducible gene promoters but many genes recruit more Pol II and show increased evidence of elongation. These results suggest that the majority of inducible genes are primed for activation by having an active chromatin signature and a basal level of Pol II activity. Ultimately, these studies contribute to the growing knowledge of the epigenetic landscape and highlight the importance of chromatin regulation ofinducible gene expression in the immune response of a complex organism.
Download or read book Chromatin Structure and Transcriptional Regulation Within the Human globin Gene Locus written by Jennifer A. Armstrong and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of the Human T cell Leukemia Virus 1 Infection and Gene Expression in Immune Evasion Inflammation and Lymphoproliferation written by Prabal Banerjee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
