Download or read book The Return of the Ayatollah written by Muḥammad Ḥasanayn Haykal and published by Trafalgar Square Publishing. This book was released on 1983 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mission to Iran written by William H. Sullivan and published by W. W. Norton. This book was released on 1981-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reports the dramatic experiences of the last American ambassador to Iran during the revolution of 1978-79. It is an account of the events, the personalities, and the institutions in Iran as seen through the eyes of the man who, at the time, was the senior U.S. Foreign Service career officer on active duty. It is also a story of the policy failures of the Carter administration as viewed from the American Embassy in Tehran.
Download or read book The SALT Process written by United States. Department of State and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Iranian Revolution Updated Edition written by Heather Wagner and published by Infobase Holdings, Inc. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 16, 1979, the shah of Iran left the country he had ruled for more than 37 years. The streets of Tehran, Iran's capital, filled with celebration as the news spread that the hated monarchy had been overthrown. The revolution in Iran, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, was sparked by many factors, including a widening gap between the different classes of Iranian society, an aggressive campaign of modernization, an ambitious program of land reform, and the brutality of the shah's oppressive regime. Illustrated with full-color and black-and-white photographs, and accompanied by a chronology, bibliography, and further resources, The Iranian Revolution, Updated Edition explains how the revolution's role in propelling Iran from a monarchy to a theocracy dramatically altered life in Iran, and how its aftermath continues to shape the politics of the Middle East today. Historical spotlights and excerpts from primary source documents are also included.
Download or read book The Shah and the Ayatollah written by Fereydoun Hoveyda and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2003-02-28 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty-two years after Ayatollah Khomeini's ascent to power in Iran many aspects of his 1979 Islamic revolution remain obscure if not baffling. For instance, in November 1978 an offer was made to him in his Paris exile to return to Iran with international guarantees of freedom of speech and action. He refused and demanded the departure of the Shah. Americans put pressure on the monarch to leave the country. Khomeini arrived in Tehran in early February 1979, and he immediately demanded the return of the Shah and his trial before an Islamic tribunal! No one could give a valid explanation of this contradiction in Khomeini's conduct and demands. Many other mysteries in the unfolding of the revolution and the policies of the Islamic republic which replaced the monarchy have gone unexplained up to now. Scholars and experts in the West have offered the usual explanations for the Islamic revolution-corruption, deepening gaps between the rich and the poor, rapid industrialization, sky-rocketing inflation, westernizing policies that offended traditions, lack of democratic institutions, authoritarian rule, and on and on. But such characteristics which exist in other Muslim countries, especially in the Arab world, fail to clairify the particularities of the Iranian revolution. Indeed, as Ambassador Hoveyda points out, Iran is not an Arab country. It has kept alive its ancient mythological heritage which is not Islamic. It is an Indo-European nation with a recorded history of three thousand years! To understand the real causes of the 1979 revolution one must refer to the deep-rooted beliefs of Iranians and to their very rich mythology. One must also take into account the kind of Islam-shiism-Iranians have created and nurtured. In fact, Iran is a powerful example of how mythologies remain alive and can account for the conduct of a whole nation. Hoveyda shows the influence of myths in history-in-the-making. Indeed, he has found in the Iranian revolution many points that can be clarified only by the impact of old mythology and mindsets. He provides a very original explanation of the events that led to the fall of the Shah and the ascent of Khomeini, changing the political and diplomatic situation in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea region. As such it will be of great interest to scholars, students, researchers, and foreign policy makers involved with the Middle East and Islamic fundamentalism.
Download or read book December 4 1979 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on Private Pension Plans and Employee Fringe Benefits and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Iranian Revolution written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-03-12 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Profiles Ayatollah Khomeini and his ideology and leadership before, during, and after the Revolution *Highlights the causes, key events, and effects of the Revolution *Includes footnotes and a bibliography for further reading The Iranian Revolution of 1979 has been described as an epochal event, called the peak of 20th century Islamic revivalism and revitalization, and analyzed as the one key incident that continues to impact politics across Iran, the Middle East, and the even the world as a whole. As a phenomenon that led to the creation of the first modern Islamic Republic in the world, the revolution marked the victory of Islam over secular politics, and Iran quickly became the aspiring model for Islamic fundamentalists and revivalists across the globe, regardless of nationality, culture, or religious sect. When Ayatollah Khomeini was declared ruler in December 1979 and the judicial system originally modeled on that of the West was swiftly replaced by one purely based on Islamic law, much of the world was in shock that such a religiously driven revolution could succeed so quickly, especially when it had such sweeping consequences beyond the realm of religion. Revolutions are nothing new, but most revolutions, especially those in the West, have tended to remain secular. Even when religious ideology and themes were present, as in the English Civil War of the 1640s, these were not dominant driving forces behind the revolution, nor were they a significant factor in its immediate results. Even outside the West, this has mostly proven to be true; the nationalist revolution and war for independence in Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, was a battle for separation of church and state that called for democratic principles of equality, and the result was the formation of a modern and secular Turkey. However, the revolution that swept across Iran proved to be starkly different from past revolutions of the world. Its most influential leaders came from the orthodox clergy, and its most pronounced important goals were the ouster of the monarch, who was deemed anti-Islam and blasphemous, and the complete return of Iranian government and society to fundamental Islamic principles. As one of the leading scholars on Iran, Nikki R. Keddie, wrote, this revolution was "aberrant," refusing to fit into the theoretical and academic ideas of what modern revolutions should be like. Yet, there is no doubt that the Iranian Revolution ultimately led to a complete overhaul and restructuring of the age-old political, economic, social, religious, and ideological orders in Iran. Former Iranian Finance Minister Jahangir Amuzegar put it aptly, "The historical oddity, if not uniqueness, of the Iranian revolution can be seen in its four salient features: its unforeseen rapid rise; its wide base of urban support; its vague ideological character; and, above all, its ultimate singular objective, to oust the Shah." Furthermore, while the focus of the revolution was primarily about Islam, the revolution was also colored by disdain for the West, distaste for autocracy, and a yearning for religious and cultural identity. Though these are features of many other revolutions, the Iranian one was particularly unprecedented in the suddenness and rapidity of its occurrence, as well as the sheer amount of mass popular support it gained. Much of the world, including the U.S. and its Western allies, were initially caught off guard by the sudden occurrence and unanticipated strength of the revolution. The Islamic Revolution That Reshaped the Middle East explores the events leading up to the Iranian Revolution, as well as the political, economic, social, and religious characteristics of Iran before 1979. It also looks at the revolution and the lasting influence it has had both domestically and globally.
Download or read book The Iranian Revolution written by John L. Esposito and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 1990 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A wonderfully concise yet complete survey of the background and status of Islamic revivalism in all of its various forms in each region."--SAIS Review "A rich and thoughtful study of one of the most significant events of recent times."--School of Oriental and African Studies Bulletin Marking the tenth anniversary of the Ayatollah Khomeini's triumphant return to the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1989 proved a benchmark year in Iran's history, with the condemnation of author Salman Rushdie to execution, the denunciation or Iranian liberals and the West, the removal of Khomeini's chosen successor, and the death of Khomeini himself. John L. Esposito introduces The Iranian Revolution with an explanation of why the present is a turning point for Iran. He isolates the export of Islamic revolution as central to the Republic's character. A concise description of the complexities of that issue is followed by a discussion of its effects within and outside Iran, with the majority of the collection then devoted to insightful analyses of the Republic's impact throughout the Islamic world. International experts from Iran, Europe, Africa, and the United States assess worldwide impact of the Iranian Revolution on other Muslim societies and give us a remarkable analysis of the status of Islamic revivalism in a far-flung array of Islamic statues and societies--Lebanon, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Nigeria, Turkey, the USSR, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Iraq. The book owes its quality not only to the currency of its subject matter but also to its distinguished contributors, who address such issues as the failure of the Iranian revolution to replicate itself in other countries and the extent to which Iran's experience has shaped the politics, economics, and cultures of other countries. Sponsors of the book and of the 1989 conference that inspired it are the Middle East Institute, the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and Royal Institute of International Affairs. This objective and thought-provoking assessment of the Islamic Republic of Iran's success to date in implementing its objectives, as well as its prospects for the future, makes timely reading for anyone seeking an understanding of the revolution's impact. Contents Part I. Iran 1. Introduction, by John L. Esposito and James P. Piscatori 2. The Iranian Revolution: A Ten-Year Perspective, by John L. Esposito 3. Iran's Export of the Revolution: Politics, Ends, and Means, by R. K. Ramazani 4. Iranian Ideology and Worldview: The Cultural Export of Revolution, by Farhang Rajaee Part II. The Middle East 5. Iraq: Revolutionary Threats and Regime Responses, by Philip Robins 6. The Impact of the Iranian Revolution on the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf States, by David E. Long 7. Lebanon: The Internal Conflict and the Iranian Connection, by Augustus Richard Norton 8. The Impact of the Iranian Revolution on Egypt, by Shahrough Akhavi 9. Tunisia and Libya: Responses to the Islamic Impulse, by Lisa Anderson Part III. Southwest Asia and Central Asia 10. The Mujahidin and the Future of Afghanistan, by Olivier Roy 11. Soviet Central Asia: Does Moscow Fear Iranian Influence? by Martha Brill Olcott Part IV: Southeast Asia 12. Malaysian and Indonesian Islamic Movements and the Iranian Connection, by Fred R. von der Mehden 13. The Iranian Revolution and the Muslims in the Philippines, by Cesar Adib Majul Part V. Africa 14. Islamization in the Sudan and the Iranian Revolution, by John O. Voll 15. Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria: Homegrown or Externally Induced? by Ibrahim A. Gambari 16. The Global Impact of the Iranian Revolution: A Policy Perspective, by John L. Esposito and James P. Piscatori John L. Esposito is director of the Center for International Studies and professor of religious studies at the College of the Holy Cross.
Download or read book December 5 1979 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on Private Pension Plans and Employee Fringe Benefits and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Last Great Revolution written by Robin B. Wright and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2000 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Last Great Revolution is written with clarity and insight about Iran's tumultuous twenty-year Islamic revolution. Robin Wright speaks authoritatively about the Iranian republic's evolution, from the convulsive, vindictive early years of he revolution to the current uncertainties over experimentation with Islamic democracy. Her book is a valuable contribtion to our understanding of contemporary Iranian society and the possible directions this very important country make take in the future." -- Senator Richard G. Lugar, Foreign Relations Committee Robin Wright, the acclaimed Mideast expert and foreign correspondent, returns to Iran, which she has visited more frequently than has any other American since the fall of the shah, to give us a portrait of the revolution -- a generation after Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile to end 2,500 years of monarchy. She shows us how the Iranian revolution has taken on even greater importance since Khomeini's death, and how it transformed Iranian society as well as Islam. She describes the revolutions within the revolution that have resulted in a movement as radical in the world of Islam as Luther's Reformation was in the Christian world -- empowering women, modernizing social traditions, creating a fiesty, independent cinema and arts industry and giving birth to a new generation that is redefining Iran's political agenda. Wright makes abundantly clear why she believes the Iranian revolution will stand along with the French and the Russian as one of the three innovative revolutions -- and the last great revolution -- of the Modern Era.
Download or read book Khomeini s Ghost written by Con Coughlin and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the bestselling author of Saddam comes the definitive biography of Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic revolution and how his fundamentalist legacy has forever influenced the course of Iran's relationship with the West. In February 1979, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Tehran after nearly fifteen years in exile and received a hero's welcome. Just as the new world order sought to purge the communist ideologies of the Cold War, the religious doctrine of Islamic fundamentalism emerged to pose an even greater threat to post–Iron Curtain stability—and Khomeini would mastermind it into a revolution. Khomeini's Ghost is the account of how an impoverished young student from a remote area of southern Iran became the leader of one of the most dramatic upheavals of the modern age, and how his radical Islamic philosophy now lies at the heart of the modern-day conflict between Iran and the West. Con Coughlin draws on a wide variety of Iranian sources, including religious figures who knew and worked with Khomeini both in exile and in power. Both compelling and timely, Khomeini's Ghost is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand what lies at the center of many of the world's most intractable conflicts.
Download or read book Iran After Khomeini written by Shireen T. Hunter and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1992-03-19 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the directions the Islamic regime and, more importantly, the Iranian society and nation are likely to take in the 1990s. It evaluates the changes and reforms of the last three years and provides a basis for sketching the potential future directions of Iran's domestic evolution and foreign relations.
Download or read book Ayatollah Khomeini written by Edward Willett and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2003-12-15 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the life and leadership skills of Ayatollah Khomeini, who established the "ideal Islamic state" in Iran and encouraged Muslims worldwide to demonstrate against non-Islamic nations.
Download or read book The Iran Hostage Crisis written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the crisis by hostages, politicians, and Iranian students *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading *Includes a table of contents "Carter's predecessor, whom he says he emulates -- Harry Truman -- would have landed the Marines and offered to cripple Iran's economic base. These Iranians have committed an act of war against the United States and all Carter wants to do at the moment is talk. It is time to speak with the power and the might of a first rate country instead of the wishy-washy language of diplomatic compromise." Daniel A. Darlington's Letter to the Editor, Denver Post On February 1, 1979, amid great fanfare, exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini landed in Tehran. The return of the leader of the revolution to his home country was one of the final markers of the Iranian Revolution, a national phenomenon that had global implications. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 has been described as an epochal event, called the peak of 20th century Islamic revivalism and revitalization, and analyzed as the one key incident that continues to impact politics across Iran, the Middle East, and the even the world as a whole. As a phenomenon that led to the creation of the first modern Islamic Republic in the world, the revolution marked the victory of Islam over secular politics, and Iran quickly became the aspiring model for Islamic fundamentalists and revivalists across the globe, regardless of nationality, culture, or religious sect. When Ayatollah Khomeini was declared ruler in December 1979 and the judicial system originally modeled on that of the West was swiftly replaced by one purely based on Islamic law, much of the world was in shock that such a religiously driven revolution could succeed so quickly, especially when it had such sweeping consequences beyond the realm of religion. Furthermore, while the focus of the revolution was primarily about Islam, the revolution was also colored by disdain for the West, distaste for autocracy, and a yearning for religious and cultural identity. This point was driven home on November 4, 1979 when Iranians stormed the U.S. embassy and took dozens of Americans hostage, sparking a crisis that would last for the rest of President Jimmy Carter's term. A few Americans escaped the embassy and hid in Tehran before being extracted (a mission that was recently adapted into the movie Argo), but for nearly 450 days, the crisis remained at the forefront of America's daily life, and aside from an embarrassing failed rescue mission, the administration seemed uncertain over how to approach the crisis and protect the American hostages. Eventually, all of the hostages were freed on the day Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president in 1981, but the Iran hostage crisis had far reaching ramifications that have lasted to this day. Most notably, formal diplomatic contact between the United States and Iran ended, and no American embassy is open in that country nearly 35 years later. For anyone born during the 1960s, the Iran Hostage Crisis marked a change in American identity both as people and a nation. Those born in earlier decades had little to no understanding of radical Islam, and those born later could not conceive of a world without it. Some would say that the crisis was ultimately a good thing, in that it ushered Ronald Reagan into the White House and thus led to the fall of Communism, while others would say that it was a harbinger of doom, a demonstration that even as one geopolitical foe declined, another was on the rise. Some say America was singled out because it was seen as too strong, others because it was seen as too weak. The bottom line is that, while no one knows what might have been done to prevent it, everyone has an idea about how it might have been ended sooner.
Download or read book Revolutionary Iran written by Michael Axworthy and published by Allen Lane. This book was released on 2013 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ayatollah Khomeini's return to Tehran in February 1979 was a key moment in post-War international politics. This book offers an account of Iran's unique history and makes sense of events often misunderstood by outsiders. It is an exploration of Iran's development since 1979 into an unpredictable pseudo-democracy.
Download or read book Khomeini s Ghost written by Con Coughlin and published by Ecco Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 1 February 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran to a tumultuous welcome, and the Iranian revolution that he masterminded has become one of the defining moments of the modern age. Today the challenge of radical Islam represents the greatest threat to world peace seen since the darkest days of the Cold War, and the legacy of Khomeini's Islamic Revolution lies at the heart of many of the world's most intractable conflicts. Khomeini's Ghost is the definitive biographical account of how an impoverished young student from a remote area of southern Iran came to be the political and the spiritual leader of his country. Drawing on a wide variety of Iranian sources, including religious figures who knew and worked with Khomeini both in exile and in power, Con Coughlin examines in detail the principles of Khomeini's Islamic Revolution and the impact of his legacy today, whether it is in Iran's support for radical Islamic groups or Iran's commitment to developing an atom bomb. Frighteningly topical, compellingly readable and written with authority and profound understanding of the subject, this is political biography at its best.
Download or read book Iranian Regime written by Marcus Blackwell and published by Publifye AS. This book was released on 2024-10-14 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ""Iranian Regime"" explores the dramatic transformation of Iran from a modernizing monarchy to a theocratic state in 1979, a pivotal moment that continues to shape global politics. The book delves into the complex factors that led to the Iranian Revolution, examining the fall of Shah Pahlavi, the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini, and the establishment of the Islamic Republic. It highlights the unique confluence of events that allowed Khomeini to seize power, arguing that his ascent was not inevitable but the result of strategic maneuvering and sociopolitical circumstances. Central to the book's narrative is the often-overlooked experience of religious minorities, particularly Christians, under the new regime. This focus provides a distinctive lens through which to understand the broader implications of Iran's political transformation. The author draws on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, including declassified documents and firsthand accounts, to present a comprehensive analysis of this tumultuous period. Structured chronologically, the book progresses from the final days of the Shah's rule through Khomeini's return and the consolidation of the Islamic Republic. It contextualizes these events within the Cold War era, illustrating how global dynamics influenced the revolution and its aftermath. By blending scholarly rigor with engaging storytelling, ""Iranian Regime"" offers valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and general readers seeking to understand Iran's recent history and its enduring impact on current geopolitics.
