Download or read book The Response of Africans to Wage Employment in East Africa written by F. I. Ojow and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Education Work and Pay in East Africa written by Arthur Hazlewood and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1989 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book looks at the effects of educational expansion, particularly expansion of secondary education, on the labor market in developing countries. Hazlewood presents, analyzes, and compares data derived from surveys of employees in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on such topics as the relationship between education, wages, occupation, and the phenomenon of "filtering down"; training provided by employers; relations between employees' education and that of their parents and children; assortative mating; intergenerational occupational mobility; and the role of education in rural-urban links.
Download or read book African Responses to Urban Wage Employment written by Peter Claus Wolfgang Gutkind and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Labor Productivity and Employment Consequences in East Africa written by Jonas Krabbe Hjort and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic development rarely happens in the absence of large-scale job creation. The scarcity of research on formal employment in Africa in the field of development economics is thus noteworthy. Part of the explanation is that, although steady employment represents an overarching aspiration for many Africans - often preferred, for example, over self-employment or small-scale farming - formal jobs were until recently relatively uncommon on the continent. Variation that can be exploited in statistical analysis is thus hard to come by. Another reason is that few African countries systematically record detailed employment data for large samples of workers. Researchers are therefore typically compelled to collect their own data. Rapid urbanization and sustained economic growth - including in more labor-intensive sectors - has, however, begun to increase the availability of formal jobs in some parts of Africa, simultaneously enhancing the importance of employment research and the ability of researchers to carry out such research. Focusing on both causes and consequences of formal employment in East Africa, this dissertation examines the effect of ethnic diversity - a characteristic of many African societies - on worker productivity in the Kenyan context, as well as the impact within the household of a parent gaining employment in the Ethiopian context. Knowledge about the factors that constrain labor productivity and the consequences for households once jobs appear is necessary for effective policymaking and a goal for researchers. I explore both issues in the context of a sector that has been particularly successful in Africa in recent decades: floriculture. A rapid expansion of the sector began in the 1980s; Kenya, for example, is now the third-largest exporter of flowers in the world and supplies approximately 31 percent of flowers imported into Europe (African Business, 2011). Neighboring Ethiopia, with its lower labor costs and abundant land, has more recently been taking market share from other African countries. Agribusiness as a whole is expected to see significant growth in Africa in the coming decades and flower farms account for a notable proportion of formal jobs in Kenya and Ethiopia - such farms are of interest to researchers in their own right. Because the workforce on flower farms often resembles a microcosm of the labor force as a whole, they also represent a meaningful case study from which broader lessons can be learned. Two types of data are used in this dissertation: surveys of flower farm workers and applicants (ethnicity, time use, etc) and the output records of a flower farm in Kenya. The farm recorded individual and team output for pay purposes. The first chapter of this dissertation explores the influence of ethnic diversity on labor productivity in a team production setting. Ethnic diversity has long been known to constrain economic development, but the direct effect on output remains largely unexplored. In Kenya, the land- and water-abundant areas where flower farms are located have experienced in-migration from other parts of the country, yielding ethnic diversity in the farms' workforces. I study teams of "packing plant" workers at a large flower farm. Working in teams of three, the workers pack flowers and prepare them for shipping. I show that ethnically diverse teams are less productive than homogeneous teams. Although an inability to socially sanction non-coethnics may also play a role (see Miguel and Gugerty, 2004 and Habyarimana, Humphreys, Posner and Weinstein, 2007), the primary reason appears to be preference-driven: workers upstream in the triangular production chain lower total output and their own pay by skewing their supply of intermediate flowers toward coethnic downstream workers. I then go on to analyze the firm's response and the change in the magnitude of the ethnic diversity effect during a period of increased ethnic conflict in Kenya, illuminating how the response of output to diversity is likely to vary across time and space. I find that the productivity loss from ethnic diversity in teams varies with the political environment (see also Posner, 2004). It appears that, in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt second-best policies to limit discrimination distortions. Overall chapter 1 shows that inter-ethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency and productivity in Kenyan floriculture, and highlights the likely consequences for firm behavior and employment growth in the private sector in Africa. The implications for policy and future research are potentially wide-ranging. Most African countries are ethnically diverse and cross-ethnic joint production will increase as urbanization brings together larger groups of workers in cities. Modernization of the economy typically entails greater specialization which also increases the scope for distortions due to ethnic discrimination in production chains. In the second part of my dissertation, which consists of two separate articles, I focus on the consequences (rather than the causes) of employment. I analyze the effects within the household of a parent gaining employment in rural Ethiopia. Taking advantage of a unique situation in the labor market for farm-workers in Ethiopia at the time, I worked with five flower farms that agreed to randomize fall 2008 hiring due to significant excess demand for jobs and a perceived inability to screen applicants. In chapter 2, I analyze the impact on children's lives, focusing primarily on time use. Mother's employment has been argued to especially benefit children, but there is little existing evidence to back up such claims. I therefore analyze the effect of mother's and father's employment separately. The results show that mother's and father's employment affects sons and daughters very differently. Daughters spend significantly less time in school when mothers work because they are expected to take over house-work tasks. Daughters' time use is unaffected by father's employment, while sons spend significantly more time in school when either parent works. It appears that both the reconfiguration of a parent's time use implied by employment and the associated increase in income affect children's time use. Daughters' human capital accumulation suffers from the greater time requirements of "female" house-work in Ethiopia. In chapter 3, I analyze the impact of female employment on domestic violence, which is believed to respond to large shifts in spouses' relative incomes in poor countries. Contrary to the predictions of standard economic models of the household, I find a significant increase in domestic violence when women get employed. The reason appears to be that men in rural Ethiopia attempt to restore their dominance in the household through violence when their relative economic standing is weakened. In combination chapters 2 and 3 give a rather bleak picture of the influence of female employment on the position of women and girls in poor countries. It is important to recognize that this dissertation focuses on the effects of employment in the short-term, however. In the longer term gender norms may respond to employment, in which case the longer term impact could differ from the deleterious effects observed here. Rather than suggesting that female employment should not be encouraged, the evidence presented thus highlights that theory and employment policy should take traditional gender roles seriously. In combination, the three chapters of this dissertation highlight that features of society that particularly characterize Africa - such as ethnic diversity in the workforce and time-consuming house-work - interact in first-order order ways with the causes and consequences of employment. We must thus study Africa directly rather than rely on evidence from rich countries when shaping policy. Beyond seeking to address the substantive issues raised, it is my hope that this dissertation illustrates how direct, micro-level output data can be used to advance research on the determinants of productivity in poor countries, and how a labor market situation often found in developing countries with small formal sectors allows randomized evaluations of an otherwise hard-to-analyze "treatment"--Employment itself.
Download or read book Wages in East Africa written by Juvenalis Baitu Rwelamira and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Education Productivity and Inequality written by John B. Knight and published by World Bank. This book was released on 1990 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between resources devoted to education and the economy of developing nations is explored. The research seeks to understand if and how investment in education translates into increased economic growth and labor productivity. Additionally, the function of education in reducing various dimensions of economic inequality is examined. The two East African nations that are the study's focus, Kenya and Tanzania, have similar levels of income, but they differ markedly in their public policy toward the provision of secondary education and thus in the educational attainment of the labor force. The research findings provide strong backing for the human capital paradigm: educational expansion is shown to raise labor productivity. The results also show that making education less scarce diminishes inequality in access to education and in income. Numerous figures and tables of data appear throughout this volume; a list of 170 references is included. (DB)
Download or read book Migrant Labour in Kenya written by Sharon Stichter and published by Longman Publishing Group. This book was released on 1982 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Labor Response in Africa written by Jonathan Power and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Labour History of Africa written by Stefano Bellucci and published by James Currey. This book was released on 2019-05-17 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive and authoritative history of work and labour in Africa; a key text for all working on African Studies and Labour History worldwide.
Download or read book The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3 AD 1420 AD 1804 written by David Eltis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-07-25 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The various manifestations of coerced labour between the opening up of the Atlantic world and the formal creation of Haiti.
Download or read book African History A Very Short Introduction written by John Parker and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2007-03-22 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for those interested in the African continent and the diversity of human history, this work looks at Africa's past and reflects on the changing ways it has been imagined and represented. It illustrates key themes in modern thinking about Africa's history with a range of historical examples.
Download or read book Our Continent Our Future written by P. Thandika Mkandawire and published by IDRC. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the continent's development agenda.
Download or read book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa written by Walter Rodney and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2018-11-27 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic work of political, economic, and historical analysis, powerfully introduced by Angela Davis In his short life, the Guyanese intellectual Walter Rodney emerged as one of the leading thinkers and activists of the anticolonial revolution, leading movements in North America, South America, the African continent, and the Caribbean. In each locale, Rodney found himself a lightning rod for working class Black Power. His deportation catalyzed 20th century Jamaica's most significant rebellion, the 1968 Rodney riots, and his scholarship trained a generation how to think politics at an international scale. In 1980, shortly after founding of the Working People's Alliance in Guyana, the 38-year-old Rodney would be assassinated. In his magnum opus, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Rodney incisively argues that grasping "the great divergence" between the west and the rest can only be explained as the exploitation of the latter by the former. This meticulously researched analysis of the abiding repercussions of European colonialism on the continent of Africa has not only informed decades of scholarship and activism, it remains an indispensable study for grasping global inequality today.
Download or read book Basic Data on the Economy of East Africa written by Susan P. Hansen and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Youth in Africa s Labor Market written by Marito H. Garcia and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-04-01 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors examine the challenges facing Africa's youth in their transition from school to working life, and propose a policy framework for meeting these challenges. Topics covered include the effect of education on employment and income, broadening employment opportunities, and enhancing youth capabilities. The book includes a CD-ROM of case studies of four countries and household data on 13 countries.
Download or read book The Idea of Development in Africa written by Corrie Decker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging history of how the idea of development has shaped Africa's past and present encounters with the West.
Download or read book Employment and Income Distribution in the African Economy written by James Fry and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-09-18 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zambia is one African country which has evolved from being a classic example of a colonial economy to become an independent state with a large export enclave. The economy has had to face structural problems that have at one time or another, characterised other African economies. This study therefore throws light upon many aspects of the labour markets elsewhere in Africa. Originally published in 1979, this book analyses 3 stages of development in the Zambian labour force: the first running up to 1930 when the Copperbelt was opened up, was followed by over 30 years of economic and employment growth, leading to the emergence of a wage and skill structure that differentiated strongly between Africans and non-Africans. Finally there is the period since the early 1960s when the racial basis for employment and earnings restrictions have been lifted but where inequalities remain. Each of these stages is examined in detail and complemented by a theoretical discussion of the factors affecting the development of the wage structure and earnings differentials within Zambia. The impact of government policy income distribution is also discussed and illustrated by means of a comparative study of government income policies in Zambia, Tanzania and Kenya.
