Download or read book The Republic of Armenia Rise and Fall written by Ohanes Geukjian and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Armenians had been struggling hard since the 1600*3 to assert their identity as a nation. The tremendous efforts and perseve¬rance of the Armenians culminated in the establishment of the Armenian Republic in 1918. The desire to achieve independence was suddenly realized, and the Armenians looked hopefully to the future, Armenia was under difficult and unfavorable conditions. Internally, the country was devastated because of the war, and hunger and disease prevailed among the exhausted population. The government tried hard to secure relief, but the scope of the catastrophic situation was greater than any relief plan. Externally, Armenia was surrounded by hostile neighbors: Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Each had territorial disputes with the Armenians, and they never cooperated wholeheartedly to solve those disputes. However, some of the problems were settled appropriately either by negotiations or by force. The creation of the Armenian republic was considered as the starting point of the solution of the Armenian Question. Since the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Armenians had presented petitions and had asked the Western powers to find a just solution to the Armenian Question. The Armenian Question had always been at the mercy of the great powers. How that the Republic was proclaimed, the Armenians represen¬ted their case from a position of power in order to protect their fatherland. The Armenian demands were heard during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where the victorious powers were assembled to solve all the territorial disputes among nations. After that the Armenian demands were discussed during the London and San Remo Conferences, and the Armenian territorial claims were taken into serious consideration. Finally, the Treaty of Sevres denounced Turkey and gave the Armenians the right to retain their lands under Turkish control. But the Allied weak position towards Turkey and the alliance of the Kemalist forces (Turkish Nationalists) with communist Russia withered the Armenian hopes and finally suppressed the Armenian Republic. Armenia was crushed in December, 1920. The Wilsonian principles of self-determination and freedom found no realization in the case of the Armenians, However, the perception of the homeland continued to be the focus of all Armenian nationalist activities. The objective of this thesis is to study and analyze the history of the Armenian Republic between the years 1918-1921. The intensity of Armenian nationalism, which reached its peak in the 19th century, not only contributed but made the birth of the Republic possible. Armenian nationalism used to be a very strong factor before and during the life of the Republic. The understanding of Armenian nationalism is crucial, because it continues to have a very strong and positive role in determining the will of exist¬ence of the Armenian nation. However, nationalism alone was not enough to make the Republic continue its independent and sovereign existence. Other factors were also necessary to make the viability of the state possible. Territory, geography, resources, population and foreign support were some of these factors. To what extent did these factors exist and contribute to the maintenance of the Republic were traced throughout the analysis. The Republic occupied a unique place in the history of Armenian political experience. The Armenians were faced by the process of state formation, and principles like statehood, sovereignty, and self determination. The analysis will focus on the factors which led to the rise of the Republic as well as those which led to its collapse. The accomplishment of this work demanded tremendous work and research. The major source of information came from books and articles on Armenian history and political experience. We have heavily focused on the "Armenian Review", a journal published in the U.S. since 1948. Also, we have used memoirs and documents on British and American foreign relations. Moreover, we have referred to Armenian papers that are published for the first time. The first chapter of this thesis will deal with the meaning of nationalism. Its two corollaries, nation and nationality, will also be discussed. Some factors like language, culture, historical traditions and religion are referred to as characteristics of nationality. Emphasis is put on independence since all nations must live within a defined territory and determine their fate alone. Chapter two will deal with the idea of Armenian nationalism, first, we will be examining the early Armenian Kingdom, then the Turkish occupation of Western Armenia, specifically the Armenian six vilayets. Early Armenian nationalistic feelings aroused by Armenian intellectuals who had studied in Europe and returned back to their homeland will consti¬tute the core of the analysis in this chapter. Early Armenian bids to liberation from foreign dominations represent a special interest in this part. The mission of Israel Ori and other nationalists are discussed in full detail as examples of freedom wonderers. We have also referred to Armenian underground organizations whose efforts culminated in arousing the nationalistic feelings of the Armenians. The establishment of the Armenian independent Republic will be discussed in chapter three. The revolutionary activities of the Armenian political parties paved the way to the Armenian national awakening. The outbreak of W.W.I, the entaglement of Armeno-Turkish relations, the Allied role in Transcaucasia, the effects of the Bolshevik revolution, The Armeno-Georgian and Armeno-Azerbaijani relations are all analyzed in this chapter. Chapter four will refer to the foreign political role concerning the future of the Republic. The victorious Allies gathered at Versailles tried to solve all the problems generated by the war and impose a just solution on the vanquished nations. The Armenians, who were represented by two delegations, tried hard at Paris to make the Allies fulfill their promises, and secure foreign support to the Republic, since it was vital for the sovereign existence of the state. However, because of Allied revalry over political issues, and the lack of Armenian diplomatic flexibility, and political experience, the Turkish treaty was delayed. The Allied response in the form of investigatory work throughout various fact finding commissions was discussed in full detail. Finally, the last chapter analyses the downfall of the Armenian Republic. Issues like Kemalism and Bolshevism, Armeno-Azerbaijani and Armeno-Georgian territorial conflicts, Armenian shift in political strategy, the Armeno-Bolshevik clashes during the may celebrations, and the role of the Armenian communists occupy a unique place in this chapter. Equal importance and weight is devoted to the Russo-Turkish cooperation and their alliance in crushing the independent Republic. Finally, the chapter ends by refering to the harsh terms of the Alexandrapol treaty and the sovietization of Armenia.
Download or read book The History of Armenia written by Simon Payaslian and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2007-12-26 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this concise but rich overview, Simon Payaslian traces centuries of Armenian history. Chock-full of political intrigue, fierce battles, personal, and cultural stories, The History of Armenia offers fascinating insights into the transformations of Armenian and its struggle for survival, Payaslian focuses on the rise and fall of early kingdoms, the Genocide during World War I, and the reestablishment of an Armenian government after several decades of Soviet rule.
Download or read book The Republic of Armenia The first year 1918 1919 written by Richard G. Hovannisian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1971 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Rise and Fall of the Eagle written by Çagatay Özdemir and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Everything that rises is bound to fall. The international system has been a stage for many states and different ideologies, witnessing their power struggles and efforts to ideological superiority for centuries. This new book tackles the foreign policy choices of the United States (US), which has recently dominated the international system and the liberal world order that it has sought to establish through its foreign policy. The book addresses the hegemony debate in the international system on a realistic axis. It contributes to the literature by critically examining recent academic work of experts in their fields as well as primary resources that detail the national security strategies of the US, including national security policy documents, executive orders, archives of the White House, interviews, and remarks by US presidents. The book is thus a testament to the present state of affairs during this pivotal juncture in the history of the US and the world order. This book also looks at the crisis in the liberal world system from the framework of the crises that lie in the foreign policy of the US, resulting in the collapsing of the liberal world order it advocates. In short, this book presents a study of how and for what purpose the liberal world order was established, how it began to rise, its connection with the US hegemony, how it has been shaken by various practices, and whether it has been successful so far. Presenting a perspective different from the leading figures of the field of international relations, such as Mearsheimer, Walt, Waltz, and Gilpin, this book is written in an academic format aiming to be of special value to students of American foreign policy, foreign policy analysis, globalization and world politics as well as a valuable addition to college libraries and bookstores.
Download or read book The Decline and Fall of the American Republic written by Bruce Ackerman and published by Harvard + ORM. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Audacious . . . offers a fierce critique of democracy’s most dangerous adversary: the abuse of democratic power by democratically elected chief executives.” (Benjamin R. Barber, New York Times bestselling author of Jihad vs. McWorld ) Bruce Ackerman shows how the institutional dynamics of the last half-century have transformed the American presidency into a potential platform for political extremism and lawlessness. Watergate, Iran-Contra, and the War on Terror are only symptoms of deeper pathologies. Ackerman points to a series of developments that have previously been treated independently of one another?from the rise of presidential primaries, to the role of pollsters and media gurus, to the centralization of power in White House czars, to the politicization of the military, to the manipulation of constitutional doctrine to justify presidential power-grabs. He shows how these different transformations can interact to generate profound constitutional crises in the twenty-first century?and then proposes a series of reforms that will minimize, if not eliminate, the risks going forward. “The questions [Ackerman] raises regarding the threat of the American Executive to the republic are daunting. This fascinating book does an admirable job of laying them out.” —The Rumpus “Ackerman worries that the office of the presidency will continue to grow in political influence in the coming years, opening possibilities for abuse of power if not outright despotism.” —Boston Globe “A serious attention-getter.” —Joyce Appleby, author of The Relentless Revolution “Those who care about the future of our nation should pay careful heed to Ackerman’s warning, as well as to his prescriptions for avoiding a constitutional disaster.” —Geoffrey R. Stone, author of Perilous Times
Download or read book Utopia Collapse written by Jörg H. Gleiter and published by Park Publishing (WI). This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Built in 1969, Metsamor, Armenia (then the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic), was intended as a settlement for employees of a nearby nuclear power plant to be completed between 1976 and 1980. But the power plant would never realize the ambitions of its creators. In 1988, an earthquake caused the facility to be shut down. In 1989, the collapse of the Soviet Union prompted a complete construction freeze. The symbol of the dream of a technologically advanced nation, Metsamor remained incomplete and fell into decay undiminished by the recommissioning of the power plant in 1995. Utopia and Collapse documents the rise and fall of Metsamor. The book brings together an oral history of Metsamor with essays by Sarhat Petrosyan and a team of contributors and art and photographic research by Katharina Roters, including more than one hundred photographs. Among the topics discussed are Armenia's cultural and and architectural histories; the typology of Soviet atomograds, or atomic cities; and the phenomenon of modern ruins. Although today the power plant's workers live in a partly built failed utopia, Metsamor stands as examples of the highly idiosyncratic Armenian variety of Soviet Modernism of the 1960s and '70s, making this a fascinating story for anyone with an interest in Soviet-era buildings and architecture.
Download or read book Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia written by Matossian and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1962-06 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Republic of Armenia From Versailles to London 1919 1920 written by Richard G. Hovannisian and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The History of Armenia written by S. Payaslian and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-03-13 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a great deal of interest in the history of Armenia since its renewed independence in the 1990s and the ongoing debate about the genocide - an interest that informs the strong desire of a new generation of Armenian Americans to learn more about their heritage and has led to greater solidarity in the community. By integrating themes such as war, geopolitics, and great leaders, with the less familiar cultural themes and personal stories, this book will appeal to general readers and travellers interested in the region.
Download or read book The Rise and Fall of the Religious Left written by L. Benjamin Rolsky and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-12 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades now, Americans have believed that their country is deeply divided by “culture wars” waged between religious conservatives and secular liberals. In most instances, Protestant conservatives have been cast as the instigators of such warfare, while religious liberals have been largely ignored. In this book, L. Benjamin Rolsky examines the ways in which American liberalism has helped shape cultural conflict since the 1970s through the story of how television writer and producer Norman Lear galvanized the religious left into action. The creator of comedies such as All in the Family and Maude, Lear was spurred to found the liberal advocacy group People for the American Way in response to the rise of the religious right. Rolsky offers engaged readings of Lear’s iconic sitcoms and published writings, considering them as an expression of what he calls the spiritual politics of the religious left. He shows how prime-time television became a focus of political dispute and demonstrates how Lear’s emergence as an interfaith activist catalyzed ecumenical Protestants, Catholics, and Jews who were determined to push back against conservatism’s ascent. Rolsky concludes that Lear’s political involvement exemplified religious liberals’ commitment to engaging politics on explicitly moral grounds in defense of what they saw as the public interest. An interdisciplinary analysis of the definitive cultural clashes of our fractious times, The Rise and Fall of the Religious Left foregrounds the foundational roles played by popular culture, television, and media in America’s religious history.
Download or read book Republic of Armenia written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-12-12 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Armenian banking sector is recovering from the 2014 economic slowdown, aided by additional capital injected by shareholders, several mergers, and improved regulation and supervision. However, banks, including the largest ones, are vulnerable to external shocks because high levels of dollarization expose them to FX-related credit and liquidity risks. These risks can be mitigated with the adoption of a stressed debt service to income ratio limit, the gradual introduction of reserve requirements in foreign currency for liabilities denominated in foreign currency, and the adoption of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) in domestic currency and in United States dollars (USD). The introduction of the capital surcharge for domestic systemically important banks is also needed.
Download or read book The Armenians and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire written by Ari Şekeryan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the political and social life of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire during the post-war period.
Download or read book Republic of Armenia written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-04-04 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper evaluates the Republic of Armenia’s Third Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) and a Request for Waiver of Performance Criterion. The PRGF-supported program remains on track. All but one of the December 2002 quantitative performance criteria were met, and all structural measures envisaged for implementation up until February 2003 have been carried out or implemented as a prior action for the third review. The targets on tax revenue, stock of domestic arrears, fiscal deficit, and net international reserves were met with comfortable margins.
Download or read book River Republic written by Daniel McCool and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Daniel McCool chronicles the surging grassroots movement to bring America's rivers back to life and ensure they remain pristine for future generations. This book confirms the surprising news that America's rivers are indeed returning to a healthier, free-flowing condition. Through passion and dedication, ordinary people are reclaiming the American landscape, forming a nation-wide "river republic" of concerned citizens from all backgrounds and sectors of society. McCool profiles the individuals he calls "instigators," who initiated the fight for these waterways and have succeeded in the near-impossible task of challenging and changing the status quo. He ties the history, culture, and fate of America to its rivers and presents their restoration as a microcosm mirroring American beliefs, livelihoods, and an increasing awareness of our shared environmental fate.
Download or read book The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism written by Doctor Kean Birch and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent, devastating and ongoing economic crisis has exposed the faultlines in the dominant neoliberal economic order, opening debate for the first time in years on alternative visions that do not subscribe to a ‘free’ market ethic. Bringing together the work of distinguished scholars and dedicated activists, The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism presents critical perspectives of neoliberal policies, questions the ideas underpinning neoliberalism, and explores diverse responses to it from around the world.
Download or read book Republic of Armenia written by International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents Armenia’s 2019 Article IV Consultation report and request for a Stand-By Arrangement (SBA). The arrangement is intended to be precautionary. It will provide insurance against external shocks and support the authorities’ efforts to strengthen economic fundamentals and policy frameworks. It will also help effective implementation of structural reforms, particularly relating to governance and improving business climate. Discussions focused on macroeconomic and structural policies to ensure macro and fiscal sustainability, foster higher and more broad-based growth, and strengthen resilience to shocks. Supported by the upgraded fiscal rule, fiscal consolidation remains on track, and public debt has started to decline. Inflation is under control, the financial system remains stable, and pressures on the exchange rate have been limited. The authorities’ efforts are centered on advancing structural reforms to generate higher, more inclusive, and resilient growth; and strong policies to maintain macroeconomic stability.
Download or read book Hayastan written by Sven-Erik Rise and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
