Download or read book The Relationship Between Working Memory and Distractor Processing in Visual Selective Attention written by Lenore Tamami Tahara-Eckl and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selective attention is the ability to attend to relevant information, while disregarding irrelevant information. Neural signatures of selective attention include event-related lateralisations of both the negative (N2pc) and the positive (Ptc) voltage, which are suggested to reflect visual target enhancement and distractor suppression, respectively. Our prior research found that more salient visual items elicited an earlier and stronger Ptc with improved performance, while the opposite was true for less salient items. Additionally, high working memory capacity (HWMC) participants performed better with a tentatively stronger Ptc than low working memory capacity (LWMC) participants. We followed up our preliminary results with two experiments that further investigated these lateralised components and cognitive capacity. Experiment 1 investigated whether a modified localised attentional interference (LAI) task would show WMC differences. A ‘memory probe’ required observers to recall a certain element in the task after a set number of trials. Individuals who performed better on the memory probe performed better on the LAI task. We also found that the LWMC group exhibited a compensatory process, which showed that while they distinguished between the distractors more, they performed worse on the memory probe than the higher WMC groups. Experiment 2 investigated whether a more salient distractor would elicit a stronger Ptc signal and draw stronger neural differences in WMC. We found that the Ptc amplitude was the same and overall small for both distractor conditions, suggesting that suppression may not have been needed due to the greater physical differences between the distractors. We also found that HWMC participants elicited a late N2pc, postulated as higher cognitive functioning. All things considered, our studies suggest that the Ptc does not necessarily reflect stronger suppression, and that other qualities may reveal finer details of one’s cognitive capacity.
Download or read book Investigating the Relationship Between Working Memory and Selective Attention written by Dion Henare and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimal performance of everyday tasks like driving depend critically on both the ability to store and retrieve small amounts of information in the short term, and the ability to selectively find and process relevant objects while preventing distraction. These two abilities have traditionally been viewed as distinct processes in human cognition, however research now demonstrates significant overlap between the constructs of working memory and selective attention. Previous work has established a role for working memory resources in the successful control of attention, however there are many processes underlying successful attentional control, and affecting any one of them would produce the pattern of results that have been observed. In this thesis we used behavioural and electroencephalographic evidence to investigate working memory and selective attention. We aim to provide a more detailed understanding of the processes underlying the relationship between these two constructs. Study 1 provided systematic documentation of the effect that distractor objects have on performance in a traditional working memory task, as well as the relationship between these effects and individual differences in working memory capacity. Study 2 used lateralized event-related potentials to measure dissociable components related to target selection, distractor capture, and distractor disengagement while working memory load was manipulated. Study 2 used electroencephalographic measures of attention processes to show that increased working memory load has a specific effect on neural indices of distractor disengagement. Study 3 used a similar paradigm to Study 2 to show that the presence of irrelevant objects during working memory encoding leads to impairments in performance and modulation of the neural response to targets in a concurrent visual search task. Together, our results provide greater specificity of the relationship between attention and working memory while demonstrating the utility of lateralized ERPs in providing dissociable measures of specific attentional sub-processes. This provides a promising tool for future research which investigates the relationship between working memory and selective attention.
Download or read book The Development of Memory in Infancy and Childhood written by Mary L. Courage and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2022-05-16 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Development of Memory in Infancy and Childhood provides a thorough update and expansion of the previous edition and offers new research on significant themes and ideas that have emerged in the past decade such as the cognitive neuroscience of memory development, autobiographical memory and infantile amnesia, and the cognitive and social factors that underlie memory for events. In this volume, Courage and Cowan bring together leading international experts to review the current state of the science of memory development in their own research areas. They note questions of theory and basic science addressed in their research, highlight the real-world applications of those findings, and propose an agenda for future research. The book also considers the implications of their work for the development of atypical children, specifically, how these new findings might be adapted to enrich the lives of those children and to inform and validate our current expectations of individual differences in the development of typical children. The first of three groups of chapters focuses on basic neurobiological, perceptual, and cognitive processes that underlie memory and its development (i.e., encoding, consolidation and storage, retrieval). The second group focuses primarily on the social, contextual, and cultural factors that enable, shape, and mediate these basic processes, while the rest of the chapters focus on practical applications of this knowledge to real-world settings and issues. The book provides a new look at memory development, including new topics such as spatial representation and spatial working, prospective memory, false memories, and memory and culture. This classic yet contemporary volume will appeal to senior undergraduate and graduate students of developmental and cognitive psychology, as well as to developmental psychologists who want a compendium of key topics in memory development.
Download or read book Attentional Capture written by Bradley S. Gibson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The notion that certain mental or physical events can capture attention has been one of the most enduring topics in the study of attention owing to the importance of understanding how goal-directed and stimulus-driven processes interact in perception and cognition. Despite the clear theoretical and applied importance of attentional capture, a broad survey of this field suggests that the term "capture" means different things to different people. In some cases, it refers to covert shifts of spatial attention, in others involuntary saccades, and in still others general disruption of processing by irrelevant stimuli. The properties that elicit "capture" can also range from abruptly onset or moving lights, to discontinuities in textures, to unexpected tones, to emotionally valenced words or pictures, to directional signs and symbols. Attentional capture has been explored in both the spatial and temporal domains as well as the visual and auditory modalities. There are also a number of different theoretical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying "capture" (both functional and neurophysiological) and the level of cognitive control over capture. This special issue provides a sampling of the diversity of approaches, domains, and theoretical perspectives that currently exist in the study of attentional capture. Together, these contributions should help evaluate the degree to which attentional capture represents a unitary construct that reflects fundamental theoretical principles and mechanisms of the mind.
Download or read book Turning the Mind s Eye Inward The Interplay between Selective Attention and Working Memory written by Elger Abrahamse and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, cognitive sciences have considered selective attention and working memory as largely separated cognitive functions. That is, selective attention as a concept is typically reserved for the processes that allow for the prioritization of specific sensory input, while working memory entails more central structures for maintaining (and operating on) temporary mental representations. However, over the last decades various observations have been reported that question such sharp distinction. Most importantly, information stored in working memory has been shown to modulate selective attention processing – and vice versa. At the theoretical level, these observations are paralleled by an increasingly dominant focus on working memory as (involving) the attended part of long-term memory, with some positions considering that working memory is equivalent to selective attention turned to long-term memory representations – or internal selective attention. This questions the existence of working memory as a dedicated cognitive function and raises the need for integrative accounts of working memory and attention. The next step will be to explore the precise implications of attentional accounts of WM for the understanding of specific aspects and characteristics of WM, such as serial order processing, its modality-specificity, its capacity limitations, its relation with executive functions, as well as the nature of attentional mechanisms involved. This research topic in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience aims at bringing together the latest insights and findings about the interplay between working memory and selective attention.
Download or read book Visual Selective Attention written by Eleftheria Kotsopoulos and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humans are capable of selecting information that is goal-relevant. Irrelevant (distractor) information, however, typically is not filtered completely and impacts on responses to the goal. Recent theories of selective attention indicate that distractor interference is determined by the perceptual load of a visual display and the availability of cognitive control mechanisms (working memory load). It is unclear however, which mechanisms assist efficient selective attention and how irrelevant distracting information is rejected. Using a go/no-go visual attention task (Experiment 1) and a visual search task (Experiment 2), this series of experiments examined distractor processing in visual selective attention.
Download or read book Visual Selective Attention written by Claus Bundesen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1995 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This special issue of Visual Cognition features empirical and theoretical contributions by leading research scholars in the field. The volume begins with a general introduction and an authoritative review of work on spatial attention in the flankers task. Next, a series of empirical articles reports important new findings on visual selection by spatial location. A second section contrasts by presenting recent empirical findings on visual selection by other criteria. Finally, four articles present major theoretical statements on aspects of visual attention. As a whole, the issue forms a substantial contribution to the literature on visual selective attention.
Download or read book Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition written by Aleksandra Gruszka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-16 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As cognitive models of behavior continue to evolve, the mechanics of cognitive exceptionality, with its range of individual variations in abilities and performance, remains a challenge to psychology. Reaching beyond the standard view of exceptional cognition equaling superior intelligence, the Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition examines the latest findings from psychobiology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience, for a comprehensive state-of-the-art volume. Breaking down cognition in terms of attentional mechanisms, working memory, and higher-order processing, contributors discuss general models of cognition and personality. Chapter authors build on this foundation as they revisit current theory in such areas as processing effort and general arousal and examine emerging methods in individual differences research, including new data on the role of brain plasticity in cognitive function. The possibility of a unified theory of individual differences in cognitive ability and the extent to which these variables may account for real-world competencies are emphasized, and commentary chapters offer suggestions for further research priorities. Coverage highlights include: The relationship between cognition and temperamental traits. The development of autobiographical memory. Anxiety and attentional control. The neurophysiology of gender differences in cognitive ability. Intelligence and cognitive control. Individual differences in dual task coordination. The effects of subclinical depression on attention, memory, and reasoning. Mood as a shaper of information. Researchers, clinicians, and graduate students in psychology and cognitive sciences, including clinical psychology and neuropsychology, personality and social psychology, neuroscience, and education, will find the Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition an expert guide to the field as it currently stands and to its agenda for the future.
Download or read book The Influence of Attention Learning and Motivation on Visual Search written by Michael D. Dodd and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-09 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Influence of Attention, Learning, and Motivation on Visual Search will bring together distinguished authors who are conducting cutting edge research on the many factors that influence search behavior. These factors will include low-level feature detection; statistical learning; scene perception; neural mechanisms of attention; and applied research in real world settings.
Download or read book Attention and Memory written by Nelson Cowan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-15 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attention and Memory brings together and assesses past and present research on information processing, to formulate a model of this entire system.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Attention written by Kia Nobre and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 1260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last three decades, there have been enormous advances in our understanding of the neural mechanisms of selective attention at the network as well as the cellular level. The Oxford Handbook of Attention brings together the different research areas that constitute contemporary attention research into one comprehensive and authoritative volume. In 40 chapters, it covers the most important aspects of attention research from the areas of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, human and animal neuroscience, computational modelling, and philosophy. The book is divided into 4 main sections. Following an introduction from Michael Posner, the books starts by looking at theoretical models of attention. The next two sections are dedicated to spatial attention and non-spatial attention respectively. Within section 4, the authors consider the interactions between attention and other psychological domains. The last two sections focus on attention-related disorders, and finally, on computational models of attention. Aimed at both scholars and students, the Oxford Handbook of Attention provides a concise and state-of-the-art review of the current literature in this field.
Download or read book New Research on Short term Memory written by Noah B. Johansen and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary", "working" or "active" memory, is said to hold a small amount of information for about 20 seconds. Estimates of short-term memory capacity vary -- from about 3 or 4 elements (i.e., words, digits, or letters) to about 9 elements: a commonly cited capacity is 7±2 elements. In contrast, long-term memory indefinitely stores a seemingly unlimited amount of information. Short-term memory can be described as the capacity (or capacities) for holding in mind, in an active, highly available state, a small amount of information. The information held in short-term memory may be: recently processed sensory input; items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or the result of recent mental processing, although that is more generally related to the concept of working memory. This book presents the latest research in the field from around the world.
Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.
Download or read book Attention written by Addie Johnson and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2004 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attention: Theory and Practice provides a balance between a readable overview of attention and an emphasis on how theories and paradigms for the study of attention have developed. The book highlights the important issues and major findings while giving sufficient details of experimental studies, models, and theories so that results and conclusions are easy to follow and evaluate. Rather than brushing over tricky technical details, the authors explain them clearly, giving readers the benefit of understanding the motivation for and techniques of the experiments in order to allow readers to think through results, models, and theories for themselves. Attention is an accessible text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, as well as an important resource for researchers and practitioners interested in gaining an overview of the field of attention.
Download or read book Handbook of Functional MRI Data Analysis written by Russell A. Poldrack and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become the most popular method for imaging brain function. Handbook for Functional MRI Data Analysis provides a comprehensive and practical introduction to the methods used for fMRI data analysis. Using minimal jargon, this book explains the concepts behind processing fMRI data, focusing on the techniques that are most commonly used in the field. This book provides background about the methods employed by common data analysis packages including FSL, SPM, and AFNI. Some of the newest cutting-edge techniques, including pattern classification analysis, connectivity modeling, and resting state network analysis, are also discussed. Readers of this book, whether newcomers to the field or experienced researchers, will obtain a deep and effective knowledge of how to employ fMRI analysis to ask scientific questions and become more sophisticated users of fMRI analysis software.
Download or read book Evaluating the Connection of Selective Attention and Working Memory written by Danielle Pietropaolo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Visual Attention Related Processing written by Andrea Tales and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visual attention is essential for environmental interactions, but our ability to respond to stimuli gradually declines across the lifespan, and such deficits are even more pronounced in various states of cognitive impairment. Examining the integrity of related components, from elements of attention capture to executive control, will improve our understanding of related declines by helping to explain behavioural and neural effects, which will ultimately contribute towards our knowledge of the extent of dysfunctional attention processes and their impact upon everyday life. Accordingly, this Special Issue represents a body of literature that fundamentally advances insights into visual attention processing, featuring studies spanning healthy ageing, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia
