Download or read book The Reaction of Excited Oxygen Atoms with Methane written by Arthur D. Edwards and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mass spectrometric Investigation of Reaction of Oxygen Atoms with Methane written by Edgar L. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Kinetic Consequences of Chemisorbed Oxygen Atoms During Methane Oxidation on Group VIII Metal Clusters written by Ya Huei Chin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular insights and the kinetic relevance of reaction elementary steps for methane activation on Group VIII metal and oxide clusters are established based on kinetic, isotopic, and theoretical assessments. These fundamental understandings enable accurate prediction of complex rate dependencies and cluster size effects during methane conversion reactions in catalytic partial oxidation, reforming, and combustion processes. Kinetics of methane reactions with oxygen are described by several regimes, each with unique rate dependencies and kinetic requirements, as the identities of the kinetically-relevant step and the most abundant surface intermediates vary with the surface and bulk oxygen contents of Pt and Pd clusters. C-H bond activation is the kinetically-relevant step in all regimes except for one that occurs immediately before the complete oxygen depletion. C-H bond activation steps may, however, proceed via mechanistically distinct paths of oxidative insertion of metal atom, oxidative insertion coupled with H abstraction, or H abstraction routes, over metal-metal, oxygen-metal, or oxygen-oxygen site pairs, respectively, thus exhibiting different activation enthalpies and entropies. The predominant route for C-H bond activation is dictated by the coverages and reactivities of oxygen on cluster surfaces and accessibility of metal atom to methane reactants. In a narrow regime before the complete oxygen consumption, C-H bond activation becomes kinetically inconsequential on oxygen-depleted surfaces and oxygen dissociative-adsorption steps limit methane conversion rates. The relation among oxygen coverages, oxygen reactivities, and methane reaction paths leads to a single-valued functional dependence of reactive methane collision probabilities on oxygen chemical potentials at the cluster surfaces. The oxygen chemical potentials are given by kinetic coupling of the generation and removal of reactive oxygen atoms and thus are kinetic properties of methane reactions; they become a thermodynamic property only in the limiting case of equilibrated oxygen dissociative-recombination steps. The fate of oxygen during catalysis was rigorously defined as the reactive collision probabilities for CO oxidation relative to those for methane and was measured at low oxygen coverages on Pt in which CO is most likely to desorb before encountering an oxygen atom and undergoing further oxidation to carbon dioxide. The reactive collision probabilities are much larger for CO oxidation than for methane oxidation; these results have unequivocally confirmed that CO and hydrogen, if formed on and desorbed from catalytic surfaces, rapidly undergo sequential oxidation to form carbon dioxide and water and that direct CO and hydrogen formation via molecular coupling of methane and oxygen is impractical at any residence time required for practical extents of methane conversion. Thermodynamics of oxygen dissolution from cluster surfaces into the bulk, cluster size and metal coordination effects on thermodynamic tendencies of bulk oxidation, and their catalytic consequences are established on Pd clusters. Oxidation of Pd clusters occurs via gradual dissolution of chemisorbed oxygen atoms into the bulk phase over a wide range of oxygen chemical potentials. The oxygen dissolution steps initiate and complete at lower oxygen chemical potentials in small than large clusters, indicating that small clusters exhibit a higher thermodynamic tendency for bulk oxidation. Oxygen dissolution leads to more weakly bound surface oxygen atoms and to exposed Pd atoms. These Pd atoms, together with vicinal lattice oxygen atoms, form Pd-oxygen site pairs that are more effective for C-H bond activation than O*-O* sites prevalent on metallic Pd cluster surfaces via concerted steps of an oxidative insertion of Pd atoms into the C-H bonds and oxygen assisted H abstraction. As oxygen binding strength decreases and Pd atoms become accessible with increasing oxygen contents in the clusters, C-H bond activation rate constants increase over the entire range of O-to-Pd atomic ratios throughout the Pd-to-PdO phase transition. This fundamental study describes how oxygen thermochemical properties influence active site structures and, in turn, dictate the kinetics of methane oxidation reactions. The direct relation between the oxygen thermochemical properties and methane oxidation kinetics has not been previously interpreted at the atomic scale; this relation appears to be general for alkane oxidation reactions over transition metal and oxide clusters, as has been shown also in our recent work on ethane oxidation.
Download or read book Climatic Impact Assessment Program written by Alfred E. Barrington and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reaction Kinetics written by P G Ashmore and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. Fro over 90 years The Royal Society of chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes written by Jack G Calvert and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 1005 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international team of eminent atmospheric scientists have prepared Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes as an authoritative source of information on the role of alkanes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The book includes the properties of the alkanes and haloalkanes, as well as a comprehensive review and evaluation of the existing literature on the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes and their major atmospheric oxidation products, and the various approaches now used to model the alkane atmospheric chemistry. Comprehensive coverage is given of both the unsubstituted alkanes and the many haloalkanes. All the existing quality measurements of the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH, Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 with the alkanes, the haloalkanes, and their major oxidation products have been reviewed and evaluated. The expert authors then give recommendations of the most reliable kinetic data. They also review the extensive literature on the mechanisms and rates and modes of photodecomposition of the haloalkanes and the products of atmospheric oxidation of the alkanes and the haloalkanes, and make recommendations for future use by atmospheric scientists. The evaluations presented allow an extrapolation of the existing kinetic and photochemical data to those alkanes and haloalkanes that are as yet unstudied. The current book should be of special interest and value to the modelers of atmospheric chemistry as a useful input for development of realistic modules designed to simulate the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes, their major oxidation products, and their influence on ozone and other trace gases within the troposphere.
Download or read book Physical Chemistry written by Peter Atkins and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2006-03-10 with total page 1087 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change 21.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book DOT TSC OST written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Reference Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Kinetics of the Gas Phase Combustion of Fuels written by Francis Westley and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work supported by the Office of Standard Reference Data, National Bureau of Standards, Naval Sea Systems Command, Department of the Navy, and Division of Conservation, Research and Technology, Energy Research and Development Administration.
Download or read book Elements of Environmental Chemistry written by Ronald A. Hites and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-26 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Reviews of the First Edition: "This splendid, at times humorous, and reasonably priced little book has much to commend it to undergraduate chemists and to other science students." J. G. Farmer, University of Edinburgh "Complex environmental issues are presented in simple terms to help readers grasp the basics and solve relevant problems." J. Albaiges, University of Barcelona "The main strength of the book lies in its explanations of the calculation of quantitative relationships. Each chapter includes 15-20 problems that are carefully chosen from a didactic standpoint, for which the reader can find solutions at the end." D. Lenoir, Institute for Ecological Chemistry "What drew me to the first edition was the style the no nonsense, down-to-earth explanations and the practical examples that litter the text. The dry humor expressed in the footnotes is great and reminds me of other classic texts." T. Clough, Lincoln University A practical approach to environmental chemistry Providing readers with the fundamentals of environmental chemistry and a toolbox for putting them into practice, Elements of Environmental Chemistry, Second Edition is a concise, accessible, and hands-on volume designed for students and professionals working in the chemical and environmental sciences. Tutorial in style, this book fully incorporates real-world problems and extensive end-of-chapter problem sets to immerse the reader in the field. Chapters cover mass balance, chemical kinetics, carbon dioxide equilibria, pesticide structures and much more. Extensively revised, updated, and expanded, this Second Edition includes new chapters on atmospheric chemistry, climate change, and polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins, and brominated flame retardants. In addition, new practice problems and a helpful tutorial on organic chemistry names and structures have been added to improve both the scope and accessibility of the book.
Download or read book Non CO2 Greenhouse Gases Scientific Understanding Control and Implementation written by J. van Ham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the climate change discussion, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGGs) received official political recognition for the first time in 1997, when agreement was reached on the Kyoto Protocol. As a result methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 now provide attractive options for detailing the national targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions meant to control climate change. This book is the second volume in this area and addresses three main topics. Firstly, it documents progress with respect to our knowledge of the sources and sinks of NCGGs. Information on this subject is essential in order to reduce the uncertainties in national emissions inventories which serve as the reference values for commitments of countries in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, this volume deals with the control options for the NCGGs and contains a wealth of information in this area. Emerging technologies here provide business opportunities, in particular in connection with the flexible mechanisms for mitigation projects in developing countries which have been agreed in Kyoto. Thirdly, the book treats the policy implementation of mitigation options for greenhouse gas emissions. Tools for control policies, both on the national and international level, and for different sectors of industry are discussed. National integrated approaches, including the ones from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Netherlands Ministry of Environment which both sponsored the conference, provide guidance for defining the most effective greenhouse gases mitigation plans in different situations. This volume is being published in support of the IPCC Process and will serve as a reference for IPCC's Third Assessment Report.
Download or read book Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Direct Methane to Methanol written by Vladimir Arutyunov and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-01-30 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct Methane to Methanol: Foundations and Prospects of the Process offers a state-of-the-art account of one of the most interesting and potentially commercial technologies for direct conversion of natural gas into valuable chemicals. The book thoroughly explains the complex and unusual chemistry of the process, as well as possible applications for direct methane to methanol (DMTM). It covers topics involving thermokinetics, pressure, direct oxidation of heavier alkanes, and more, and provides detailed appendices with experimental data and product yields. This book provides all those who work in the field of gas processing and gas chemistry with the theory and experimental data to develop and apply new processes based on direct oxidation of natural gas. All those who deal with oil and natural gas production and processing will learn about this promising technology for the conversion of gas into more valuable chemicals. Reviews more than 350 publications on high-pressure, low-temperature oxidation of methane and other gas phase hydrocarbons Contains rare material available for the first time in English Explains the reasons of previous failure and outlines the way forward for commercial development of the conversion technology Presents a deep theoretical knowledge of this complex conversion process
Download or read book NBS Special Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book APCL written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
