Download or read book The Structure of the Proton written by R. G. Roberts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-11-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This graduate/research level book describes our present knowledge of protons and neutrons, the particles which make up the nucleus of the atom. Experiments using high energy electrons, muons and neutrinos reveal the proton as being made up of point-like constituents, quarks. The strong forces which bind the quarks together are described in terms of the modern theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the â€~glue' binding the quarks being mediated by new constituents called gluons. Larger and new particle accelerators probe the interactions between quarks and gluons at shorter distances. The understanding of this detailed substructure and of the fundamental forces responsible is one of the keys to unravelling the physics of the structure of matter. This book will be of interest to all theoretical and experimental particle physicists.
Download or read book The Proton written by Fred Bortz and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2003-12-15 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look into the discovery of the most fundamental subatomic particle in nature, the proton, which determines why elements have different physical and chemical properties.
Download or read book Exploring the Size of the Proton written by Philipp Jörg and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a rare jewel, describing fundamental research in a highly dynamic field of subatomic physics. It presents an overview of cross section measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering. Understanding the structure of the proton is one of the most important challenges that physics faces today. A typical tool for experimentally accessing the internal structure of the proton is lepton–nucleon scattering. In particular, deeply virtual Compton scattering at large photon virtuality and small four-momentum transfer to the proton provides a tool for deriving a three-dimensional tomographic image of the proton. Using clear language, this book presents the highly complex procedure used to derive the momentum-dissected transverse size of the proton from a pioneering measurement taken at CERN. It describes in detail the foundations of the measurement and the data analysis, and includes exhaustive studies of potential systematic uncertainties, which could bias the result.
Download or read book MRI from Picture to Proton written by Donald W. McRobbie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-13 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MR is a powerful modality. At its most advanced, it can be used not just to image anatomy and pathology, but to investigate organ function, to probe in vivo chemistry, and even to visualise the brain thinking. However, clinicians, technologists and scientists struggle with the study of the subject. The result is sometimes an obscurity of understanding, or a dilution of scientific truth, resulting in misconceptions. This is why MRI from Picture to Proton has achieved its reputation for practical clarity. MR is introduced as a tool, with coverage starting from the images, equipment and scanning protocols and traced back towards the underlying physics theory. With new content on quantitative MRI, MR safety, multi-band excitation, Dixon imaging, MR elastography and advanced pulse sequences, and with additional supportive materials available on the book's website, this new edition is completely revised and updated to reflect the best use of modern MR technology.
Download or read book The Proton Applications to Organic Chemistry written by Ross Stewart and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Proton: Applications to Organic Chemistry deals with several aspects of the proton drawn from organic chemistry. This book begins with an introductory chapter, followed by discussions on the strengths of neutral organic acids and neutral organic bases. The mode of transfer of hydrogen in its three forms—H+, H•, and H-, alternative sites of protonation or deprotonation of organic compounds, and acid-base chemistry of unstable and metastable species are also elaborated. This text concludes with a presentation of the activation induced in organic molecules by proton addition or removal and its catalytic effects. This publication is intended for practicing organic chemists and researchers conducting work on protons.
Download or read book The Spin Structure of the Proton written by Steven D. Bass and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main challenges in nuclear and particle physics in the last 20 years has been to understand how the proton's spin is built up from its quark and gluon constituents. Quark models generally predict that about 60% of the proton's spin should be carried by the spin of the quarks inside, whereas high energy scattering experiments have shown that the quark spin contribution is small - only about 30%. This result has been the underlying motivation for about 1000 theoretical papers and a global program of dedicated spin experiments at BNL, CERN, DESY and Jefferson Laboratory to map the individual quark and gluon angular momentum contributions to the proton's spin, which are now yielding exciting results. This book gives an overview of the present status of the field: what is new in the data and what can be expected in the next few years. The emphasis is on the main physical ideas and the interpretation of spin data. The interface between QCD spin physics and the famous axial U(1) problem of QCD (eta and etaprime meson physics) is also highlighted. Book jacket.
Download or read book The Proton Launcher written by Christian Lardier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Soviet / Russian space program was in the hands of three industrial empires: those of Serguei Korolev, the Soviet von Braun who launched Sputnik-1 and Yuri Gagarin, Vladimir Tchelomei, his main competitor, and Mikhail Yangel, Many launchers and satellites in Ukraine. In 2011, we published a first book on the history of the Soyuz launcher that was developed by Korolev and launched more than 1,800 copies. This time, we tell the story of the Proton, the main competitor of the European launcher Ariane, which was developed by Chelomei and launched more than 400 copies. Finally, the last book of the trilogy will deal with the many developments of Yangel. In the three books, the first part deals with the history of rockets in the USSR / Russia (East) and the second part on the history of their commercialization in the West.
Download or read book The Proton in Chemistry written by R.P. Bell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of this book was based on the lectures which I gave at Cornell University during 1958 as George Fisher Baker Lecturer, and I would like to repeat my warmest thanks to Professor F. A. Long and the other members of the Department of Chemistry for their kindness and helpful advice. The present edition was largely written during the tenure of a Visiting Professorship awarded by the Royal Society and the Israeli Academy of Sciences. I am deeply indebted to both of these bodies and also to the hospitality of the Weizmann Institute of Science, in particular to Professor David Samuel and Professor F. S. Klein of the Isotopes Research Department. The subject as a whole has expanded greatly since 1959, especially in two fields, namely, the direct study of fast proton-transfer reactions (notably by the relaxation methods pioneered by Eigen), and the experi mental and theoretical study of hydrogen isotope effects. In order to keep the size of the book within reasonable bounds it has been necessary to adopt a selective policy, and this is particularly the case in Chapter 9 where I have chosen to treat a few types of reaction in some detail rather than to attempt a more complete coverage.
Download or read book The Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Pyridines written by Francis Raymond McDonald and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Proton Deuteron R F System for the Berkeley Synchrocyclotron written by K. R. MacKenzie and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy written by Thomas F. De Laney and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2008 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first comprehensive and practical clinical reference on proton and charged particle radiotherapy. The first half of the book explains the treatment delivery systems used, offers detailed guidance on treatment planning techniques, examines key clinical issues in proton radiotherapy, and reviews recent experience with heavier charged particle radiotherapy. The second half of the book offers "how-to" information on treatment of pediatric tumors, lymphomas, and tumors of the central nervous system, eye, skull base, cervical spine, bone and soft tissue, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, prostate, lung, gastrointestinal tract, female reproductive tract, and breast. More than 100 full-color illustrations complement the text.
Download or read book Proton Therapy written by Steven J Frank and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-05-18 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As proton therapy treatment centers become smaller and more cost-effective, education and training for today’s multi-disciplinary oncology teams are more important than ever before. This state-of-the-art reference brings you fully up to date with all aspects of proton therapy, with guidance you can trust from MD Anderson Cancer Center, the largest and most experienced proton therapy center in the world. Led by Drs. Steven J. Frank and W. Ronald Zhu, Proton Therapy provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the unsurpassed knowledge and expertise of an esteemed team of leaders in the field. Covers all cancers for which proton therapy is used most often, including prostate, head and neck, pediatrics, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, sarcomas, lungs, breast, lymphomas, and gynecologic cancers. Provides up-to-date information on radiobiology, treatment planning and quality assurance, indications for proton therapy, management approaches, and outcomes after proton therapy by disease site. Discusses technologic advances such as spot scanning and treatment planning systems for the management of solid tumors; radiobiology of proton therapy, including DNA damage and repair mechanisms and acute and late effects on normal tissues; and multifield optimized intensity-modulated proton therapy (MFO-IMPT) for optimizing the distribution of linear energy transfer (LET) of proton beams within target volumes and away from critical normal structures. Includes a special section on head and neck cases in the e-book that photographically illustrates the full cycle of proton therapy care.
Download or read book Computational and Experimental Insights in Redox Coupled Proton Pumping in Proteins written by Vivek Sharma and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-10-29 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proton Therapy and Radiosurgery written by Hans Breuer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is divided into two parts: Part I deals with the relevant physics and planning algorithms of protons (H Breuer) and Part II with the radiobiology, radiopathology and clinical outcomes of proton therapy and a comparison of proton therapy versus photon therapy (BJ Smit). Protons can be used for radiosurgery and general radio therapy. Since proton therapy was first proposed in 1946 by Wilson, about sixteen facilities have been built globally. Only a very few of these have isocentric beam delivery systems so that proton therapy is really only now in a position to be compared directly by means of randomised clinical trials, with modern photon radiotherapy therapy sys tems, both for radiosurgery and for general fractionated radiotherapy. Three-dimensional proton planning computer systems with image fusion (image of computerised tomography (CT), magnetic resonance registration) capabilities imaging (MRI), stereotactic angiograms and perhaps positron emission tomography (PET) are essential for accurate proton therapy planning. New planning systems for spot scanning are under development. Many of the older comparisons of the advantageous dose distributions for protons were made with parallel opposing or multiple co-planar field arrangements, which are now largely obsolete. New comparative plans are necessary once more because of the very rapid progress in 3-D conformal planning with photons. New cost-benefit analy ses may be needed. Low energy (about 70 MeV) proton therapy is eminently suitable for the treatment of eye tumours and has firmly established itself as very useful in this regard.
Download or read book Proton Beam Therapy written by Santosh Yajnik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-17 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton beam therapy is an emerging technology with promise of revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. While nearly half of all patients diagnosed with cancer in the US receive radiation therapy, the majority is delivered via electron accelerators, where photons are used to irradiate cancerous tissue. Because of the physical properties of photon beams, photons may deposit energy along their entire path length through the body. On the other hand, a proton beam directed at a tumor travels in a straight trajectory towards its target, gives off most of its energy at a defined depth called the Bragg peak, and then stops. While photons often deposit more energy within the healthy tissues of the body than within the cancer itself, protons can deposit most of their cancer-killing energy within the area of the tumor. As a result, in the properly selected patients, proton beam therapy has the ability to improve cure rates by increasing the dose delivered to the tumor and simultaneously reduce side-effects by decreasing the dose to surrounding tissue. The benefits of proton beam therapy in delivering a lethal hit to the target while sparing surrounding normal tissues from radiation are becoming applicable to an increasing number of patients and a growing list of conditions. In this book, the author will guide the reader through existing evidence supporting proton beam therapy for pediatric cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, brain tumors, spinal tumors, and several other conditions. The book will discuss which conditions are suitable for treatment with proton beam therapy, how the treatment is delivered, and the current data supporting its use.
Download or read book Proton Therapy Physics written by Harald Paganetti and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton Therapy Physics goes beyond current books on proton therapy to provide an in-depth overview of the physics aspects of this radiation therapy modality, eliminating the need to dig through information scattered in the medical physics literature. After tracing the history of proton therapy, the book summarizes the atomic and nuclear physics background necessary for understanding proton interactions with tissue. It describes the physics of proton accelerators, the parameters of clinical proton beams, and the mechanisms to generate a conformal dose distribution in a patient. The text then covers detector systems and measuring techniques for reference dosimetry, outlines basic quality assurance and commissioning guidelines, and gives examples of Monte Carlo simulations in proton therapy. The book moves on to discussions of treatment planning for single- and multiple-field uniform doses, dose calculation concepts and algorithms, and precision and uncertainties for nonmoving and moving targets. It also examines computerized treatment plan optimization, methods for in vivo dose or beam range verification, the safety of patients and operating personnel, and the biological implications of using protons from a physics perspective. The final chapter illustrates the use of risk models for common tissue complications in treatment optimization. Along with exploring quality assurance issues and biological considerations, this practical guide collects the latest clinical studies on the use of protons in treatment planning and radiation monitoring. Suitable for both newcomers in medical physics and more seasoned specialists in radiation oncology, the book helps readers understand the uncertainties and limitations of precisely shaped dose distribution.
Download or read book Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators written by Wioletta Wieszczycka and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hadronic radiotherapy uses particle beams to treat tumors located near critical body structures and tumors that respond poorly to conventional photon and electron beam radiotherapy. Initial research in hadronic radiotherapy was performed using accelerators built for physics research. The good results of the proton and ion therapy programs have enhanced the tendency to use protontherapy as a routine method. There are about 20 working protontherapy facilities (first, second and third generation) and more than 30 centers are planned. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the field with a discussion on the fundamental basis of particle physics and radiobiology, as well as review of clinical and technical specifications and designs for proton radiotherapy. In particular, the current designs of proton and heavy ion accelerators, beam delivery systems, gantries, beam monitoring and dosimetry systems, control and safety systems, patient positioning and immobilization devices, and ancillary treatment facilities are widely discussed. Contents: Physical and Radiobiological Properties of Hadrons; Status of Clinical Research in Protontherapy; Hadrontherapy Facilities World-Wide; Requirements for Hadrontherapy Centers; Protontherapy Accelerators; Beam Transport and Delivery Systems; Proton Gantries; Radiation Detectors; Treatment Ancillary Facilities; Control System of the Protontherapy Center; Shielding for Proton Facility; Global Costs and Financial Analysis of the Activities of the Proton Center; Proposal of a Dedicated Protontherapy Facility. Readership: Engineers, medical physicists and physicians involved in the design and construction of radiotherapy accelerators, undergraduate and graduate students in high energy accelerator and biomedical physics, radiotherapists.
