Download or read book The Optical and Microwave Properties of Melt Ponds Over First Year Arctic Sea Ice written by Robert B. Kirk and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Optical and Microwave Properties of Melt Ponds Over First Year Arctic Sea Ice microform written by Robert B. (Robert Bruce) Kirk and published by Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. This book was released on 2005 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Detection of Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice with Optical Satellite Data written by Anja Rösel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic sea ice is characterized by profound changes caused by surface melting processes and the formation of melt ponds in summer. Melt ponds contribute to the ice-albedo feedback as they reduce the surface albedo of sea ice, and hence accelerate the decay of Arctic sea ice. To quantify the melting of the entire Arctic sea ice, satellite based observations are necessary. Due to different spectral properties of snow, ice, and water, theoretically, multi-spectral optical sensors are necessary for the analysis of these distinct surface types. This study demonstrates the potential of optical sensors to detect melt ponds on Arctic sea ice. For the first time, an Arctic-wide, multi-annual melt pond data set for the years 2000-2011 has been created and analyzed.
Download or read book Optical Properties of Melting First year Arctic Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The albedo and transmittance of melting, first‐year Arctic sea ice were measured during two cruises of the Impacts of Climate on the Eco‐Systems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) project during the summers of 2010 and 2011. Spectral measurements were made for both bare and ponded ice types at a total of 19 ice stations in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. These data, along with irradiance profiles taken within boreholes, laboratory measurements of the optical properties of core samples, ice physical property observations, and radiative transfer model simulations are employed to describe representative optical properties for melting first‐year Arctic sea ice. Ponded ice was found to transmit roughly 4.4 times more total energy into the ocean, relative to nearby bare ice. The ubiquitous surface‐scattering layer and drained layer present on bare, melting sea ice are responsible for its relatively high albedo and relatively low transmittance. Light transmittance through ponded ice depends on the physical thickness of the ice and the magnitude of the scattering coefficient in the ice interior. Bare ice reflects nearly three‐quarters of the incident sunlight, enhancing its resiliency to absorption by solar insolation. In contrast, ponded ice absorbs or transmits to the ocean more than three‐quarters of the incident sunlight. Characterization of the heat balance of a summertime ice cover is largely dictated by its pond coverage, and light transmittance through ponded ice shows strong contrast between first‐year and multiyear Arctic ice covers.
Download or read book Arctic Sea Ice 1973 1976 written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polar Environments and Global Change written by Roger G. Barry and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveys atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric processes, present and past conditions, and changes in polar environments.
Download or read book A Multidimensional Analysis of Sea Ice Melt Pond Properties from Aerial Images written by Niels Fuchs and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice plays a fundamental role in Polar climate and ecosystems. Melt ponds, forming routinely on Arctic sea ice during summer, can cover and impact a considerable fraction of the ice area. However, data that allow a comprehensive understanding of pond evolution processes remain scarce. Consequently, we cannot yet predict how ponds will develop on the increasingly prevalent young ice in the future. Previous studies have drawn a very heterogeneous picture of pond coverage on young ice, which we can only improve with more detailed measurement data and analysis tools that allow the derivation of properties possibly driving pond evolution. The existence of over ten years of high-resolution aerial image data from AWI aircraft campaigns in the Arctic has motivated me to develop and refine evaluation methods for this dataset, the one-year drift campaign MOSAiC, and future measurement campaigns. I created a customized classification algorithm to classify images into sea ice surface classes with minimal manual intervention. By implementing cutting-edge photogrammetry tools and developing a spatially high-resolution albedo and pond depth retrieval method, I draw an unprecedented multidimensional picture of melt ponds. From this, I derived properties of the sea ice cover that favor and limit pond coverage. I found that within the observed areas, melt pond coverage was more constant than expected, ranging between 15% to 25%. The first-ever tracking of the evolution of the entire pond bathymetry shows that we have so far overlooked the deformability of the pond bottom ice. The multidimensional, high-resolution approach for long-range airborne measurements allowed me to make general recommendations for representative ground measurements. The tools presented, together with the refined insights into pond properties and evolution, will improve our understanding of summer sea ice and can help better assess the role and fate of ponds in the future Polar climate and ecosystems.
Download or read book Arctic Sea Ice 1973 1976 written by Claire L. Parkinson and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting written by Tom Carrieres and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the science involved in automated prediction of sea ice, for sea ice analysts, researchers, and professionals.
Download or read book Melt Ponds on Arctic Summer Sea Ice from Optical Satellite Data written by Hannah Niehaus and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presence of melt ponds on Arctic summer sea ice strongly alters the absorption of solar radiation by the sea ice-ocean system and thereby the Arctic energy budget. Therefore, melt ponds are key to the positive sea ice-albedo feedback, which is one of the main drivers of the amplified Arctic warming observed in recent decades, and even affects the global climate. To analyze the mechanisms of melt pond evolution and their implications on the sea ice state, and to improve their representation in climate models, comprehensive observational data are needed. This dissertation presents a new approach to retrieve melt pond, sea ice and open ocean fractions at pan-Arctic scales from Sentinel-3 optical satellite data. The newly developed Melt Pond Detection 2 (MPD2) algorithm is the first fully physical retrieval that can distinguish these three surface types at the spatial resolution of 1.2 km. Because multiple combinations of surface type fractions result in similar observations at this coarse resolution, prior information are required for retrieval. As part of the development process, a reference data set of 33 local melt pond fraction maps with a spatial resolution of 10 m has been created from Sentinel-2 satellite data. Parts of these data were then used to calibrate an empirical pre-retrieval to provide preliminary estimates of surface type fractions. In addition, the correlation between sea ice optical properties and air temperature history has been investigated using measurement data from field campaigns. This correlation and the results of the pre-retrieval are used to initialize and constrain the physical retrieval. The results are validated against the full extent of the reference data set, leading to an uncertainty estimate of 7.8 % and 9 % for the melt pond and open ocean fractions, respectively. The MPD2 algorithm has been applied to seven years of Sentinel-3 observations from 2017 to 2023. This data set can be continued for future years and expanded by the application to previous satellite sensors. Finally, the newly produced data set has been used to study regional differences in melt pond evolution: the lowest melt pond fractions are found in the Central Arctic with low seasonal variability, and the highest fractions are observed in the landfast ice-dominated Canadian Archipelago; the highest seasonal and interannual variability are observed in the Beaufort Sea. Additionally, a pan-Arctic analysis correlating the melt pond fraction product with sea ice surface roughness data has been carried out: this showed that flat sea ice features higher melt pond fractions at the beginning of the melt season, while later in the season melt pond fractions tend to be higher on deformed sea ice.
Download or read book Sea Ice Properties and Processes written by Stephen F. Ackley and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume consists of 84 papers/abstracts. Section topics include : 1) Physical properties of sea ice -- Structural and chemical properties, Optical, electrical, acoustical and mechanical properties, and Biological and sediment inclusions in sea ice; Morphological processes in sea ice -- Leads and pressure ridges; Large-scale variations in drift, extent, snowmelt and concentration of sea ice; Satellite and airborne remote sensing; Sea ice and ice-ocean modeling; Polar oceanography -- Field observations.
Download or read book Estimating Arctic Sea Ice Melt Pond Fraction and Assessing Ice Type Separability During Advanced Melt written by Sasha Nasonova and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arctic sea ice is rapidly declining in extent, thickness, volume and age, with the majority of the decline in extent observed at the end of the melt season. Advanced melt is a thermodynamic regime and is characterized by the formation of melt ponds on the sea ice surface, which have a lower surface albedo (0.2-0.4) than the surrounding ice (0.5-0.7) allowing more shortwave radiation to enter the system. The loss of multiyear ice (MYI) may have a profound impact on the energy balance of the system because melt ponds on first-year ice (FYI) comprise up to 70% of the ice surface during advanced melt, compared to 40% on MYI. Despite the importance of advanced melt to the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere system, advanced melt and the extent to which winter conditions influence it remain poorly understood due to the highly dynamic nature of melt pond formation and evolution, and a lack of reliable observations during this time. In order to establish quantitative links between winter and subsequent advanced melt conditions, and assess the effects of scale and choice of aggregation features on the relationships, three data aggregation approaches at varied spatial scales were used to compare high resolution satellite GeoEye-1 optical images of melt pond covered sea ice to winter airborne laser scanner surface roughness and electromagnetic induction sea ice thickness measurements. The findings indicate that winter sea ice thickness has a strong association with melt pond fraction (fp) for FYI and MYI. FYI winter surface roughness is correlated with fp, whereas for MYI no association with fp was found. Satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are heavily relied upon for sea ice observation; however, during advanced melt the reliability of observations is reduced. In preparation for the upcoming launch of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistical test was used to assess the ability of simulated RCM parameters and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) derived texture features to discriminate between major ice types during winter and advanced melt, with a focus on advanced melt. RCM parameters with highest discrimination ability in conjunction with optimal GLCM texture features were used as input parameters for Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised classifications. The results indicate that steep incidence angle RCM parameters show promise for distinguishing between FYI and MYI during advanced melt with an overall classification accuracy of 77.06%. The addition of GLCM texture parameters improved accuracy to 85.91%. This thesis provides valuable contributions to the growing body of literature on fp parameterization and SAR ice type discrimination during advanced melt.
Download or read book Towards a Unifying Pan Arctic Perspective of the Contemporary and Future Arctic Ocean written by Paul F. J. Wassmann and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Topic Editors Paul F. J. Wassmann, dorte Krause-Jensen, Markus A. Janout, and Bodil Annikki Bluhm declare that they are collaborating with pan-arctic community.
Download or read book The Optical Properties of Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice is a translucent material with an intricate structure and complex optical properties. Understanding the reflection, absorption, and transmission of shortwave radiation by sea ice is important to a diverse array of scientific problems, including those in ice thermodynamics and polar climatology. Radiative transfer in sea ice is a combination of absorption and scattering. Differences in the magnitude of sea ice optical properties are due primarily to differences in scattering. Spectral variations are mainly a result of absorption. Changes in such optical properties as the albedo, reflectance, transmittance, and extinction coefficient are directly related to changes in the state and structure of the ice. Physical changes that enhance scattering, such as the formation of air bubbles due to brine drainage, result in larger albedos and extinction coefficients. The albedo is quite sensitive to the surface state. If the ice has a snow cover, albedos are large. In contrast, the presence of liquid water on a bare ice surface causes a decrease in albedo, which is more pronounced at longer wavelengths. Sea-ice optical properties depend on the volume of brine and air and on how the brine and air are distributed.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by David N. Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
Download or read book Reflective Properties of Melt Ponds on Sea Ice written by Christopher M. Polashenski and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 1921 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Remote Sensing of Hydrometeorological Hazards written by George P. Petropoulos and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extreme weather and climate change aggravate the frequency and magnitude of disasters. Facing atypical and more severe events, existing early warning and response systems become inadequate both in scale and scope. Earth Observation (EO) provides today information at global, regional and even basin scales related to agrometeorological hazards. This book focuses on drought, flood, frost, landslides, and storms/cyclones and covers different applications of EO data used from prediction to mapping damages as well as recovery for each category. It explains the added value of EO technology in comparison with conventional techniques applied today through many case studies.
