Download or read book The Mortality Effects of Long Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom written by Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants and published by Anchor Books. This book was released on 2010 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Estimating Local Mortality Burdens Associated with Particulate Air Pollution written by A. M. Gowers and published by Gwasg y Bwthyn. This book was released on 2014 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Long Term Exposure to Air Pollution written by Great Britain. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Statement and Report on Long Term Effects of Particles on Mortality written by Great Britain. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants and published by Stationery Office Books (TSO). This book was released on 2002 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Health's Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) advises the Government on the effects of air pollution on health. Their report re-examines the findings of cohort studies in the United States and elsewhere and the implications for quantifying the health effects of air pollution in the UK. These studies found that, after adjustment for other factors, those living in polluted cities have a shorter life expectancy than those living in areas with lower pollution levels. These studies have since been re-analysed by the Health Effects Institute, taking into account socio-economic factors such as poverty and unemployment. A methodology has also recently been developed by the Institute of Occupational Medicine to quantify long-term effects of air pollution (the IOM Report). This report concludes that it is more than likely that a causal association exists between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality and that this association is applicable to the UK, although the quantitative may not be exactly the same as in US cities. Further research is required to clarify a number of key uncertainties.
Download or read book The Geography of Long Term Exposure to Particulate Matter 2 5 and COVID 19 Mortality An Assessment of the Fragility and Spatial Sensitivity of a Significant Finding written by Jennifer Badger and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution is directly linked to death. In December 2020, a UK coroner ruled that air pollution was the cause of a fatal asthma attack that led to the 2013 death of nine-year-old Ella Adoo-Kissi Debrah who lived adjacent to a busy motorway (BBC News, 2022). The assignment of air pollution as the official cause of death on a death certificate was the first of its kind in the world (Reynolds, 2020). Though this was the first official assignment of air pollution as a cause of death, there are numerous studies linking air pollution exposure with mortality all over the world. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the air pollutant PM 2.5 was identified as the "largest environmental risk factor in the United States" (Goodkind et al. 2019, p. 8780) and the cause of more annual premature deaths than traffic accidents and homicides combined (Goodkind et al. 2019). With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers began assessing the impact of air pollution exposure on COVID-19 incidence and death. In a widely received, nationwide study linking air pollution exposure to COVID-19 mortality, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health researchers, Wu et al., produced significant findings linking the impact of long term exposure to PM 2.5 to COVID-19 mortality across the contiguous United States. This 2020 study, published in ScienceAdvances, has been cited over 600 times, covered by 131 news outlets and downloaded over 15,000 times. Georeferenced data is routinely used in public health research such as this, however, the substantive influence of geography in the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable is often not considered in the model specifications, research design, nor the sampling strategy (Goldhagen et al., 2005; Matisziw, Grubesic, and Wei 2008). Additionally, the mechanism of data aggregation to an administrative unit may spatially misrepresent the data (Delmelle et al., 2022). As air pollution is a local, regional, and transboundary phenomenon (Nordenstam et. al, 1998; Goodkind, 2019), spatial autocorrelation, or spatially similar values, in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 among U.S. counties is likely. Despite the inclusion of maps indicating strong spatial trends in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 mortality, the possible presence of spatial autocorrelation at the local level or spatial heterogeneity at the regional level was not investigated by the authors. Epidemiological studies invoking large, areal units may misrepresent the underlying, spatial processes of environmental health-hazards and produce unreliable treatment effect estimates when relating air pollution exposure to disease (Fotheringham and Wong, 1991; Kolak and Anselin, 2019). In this thesis, the fragility of the Wu et al. treatment effect estimate to unobserved confounding is assessed utilizing an alternative sensitivity analysis framework. This framework revealed that the estimate derived by Wu et al. (2020) is much more fragile to confounding than reported by the authors. Spatial analysis was then applied to investigate the possibility of spatial regimes (e.g. hotspots) in the treatment and outcome variables which may contribute to biased or inefficient treatment effect estimates. Strong levels of spatial autocorrelation and regional spatial heterogeneity in the long term exposure to PM 2.5, and to a lesser extent in the COVID-19 mortality rate, were confirmed by both computational and exploratory spatial data analysis. The highly variable associations between long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 Mortality per U.S. Census Region or EPA Climatically Consistent Region delivered the expected result that the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable changes with changes in the sub-National definition of place. An understanding of the geography of the ubiquitous, locally variable and far-reaching PM 2.5, and its related health-hazard risks can contribute to an uncovering of the politics, power relations, and socioenvironments that coproduce differential access to clean air and the resulting uneven health burdens experienced by Black, LatinX, Asian-American, and immigrant communities. This is an essential step towards disentangling the relationships rendering clean air no longer an "open-access good" (V ron, 2006).
Download or read book WHO global air quality guidelines written by Weltgesundheitsorganisation and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-09-07 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Download or read book Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. - Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP's public health impacts - Examines TRAP's health effects at the population level - Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP - Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Download or read book Waste Incineration and Public Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incineration has been used widely for waste disposal, including household, hazardous, and medical wasteâ€"but there is increasing public concern over the benefits of combusting the waste versus the health risk from pollutants emitted during combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health informs the emerging debate with the most up-to-date information available on incineration, pollution, and human healthâ€"along with expert conclusions and recommendations for further research and improvement of such areas as risk communication. The committee provides details on: Processes involved in incineration and how contaminants are released. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human exposure. Tools and approaches for assessing possible human health effects. Scientific concerns pertinent to future regulatory actions. The book also examines some of the social, psychological, and economic factors that affect the communities where incineration takes place and addresses the problem of uncertainty and variation in predicting the health effects of incineration processes.
Download or read book Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economic Consequences of Outdoor Air Pollution written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of pollutants.
Download or read book Health of People Health of Planet and Our Responsibility written by Wael Al-Delaimy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-13 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book not only describes the challenges of climate disruption, but also presents solutions. The challenges described include air pollution, climate change, extreme weather, and related health impacts that range from heat stress, vector-borne diseases, food and water insecurity and chronic diseases to malnutrition and mental well-being. The influence of humans on climate change has been established through extensive published evidence and reports. However, the connections between climate change, the health of the planet and the impact on human health have not received the same level of attention. Therefore, the global focus on the public health impacts of climate change is a relatively recent area of interest. This focus is timely since scientists have concluded that changes in climate have led to new weather extremes such as floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and fires, in turn leading to more than 600,000 deaths and the displacement of nearly 4 billion people in the last 20 years. Previous work on the health impacts of climate change was limited mostly to epidemiologic approaches and outcomes and focused less on multidisciplinary, multi-faceted collaborations between physical scientists, public health researchers and policy makers. Further, there was little attention paid to faith-based and ethical approaches to the problem. The solutions and actions we explore in this book engage diverse sectors of civil society, faith leadership, and political leadership, all oriented by ethics, advocacy, and policy with a special focus on poor and vulnerable populations. The book highlights areas we think will resonate broadly with the public, faith leaders, researchers and students across disciplines including the humanities, and policy makers.
Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.
Download or read book Extended Follow up and Spatial Analysis of the American Cancer Society Study Linking Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality written by D. Krewski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents a research project funded by the Health Effects Institute and conducted by Dr. Daniel Krewski of the McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and his colleagues. It looks at the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II), a large ongoing prospective study of mortality in adults initiated in 1982. This study was one of two U.S. cohort studies central to the 1997 debate on the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate air pollution in the United States.
Download or read book Association Between Long term Ultrafine Particulate Matter Exposure and Premature Death written by Michael J. Kleeman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Long term Exposure to Traffic related Air Pollution on Mortality and Lung Cancer written by Rob Mathias Johannes Beelen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Science and Risk Assessment Behind EPA s Proposed Revisions to the Particulate Matter Air Quality Standards written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Breath taking written by Deborah Sheiman Shprentz and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
