Download or read book The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Integration in ASD and Typical Cognition written by Dorit Ben Shalom and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-05-17 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook explores within-discipline implications and and across-discipline connections of the Ben Shalom (2009) model. The 12 papers hail from psychology, neuroscience, psychiatry, philosophy, and biology.
Download or read book Neural Effects of a Cognitive behavioral Social Skills Treatment on Gaze Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Karim Ibrahim (Psy.D. candidate at the University of Hartford) and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social deficits are a hallmark of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and have been associated with underactivity in brain regions important for social cognition. Social skills training using a cognitive-behavioral (CBT) approach has been shown to improve social behavior in children with ASD. However, little is known about the neural response to treatment. In the present study, we used functional MRI to examine the neural correlates of gaze processing in ASD following a CBT-based social skills group. Verbally fluent children (ages 8-11) were randomized to CBT or a facilitated play comparison group. Behavioral assessments and fMRI were conducted at baseline, endpoint (12 weeks), and at a 3-month follow-up. While undergoing fMRI, children viewed images of emotionally expressive faces with either a direct or averted gaze. Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between changes in brain activity and baseline participant characteristics, and to evaluate neural predictors and moderators of changes in social cognition and behavior. Following treatment, the CBT group showed greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) relative to baseline. In contrast, the comparison group did not show any regions of increased activity post-intervention. When directly comparing the two groups, the CBT group showed greater increases in the MPFC, implicated in mentalizing, relative to comparison. Greater increases in MPFC and VLPFC activity following treatment were associated with older baseline age for the CBT group. Baseline activity in the FG predicted response to treatment. Specifically, children with greater baseline activation of the FG demonstrated improvements on measures of social competence including the social awareness subscale of the Social Responsiveness Scale and a social cognition composite. Findings suggest that a cognitive-behavioral approach to social skills treatment may increase activity in social brain networks in verbally fluent children with ASD. In addition, children who demonstrated a more typical neural response to faces at baseline (i.e., increased FG activity) were responders to treatment. This study contributes to our understanding of the plasticity of networks involved in social cognition and neural biomarkers of treatment response.
Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Andreas M. Grabrucker and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders develop differently. These differences are usually present in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing, and become visible through a wide variety of behavioral responses that differ from individuals without autism spectrum disorders. Despite significant research efforts, the exact causes of autism spectrum disorders remain poorly understood; however, researchers have gained extensive insights into possible pathomechanisms, even at the molecular level of cells. Many diagnostic criteria have been developed, adapted, and improved. The eight chapters in this book highlight the current state-of-the-art in many areas of autism spectrum disorders. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders and the current knowledge of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Chapter 2 summarizes the diagnostic criteria and procedures and highlights present and upcoming therapeutic strategies. Chapter 3 reviews the adverse events and trauma in people with autism spectrum disorders. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on atypical sensory processing, and Chapter 6 discusses the genetic overlap of autism spectrum disorders with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and schizophrenia. Chapter 7 focuses on the contribution of abnormalities in mitochondria, and chapter 8 discusses gut-brain interactions and a potential role for microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. This book is aimed primarily at clinicians and scientists, but many areas will also be of interest to the layperson.
Download or read book Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity Volume II written by Antonello Maruotti and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-02-21 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Research Topic is part of the article collection series: Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity. Tinnitus is the perception of a sound when no external sound is present. The severity of tinnitus varies but it can be debilitating for many patients. With more than 100 million people with chronic tinnitus worldwide, tinnitus is a disorder of high prevalence.
Download or read book Brain Connectivity in Autism written by Rajesh K. Kana and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-09-23 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain's ability to process information crucially relies on connectivity. Understanding how the brain processes complex information and how such abilities are disrupted in individuals with neuropsychological disorders will require an improved understanding of brain connectivity. Autism is an intriguingly complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multidimensional symptoms and cognitive characteristics. A biological origin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) had been proposed even in the earliest published accounts (Kanner, 1943; Asperger, 1944). Despite decades of research, a focal neurobiological marker for autism has been elusive. Nevertheless, disruptions in interregional and functional and anatomical connectivity have been a hallmark of neural functioning in ASD. Theoretical accounts of connectivity perceive ASD as a cognitive and neurobiological disorder associated with altered functioning of integrative circuitry. Neuroimaging studies have reported disruptions in functional connectivity (synchronization of activated brain areas) during cognitive tasks and during task-free resting states. While these insights are valuable, they do not address the time-lagged causality and directionality of such correlations. Despite the general promise of the connectivity account of ASD, inconsistencies and methodological differences among studies call for more thorough investigations. A comprehensive neurological account of ASD should incorporate functional, effective, and anatomical connectivity measures and test the diagnostic utility of such measures. In addition, questions pertaining to how cognitive and behavioral intervention can target connection abnormalities in ASD should be addressed. This research topic of the Frontiers in Human Neuroscience addresses “Brain Connectivity in Autism” primarily from cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging perspectives.
Download or read book Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders written by Joseph I. Tracy and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.
Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorders written by David Amaral and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 1445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism is an emerging area of basic and clinical research, and has only recently been recognized as a major topic in biomedical research. Approximately 1 in 150 children are diagnosed as autistic, so it is also an intense growth area in behavioral and educational treatments. Financial resources have begun to be raised for more comprehensive research and an increasing number of scientists are becoming involved in autism research. In many respects, autism has become a model for conducting translational research on a psychiatric disorder. This text provides a comprehensive summary of all current knowledge related to the behavioral, experiential, and biomedical features of the autism spectrum disorders including major behavioral and cognitive syndromology, common co-morbid conditions, neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other neurological correlates such as seizures, allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, infectious disease, and epidemiology. Edited by three leading researchers, this volume contains over 80 chapters and nine shorter commentaries by thought leaders in the field, making the book a virtual "who's who" of autism research. This carefully developed book is a comprehensive and authoritative reference for what we know in this area as well as a guidepost for the next several years in all areas of autism research.
Download or read book Neurobiology and Cognition across the Autism Psychosis Spectrum written by Tim Ziermans and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Neural Correlates of Working Memory in Children and Adolescents with ASD and the Effects of Cognitive Load written by Vanessa Michela Vogan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Diagnostic Criteria from DSM IV TR written by American Psychiatric Association and published by American Psychiatric Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-IV-TR®is a handy, low priced companion to the ultimate psychiatric reference, DSM-IV-TR®. It includes all the diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR®in an easy-to-use, paperback format. In making DSM-IV diagnosis, clinicians and researchers may find it convenient to consult the Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-IV-TR®, a pocket sized book that contains the classification, the diagnosis criteria, and a listing of the most important conditions to be considered in a differential diagnosis for each category.
Download or read book Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders written by Michelle G. Craske and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-11-13 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders
Download or read book The Neural Basis of Mentalizing written by Michael Gilead and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humans have a unique ability to understand the beliefs, emotions, and intentions of others—a capacity often referred to as mentalizing. Much research in psychology and neuroscience has focused on delineating the mechanisms of mentalizing, and examining the role of mentalizing processes in other domains of cognitive and affective functioning. The purpose of the book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on the mechanisms of mentalizing at the neural, algorithmic, and computational levels of analysis. The book includes contributions from prominent researchers in the field of social-cognitive and affective neuroscience, as well as from related disciplines (e.g., cognitive, social, developmental and clinical psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, primatology). The contributors review their latest research in order to compile an authoritative source of knowledge on the psychological and brain bases of the unique human capacity to think about the mental states of others. The intended audience is researchers and students in the fields of social-cognitive and affective neuroscience and related disciplines such as neuroeconomics, cognitive neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, social cognition, social psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, and affective science. Secondary audiences include researchers in decision science (economics, judgment and decision-making), philosophy of mind, and psychiatry.
Download or read book Cerebellar Neuropathology Influences Cerebellar Prefrontal Cortex Pathways A Comprehensive Approach as Relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Eric McKimm and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cognitive and social dexterity of humans is attributed to the neocortex, an area of the brain well accepted to elevate us beyond the mental processing of all other species. The cognitive ability of the cerebellum however, remains one of the most misunderstood. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), with a prevalence of 1 in 68 children, lack clear empirical explanations for abnormal neuropathology and potential neuronal disconnections influenced by the cerebellum. The current evaluation takes a comprehensive look at how the cerebellum, pre-frontal cortex, and basal ganglia are interconnected and influenced by each other as relevant to ASDs. With a better understanding of deep cerebellar influence from the dentate nucleus (DN) evoking dopamine release in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) allows for better understanding of modulation of these nuclei. The studied nuclei have a great impact on cognitions, reward systems, social and executive functions within both a typical developing brain as well as the ASDs brain. The presence of null findings in the Fmr1 mouse when exploring aspects of the striatum and accumbens are contrary to previous evidence showing DN modulation via the ventral tegmental area (VTA), however it notes the importance of exploring the same research paradigm within the Lurcher mouse strain to explore differences in Purkinje cell dysfunction as compared to absence. Interestingly two forms of compensation where observed in the Lurcher mutant strain in mPFC dopamine release via the VTA and the mediodorsal thalamus (ThN md) with a shift in strength towards the mutant strain within the VTA, and contrarily a shift in strength towards the wildtype strain in the ThN md, with null findings in the ventrolateral thalamus (ThN vl). These results lend further support to the Autism disconnection hypothesis that there is in some form an attenuation between the DN and the mPFC via a variety of nuclei. The current findings can inform future directions that include potential treatment interventions by means of a variety of therapeutic techniques including deep brain stimulation, pharmaceutical approaches, viral vectors and others, to alleviate some of the debilitating symptoms of ASDs.
Download or read book Comprehensive Guide to Autism written by Vinood B. Patel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism is a complex multifaceted disorder affecting neurodevelopment during the early years of life and, for many, throughout the life span. Inherent features include difficulties or deficits in communication, social interaction, cognition, and interpersonal behavioral coordination, to name just a few. Autism profoundly impacts the affected individual, the family, and, in many cases, the localized communities. The increased prevalence of childhood autism has resulted in rapid developments in a wide range of disciplines in recent years. Nevertheless, despite intensive research, the cause(s) remain unresolved and no single treatment strategy is employed. To address these issues, Comprehensive Guide to Autism is an all-embracing reference that offers analyses and discussions of contemporary issues in the field of autism. The work brings together scientific material from leading experts in the field relating to a wide range of important current topics, such as the early identification and treatment of children with autism, pertinent social and behavioral studies, recent developments in genetics and immunology, the influence of diet, models of autism, and future treatment prospects. Comprehensive Guide to Autism contains essential readings for behavioral science researchers, psychologists, physicians, social workers, parents, and caregivers.
Download or read book Neuroimaging in Developmental Clinical Neuroscience written by Judith M. Rumsey and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-19 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern neuroimaging offers tremendous opportunities for gaining insights into normative development and a wide array of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Focusing on ontogeny, this text covers basic processes involved in both healthy and atypical maturation, and also addresses the range of neuroimaging techniques most widely used for studying children. This book will enable you to understand normative structural and functional brain maturation and the mechanisms underlying basic developmental processes; become familiar with current knowledge and hypotheses concerning the neural bases of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders; and learn about neuroimaging techniques, including their unique strengths and limitations. Coverage includes normal developmental processes, atypical processing in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, ethical issues, neuroimaging techniques and their integration with psychopharmacologic and molecular genetic research approaches, and future directions. This comprehensive volume is an essential resource for neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and radiologists concerned with normal development and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
Download or read book Handbook of Autism and Anxiety written by Thompson E. Davis III and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has evolved greatly since Asperger's day. And as our clinical understanding of this spectrum of disorders has grown, so has recognition of the connections between anxiety disorders and ASD—a welcome development, but also a source of confusion for many in the field. The Handbook of Autism and Anxiety brings together leading experts to explain this comorbidity, the diagnostic similarities and differences between the two disorders and the extent to which treatment for each can be coordinated for optimum results. Focusing on repetitive behaviors, social difficulties and fears as core components of anxiety disorders as well as ASD, contributors discuss specific symptoms in depth to aid in diagnosis. Assessment and treatment issues relevant to the autism-anxiety connection are considered in clinical and school contexts. And an especially timely conclusion details how key changes in the DSM-5 affect the diagnosis and conceptualization of each disorder. Key topics addressed in the Handbook include: Phenotypic variability in ASD: clinical considerations. Etiologic factors and transdiagnostic processes. Social worries and difficulties: autism and/or social anxiety disorder? Implementing group CBT interventions for youth with ASD and anxiety in clinical practice. Autism and anxiety in school settings. DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorder. The Handbook of Autism and Anxiety is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals and graduate students in child and school psychology, psychiatry, social work, education, clinical counseling and behavioral therapy.
Download or read book Autism written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-23 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism, Volume 173 in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science series, provides the most topical, informative and exciting monographs available on a wide variety of research topics. Chapters in this new release include updates on atypical brain development in autism spectrum disorder, predicting early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using neural and behavioral measures, the roles of the endocannabinoid system in autism spectrum disorder, the neurobiology of sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder, the effects of oxytocin administration on individuals with ASD, resting-state abnormalities of posterior cingulate in autism spectrum disorder, and more. Includes comprehensive coverage of molecular biology Presents ample use of tables, diagrams, schemata and color figures to enhance the reader's ability to rapidly grasp the information provided Contains contributions from renowned experts in the field
