Download or read book The Invention and Diffusion of Two Competing Technologies written by Mary Kay Knudson and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Public Private Collaboration in Agricultural Research written by Keith O. Fuglie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-25 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of technology transfer in agricultural research collaborations Public-Private Collaboration in Agricultural Research: New Institutional Arrangements and Economic Implications examines the impact of the private-sector takeover of the field, and what it means for funding, research, technology, and more. Beginning with U.S. agricultural research financing, the discussion moves on to cover plant and animal research investments, collaborating institutions, and the international significance of technology spillover and transfer. From intellectual property rights and the CRADA Model to seed generation and other agricultural technology, this book offers a thought-provoking overview of global collaboration at this critical intersection of science and human welfare.
Download or read book The Economic and Social Context of Technology Adoption written by Moyo Sibongile and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Transfer and Diffusion of New Technologies written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a general overview of the economics literature on technological change and focuses particularly on the interface between the public and private sectors in promoting the transfer and diffusion of new technologies. Our ability to transfer and diffuse new technologies is generally recognized as a key to increased productivity in the United States and this country's ability to compete internationally. A great deal of research has been done on technology transfer and diffusion by various disciplines and from numerous perspectives. Unfortunately, the policy implications of those different works are not always consistent. Further, the different disciplines have difficulty in communicating even when addressing the same issues and drawing the same general conclusions. The primary objective of this report is to lessen the chasm among the disciplines with respect to technology transfer and diffusion by summarizing the perspectives presented in the economics literature. The document is intended primarily for an interdisciplinary audience. The discussion begins with an overview of the economics literature on technological change and focuses on what economists commonly refer to as the Schumpeter trilogy--i.e., invention, innovation, and diffusion. Economists typically view technological change to occur in these three distinct steps and have formulated conceptual frameworks that suggest how and why each step in the process of technological change takes place. After defining these three steps, the report presents brief overviews of the seminal conceptual and empirical works in the three areas. Of key concern is an overview of the types of questions historically posed by economists and the degree to which economists have reached a consensus on these questions. The report then abstracts from this larger picture of technological change and focuses specifically on the interface between the public and private sectors. Within this second thrust, the report poses and attempts to answer two general questions: (1) Why have economists argued for government involvement to promote technological change? This issue leads to a brief discussion of market failures that inhibit the invention, innovation, and diffusion of new technologies. (2) Where and how can the public sector interface with the private sector to correct the market failures or, alternatively, take actions to counteract the effects of market failures? The role of the federal government in the innovative process remains the subject of significant debate by economists. Although most economists would agree that some role must be played by the public sector, our current conceptual and empirical knowledge is lacking. Little consensus has thus been reached about how the government should respond to the problem in general, and even less consensus exists about how particular technologies in particular markets should be dealt with. The report suggests that the public sector can encourage the process of innovation by either directly participating in the process of technical change or by indirectly stimulating the private sector's innovative activities. Although both methods have been shown to promote technical change, economists have not yet developed a generally agreed upon formula that dictates what method is most appropriate in any given case. It is likely that the arguments by economists with respect to the government's role in technological change will become more definitive as more detailed conceptual and empirical studies are completed. It is unlikely, however, due to the number of dynamic factors that are known to influence the innovative process, that the economics profession will develop a formula or set of formulae for promoting technical change or the involvement of the public sector in that change. A movement toward interdisciplinary research, which is currently underway, is the most promising avenue for studying the role of public policy in promoting technical change.
Download or read book A History of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Minnesota 1979 2000 written by W. Burt Sundquist and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Heat Power and Light written by Roger Fouquet and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this book, Roger Fouquet investigates the impacts of technological innovations and economic development over the last thousand years on our ability to provide heat, power, transport and light. Using a unique data set, collected over a decade, the analysis identifies the forces driving revolutions in energy services. The framework, analysis and insights in this book offer an original perspective on future energy markets, transitions to low-carbon economies and strategies for addressing climate change."--BOOK JACKET.
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Innovation written by Bronwyn H. Hall and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-03-06 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does technology advance? How can we best assimilate innovation? These questions and others are considered by experts on the theories and applications of technological innovations. Considering subjects as diverse as the diffusion of new technologies and their industrial applications, governmental policies, and manifestations of innovation in our institutions, history, and environment, our contributors map milestones in research and speculate about the roads ahead. Wasteful, inefficient, and frequently wrongheaded, the process of technological changes is here revealed as a describable, scientific force. Two volumes, available separately and as a set. Expert articles consider the best ways to establish optimal incentives in technological progress Science and innovation, both their theories and applications, are examined at the intersections of the marketplace, policy, and social welfare Economists are only part of an audience that includes attorneys, educators, and anyone involved in new technologies
Download or read book Diffusion of Innovations written by Everett M. Rogers and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Getting an innovation adopted is difficult; a common problem is increasing the rate of its diffusion. Diffusion is the communication of an innovation through certain channels over time among members of a social system. It is a communication whose messages are concerned with new ideas; it is a process where participants create and share information to achieve a mutual understanding. Initial chapters of the book discuss the history of diffusion research, some major criticisms of diffusion research, and the meta-research procedures used in the book. This text is the third edition of this well-respected work. The first edition was published in 1962, and the fifth edition in 2003. The book's theoretical framework relies on the concepts of information and uncertainty. Uncertainty is the degree to which alternatives are perceived with respect to an event and the relative probabilities of these alternatives; uncertainty implies a lack of predictability and motivates an individual to seek information. A technological innovation embodies information, thus reducing uncertainty. Information affects uncertainty in a situation where a choice exists among alternatives; information about a technological innovation can be software information or innovation-evaluation information. An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or an other unit of adoption; innovation presents an individual or organization with a new alternative(s) or new means of solving problems. Whether new alternatives are superior is not precisely known by problem solvers. Thus people seek new information. Information about new ideas is exchanged through a process of convergence involving interpersonal networks. Thus, diffusion of innovations is a social process that communicates perceived information about a new idea; it produces an alteration in the structure and function of a social system, producing social consequences. Diffusion has four elements: (1) an innovation that is perceived as new, (2) communication channels, (3) time, and (4) a social system (members jointly solving to accomplish a common goal). Diffusion systems can be centralized or decentralized. The innovation-development process has five steps passing from recognition of a need, through R&D, commercialization, diffusions and adoption, to consequences. Time enters the diffusion process in three ways: (1) innovation-decision process, (2) innovativeness, and (3) rate of the innovation's adoption. The innovation-decision process is an information-seeking and information-processing activity that motivates an individual to reduce uncertainty about the (dis)advantages of the innovation. There are five steps in the process: (1) knowledge for an adoption/rejection/implementation decision; (2) persuasion to form an attitude, (3) decision, (4) implementation, and (5) confirmation (reinforcement or rejection). Innovations can also be re-invented (changed or modified) by the user. The innovation-decision period is the time required to pass through the innovation-decision process. Rates of adoption of an innovation depend on (and can be predicted by) how its characteristics are perceived in terms of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. The diffusion effect is the increasing, cumulative pressure from interpersonal networks to adopt (or reject) an innovation. Overadoption is an innovation's adoption when experts suggest its rejection. Diffusion networks convey innovation-evaluation information to decrease uncertainty about an idea's use. The heart of the diffusion process is the modeling and imitation by potential adopters of their network partners who have adopted already. Change agents influence innovation decisions in a direction deemed desirable. Opinion leadership is the degree individuals influence others' attitudes.
Download or read book Competition Law Technology Transfer and the TRIPS Agreement written by Tu Thanh Nguyen and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book deals with a difficult subject with an assured touch and will be a valuable text for postgraduate students, policy-makers and practitioners. European Intellectual Property Review This is the first ever book that addresses the important issue of the competition law, intellectual property and trade interface in a developing world context. The book s unique contribution is a set of comparative case studies on this complex interface. D. Daniel Sokol, University of Florida Levin College of Law, US The book investigates competition law and international technology transfer in the light of the TRIPS Agreement and the experience of both developed and developing countries. On that basis, it draws relevant implications for developing countries. Tu Thanh Nguyen argues that technology transfer-related competition law should be glocalized appropriately for the needs of local contexts, while intellectual property rights (IPR) are globalized. The book reveals that developing countries, according to the TRIPS Agreement, have the right to use domestic competition law to promote access to technology in order to protect national interests and consumer welfare. However, competition law is antitrust. It is neither anti-IPR nor anti-trade. The author finds that developing countries with limited competition law resources should set realistic priorities for the control of technology transfer-related anti-competitive practices. They can reasonably apply and adapt relevant regulations, decisions and judgments from developed country jurisdictions to their own circumstances. Competition Law, Technology Transfer and the TRIPs Agreement is a timely resource for postgraduate students, practitioners, and scholars in international competition law, IPR, and technology transfer. Policymakers in the field of technology transfer-related competition law/policy, especially in developing countries, will also find this book invaluable.
Download or read book The Economics and Econometrics of Innovation written by David Encaoua and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past few decades, the interest of economists in the sources of long-term economic growth has led an increasing number of them to focus on the role of innovation in creating that growth. Although some researchers have always been interested in this topic, the groundbreaking work of Solow (1957), Nelson (1959) and Arrow (1962) made many other economists recognize the central role played by innovation in almost all spheres of economic activity. The Economics and Econometrics of Innovation presents a valuable overview of the work of the world's most renowned experts in the field of innovation and technical change. It collects 22 outstanding contributions that reflect the results of the vast, worldwide research efforts and remind us of the importance of economic incentives in shaping and directing innovative activities. The volume presents an edited selection of papers that were first presented at the 10th International ADRES conference. One particular goal of this book is to bring out the complementary nature of the various approaches to innovation, and to facilitate in-depth dialogues both between microeconomists and macroeconomists, and between theoreticians and econometricians. General topics that are considered range from the economy-wide effects of innovation on growth and employment to the variation of individual firm innovative performance; from the analysis of networks and standardization to the role of intellectual property rights and the assessment of knowledge spillovers. Besides the wealth of information presented in the chapters, readers of this volume will also appreciate the value of examining a single question from different angles and by using different methods.
Download or read book The Case For Patents written by Daniel F Spulber and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Case for Patents offers an affirmative case for the many economic benefits of the patent system and shows how patents provide incentives for invention, innovation, and technological change. The discussion highlights the many contributions of patents to economic growth and development. The Case for Patents helps restore balance to public policy debates by recognizing the important contributions of the patent system.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction written by Rob Latham and published by Oxford Handbooks. This book was released on 2014 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction attempts to descry the historical and cultural contours of SF in the wake of technoculture studies. Rather than treating the genre as an isolated aesthetic formation, it examines SF's many lines of cross-pollination with technocultural realities since itsinception in the nineteenth century, showing how SF's unique history and subcultural identity has been constructed in ongoing dialogue with popular discourses of science and technology.The volume consists of four broadly themed sections, each divided into eleven chapters. Section I, "Science Fiction as Genre," considers the internal history of SF literature, examining its characteristic aesthetic and ideological modalities, its animating social and commercial institutions, and itsrelationship to other fantastic genres. Section II, "Science Fiction as Medium," presents a more diverse and ramified understanding of what constitutes the field as a mode of artistic and pop-cultural expression, canvassing extra-literary manifestations of SF ranging from film and television tovideogames and hypertext to music and theme parks. Section III, "Science Fiction as Culture," examines the genre in relation to cultural issues and contexts that have influenced it and been influenced by it in turn, the goal being to see how SF has helped to constitute and define important(sub)cultural groupings, social movements, and historical developments during the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. Finally, Section IV, "Science Fiction as Worldview," explores SF as a mode of thought and its intersection with other philosophies and large-scale perspectives on theworld, from the Enlightenment to the present day.
Download or read book Lead Markets written by Marian Beise and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. 1 Summary This thesis intends to answer three questions: First, what is a lead market; second, what constitutes a lead market, and third, how companies can harness lead markets to generate global innovations. Considering the international, cross-border diffu sion of innovations one can observe that a particular technological design such as the facsimile machine, the personal computer or the mobile cellular telephone is often adopted by one country or region much earlier than by other countries which subsequently follow this country, which I will call the lead market. A lead market is defined as a country that adopts an innovation that is subsequently adopted worldwide. When different designs of an innovation compete internationally, the design preferred in the lead market becomes the global dominant design. The study suggests a theoretical explanation for the phenomena of lead markets and collects empirical evidence from a detailed case study of the cellular mobile tele of an innovation design adopted first phone industry. The international diffusion by the lead market, i. e. subsequent adoption of an innovation design preferred in the lead market by other countries, can be put down to the special market context in the lead market. The market context includes demand preferences, the environ mental condition and the degree of competition. Multinational firms are often confronted not only with varying market acceptance of new products and processes from country to country, but with national prefer ences for particular specifications of an innovation, i. e.
Download or read book Environmental Policy and Renewable Energy Equipment Exports written by Henning Diederich and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis investigates the connection between environmental regulation, technological innovation, and export competitiveness in renewable energy equipment based on a large sample of 225 developed and developing countries from 1990 to 2012. The empirical analysis yields strong supporting evidence for the narrowly strong Porter Hypothesis as well as for the lead market theory. The results suggest that environmental regulation drives innovation and export volumes in solar- and wind-power-related goods. This is particularly the case for well-crafted (i.e. market-based, output-oriented, and clear) instruments such as carbon trading regimes. Moreover, the data show that early adopters of renewable energy support policies benefit most.
Download or read book European Competition Law Annual 2005 written by Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2007-03-12 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the tenth in a series of volumes based on the annual workshops on EU Competition Law and Policy held at the Robert Schuman Centre of the European University Institute in Florence. The volume reproduces the materials of the roundtable debate which examined the interaction between competition law and intellectual property law. The workshop participants - a group of senior representatives of the Commission and the national competition authorities of some EC Member States, reknowned international academics and legal practitioners - discussed the economic and legal issues that arise in this particular area of application of the EC competition rules, under the following headings: 1) whether the characteristics of intellectual property products/markets justify special treatment under the competition rules; 2) a critical assessment of the Block Exemption Regulation and corresponding Guidelines recently adopted in this area of EC competition law enforcement; 3) the specific enforcement issues that arise in relation to patent pools and collecting societies; and 4) specific problems related to IP in the domains of merger control and application of Article 82 EC.
Download or read book Competition Innovation and Inclusive Growth written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-19 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We provide an overview of the theories and empricial evidence on the complex relationship among innovation, competition, and inclusive growth. Competition and innovation-led growth are critical to drive productivity gains and support broad-based growth. However, new technologies and trends in market concentration are stifling future innovation while contributing to the marked increase in inequality. Beyond consumer welfare in a narrow market, competition policy should adapt to this new reality by considering the spillover and dynamic effects of market power, especially on firm entry, innovation, and inequality. Innovation policies should tackle not only government failures but also market failures.
Download or read book Ebook Microeconomics Global Edition written by MCCONNELL and published by McGraw Hill. This book was released on 2011-09-16 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ebook: Microeconomics, Global Edition
