Download or read book The Interaction of Chromium Ions in Ruby Crystals written by Richard C. Powell and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Absorption, excitation, continuous fluorescence, and pulse fluorescence measurements were made on ruby samples with 0.94% and 2.1% Cr+3 in the temperature range from 4.2K up to 700K. The widths, positions, intensities, and lifetimes of the R and N fluorescence lines were determined at numerous temperatures. The results for the temperature dependence of the linewidths are explained in terms of microscopic strains, Raman scattering of phonons by the impurity ions, and direct phonon processes. The results for the lineshifts with temperature are due to the absorption and emission of virtual phonons. The observed lifetimes of the R and N lines coincide in the temperature range where the systems are thermalized and the observed decays are pure exponentials. At temperatures where the systems are decoupled, an initial rise in fluorescence is observed at the N lines. The subsequent decay has the lifetime of the R lines for a 0.94% sample and the lifetime of the N lines for a 2.1% sample. These results are also explained in terms of energy transfer from single ions to pairs. The effects of reabsorption on the fluorescence spectrum are also discussed. (Author).
Download or read book The Interection of Chromium Ions in Ruby Crystals written by Richard C. Powell and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exchange Interaction Between Chromium Ions in Ruby Crystals written by F. J. MILFORD and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ESCRIPTORS: *Metabolic products, *O OR tor ge, Urine, Control, Materials, Plastics, Disinfecta t, Sa i ry engin ering. Identifiers: Fall-out shelters. Data are pre ented on he storability of human waste in fiber drum containers line ith t ree diff rent plastic films and containing four differe sanitizers, over a period of 14 day . Adequate odor control was achieved with all sanitizers, i.e. soda ash, cresylic aci s, aponified phenols and sodium pentachlorophenate, ALTHOUGH SODA ASH SHOWED NO BAC ERICIDAL ACTION. Cresylic acids appear to be the preferred sani i r. Amo g h liners, vinyl showed poor integrity, polyethylene and polyethylene-cellop a lami a e howed marginal integrity. All plas ics sho ed chemical compatibility it the waste. D- *>+ N5 +++Storage of human wa te in fiber drum lined with polyethylene or vinyl liners. The effects of 4 different disi fec ants on co trol of gas evolution and odor.
Download or read book The Interaction of Chromium Ions in Ruby Crystals written by Richard Conger Powell and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Absorption, excitation, continuous fluorescence, and pulse fluorescence measurements were made on ruby samples with 0.94% and 2.1% Cr+3 in the temperature range from 4.2K up to 700K. The widths, positions, intensities, and lifetimes of the R and N fluorescence lines were determined at numerous temperatures. The results for the temperature dependence of the linewidths are explained in terms of microscopic strains, Raman scattering of phonons by the impurity ions, and direct phonon processes. The results for the lineshifts with temperature are due to the absorption and emission of virtual phonons. The observed lifetimes of the R and N lines coincide in the temperature range where the systems are thermalized and the observed decays are pure exponentials. At temperatures where the systems are decoupled, an initial rise in fluorescence is observed at the N lines. The subsequent decay has the lifetime of the R lines for a 0.94% sample and the lifetime of the N lines for a 2.1% sample. These results are also explained in terms of energy transfer from single ions to pairs. The effects of reabsorption on the fluorescence spectrum are also discussed. (Author)
Download or read book Exchange coupled Chromium Ion Pairs in Ruby written by Linn Frederick Mollenauer and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Infrared Absorption of Excited Chromium Ions in Crystals written by Gary King Klauminzer and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exchange Interaction Between Pairs of Chromium Ions in Ruby written by P. Kisliuk and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The temperature dependence of the absorption of the spectral lines due to pairs of chromium ions in concentrated ruby at 7009 and 7041 Angstroms is fitted to theory by assuming isotropic exchange coupling. Other frequencies predicted from the parameters thus determined are identified in the observed spectrum. Higher states are identified by means of the excitation spectrum and the spacings already known from the identification of the lower levels. To a closer approximation, it is found that the ground state splitting can be fitted within the experimental error using isotropic exchange if a biquadratic term is included, in addition to the usual quadratic term. Furthermore, the ratio of the coefficients of these terms is of the same order as that found in other materials and predicted by theory. The excited states, however, do not appear to fit a theory based on isotropic exchange coupling as the sole perturbation. (Author).
Download or read book Observations on the Chromium Distribution in Synthetic Ruby Crystals written by and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Precise Determination of the Fine Structure Constants for Cr 3 in Ruby written by Gary D. Hutton and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aluminum oxide crystal, Al2O3, doped with a small amount of chromium, which is called ruby, is widely used in solid state physics research and applications. The experimental work described in this thesis is concerned with the precise determination of three important paramagnetic resonance parameters of the ruby crystal at room temperature. These are two spectroscopic splitting factors and a crystal field splitting (D) of the chromium ion energy levels. (Author).
Download or read book Radical Ions written by Emil Thomas Kaiser and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electron spin densities / James R. Bolton -- Metal ketyls and related radical ions - electron structures and ion pair equilibria / Noboru Hirota -- Semidione radical anions / Glen A. Russell -- Radical cations / Gershon Vincow -- Orbital degeneracy in benzene and substituent effects / Kerry W. Bowers -- Recent advances in the chemistry of aromatic anion radicals / M. Thomas Jones -- Some organometallic radicals and ion radicals of the group IV elements / Grant Urry -- Radical anions of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds / M.M. Urberg and E.T. Kaiser -- Ionic processes in [gamma]-irradiated organic solids at -196 [degrees] / William H. Hamill -- The structure of inorganic radicals / Hilary J. Bower, M.C.R. Symons and D.J.A. Tinling -- Fragments in irradiated ionic solids / Joseph Cunningham -- Trapped radicals in inorganic glasses / A. Treinin -- Electron spin resonance of first row transition metal complex ions / H.A. Kuska and Max t. Rogers.
Download or read book Sapphire written by Elena R. Dobrovinskaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science had come into being — crystalline materials research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the “ceramic era” was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of the “ceramic era.” Widening the field of sapphire application necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products, especially those with stipulated properties including a preset structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the physical–chemical processes that take place during the formation of the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the nature and causes of crystal imperfections.
Download or read book Multiplets of Transition Metal Ions in Crystals written by Satoru Sugano and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiplets of Transition-Metal Ions in Crystals provides information pertinent to ligand field theory. This book discusses the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and the theory of atomic spectra. Comprised of 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the qualitative nature of the splitting of the energy level as well as the angular behavior of the wavefunctions. This text then examines the problem of obtaining the energy eigenvalues and eigenstates of the two-electron systems, in which two electrons are accommodated in the t2g and eg shells in a variety of ways. Other chapters discuss the ligand-field potential, which is invariant to any symmetry operation in the group to which symmetry of the system belongs. This book discusses as well the approximate method of expressing molecular orbitals (MO) by a suitable linear combination of atomic orbitals (AO). The final chapter discusses the MO in molecules and the self-consistent field theory of Hartree–Fock. This book is a valuable resource for research physicists, chemists, electronic engineers, and graduate students.
Download or read book Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR written by Akademii͡a nauk SSSR. and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 1174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ruby and Sapphire written by Richard W. Hughes and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the dawn of time, ruby and sapphire have both attracted and fascinated humans in ways that few other items could.While objects of desire are found throughout the natural world, physical beauty is too often ephemeral. From the allure of a man, woman, flower or butterfly, through the fleeting moments of a sunset, there is little that lasts and practically nothing that can be passed down to our descendants. The exception is precious stones. Not only are they the most durable creations of mother nature, but their visual splendor is truly eternal.In this companion to his 2013 book, Ruby & Sapphire--A Collector's Guide, Richard Hughes examines these gems from the gemological standpoint, delving into these gems not just from the aesthetic, but also from the scientific point of view.The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience, it covers every aspect of the subject from A-Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. Ruby & Sapphire--A Gemologist's Guide represents the most comprehensive book ever written on a single precious stone. With over 1000 photos, maps and illustrations and 3500 references, it is nothing less than a tour-de-force of gemological scholarship.
Download or read book Journal de physique written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atomic Energy Levels in Crystals written by John L. Prather and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
