Download or read book Innovation Commons written by Jason Potts and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work explores the institutional conditions of the origin of innovation, arguing that prior to the emergence of competitive entrepreneurial firms and the onset of new industries is a little-understood but crucial phase of cooperation under uncertainty: the innovation commons.
Download or read book The Innovation Commons written by Lawrence Lessig and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Innovation Commons written by Jason Potts and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions conducive to the creation of new firms and industries. The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring; punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for policies to sustain innovation dynamics.
Download or read book The Innovation Commons Why it Exists What it Does Who it Benefits and How written by Darcy W E. Allen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We propose a new type of commons - an 'innovation commons' - that is an emergent institutional solution to 'the innovation problem' (defined as a collective action problem, not a market failure problem). In an innovation commons entrepreneurs pool innovation resources (i.e. inputs into the innovation process) under defined access and governance rules. Innovation requires entrepreneurship, which requires information about market opportunities. This information has interesting characteristics that lend itself to becoming a common pool resource: it is dispersed about the economy; difficult to value in its parts; and largely produced through experiment and experience. Moreover, this information resource fits poorly in institutions of markets or states because uncertainty renders them comparatively costly. We show how the innovation commons solves this problem as a temporary institution that forms around a particular new idea at the very beginning of an innovation trajectory where uncertainty is highest.
Download or read book Innovation Commons written by Jason Potts and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions conducive to the creation of new firms and industries. The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring; punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for policies to sustain innovation dynamics.
Download or read book The Innovation Commons written by Jason Potts and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovation commons is an institutional solution to the innovation problem in which knowledge, information and resources are pooled under defined governance rules to enable a particular community access to those inputs into innovation, often in a context of peer production. This paper examines the economics of why and when the commons is an effective institutional solution to the innovation problem. I set out four basic models of the innovation commons: (1) dual-commons; (2) evolution of cooperation; (3) strategic defence; (4) uncertainty of idea type. I suggest how innovation policy might look like were it were to recognise the contribution of the innovation commons.
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Commons Research Innovations written by Sheila R. Foster and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-11 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The commons theory, first articulated by Elinor Ostrom, is increasingly used as a framework to understand and rethink the management and governance of many kinds of shared resources. These resources can include natural and digital properties, cultural goods, knowledge and intellectual property, and housing and urban infrastructure, among many others. In a world of increasing scarcity and demand - from individuals, states, and markets - it is imperative to understand how best to induce cooperation among users of these resources in ways that advance sustainability, affordability, equity, and justice. This volume reflects this multifaceted and multidisciplinary field from a variety of perspectives, offering new applications and extensions of the commons theory, which is as diverse as the scholars who study it and is still developing in exciting ways.
Download or read book Governing Knowledge Commons written by Brett M. Frischmann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Knowledge commons" describes the institutionalized community governance of the sharing and, in some cases, creation, of information, science, knowledge, data, and other types of intellectual and cultural resources. It is the subject of enormous recent interest and enthusiasm with respect to policymaking about innovation, creative production, and intellectual property. Taking that enthusiasm as its starting point, Governing Knowledge Commons argues that policymaking should be based on evidence and a deeper understanding of what makes commons institutions work. It offers a systematic way to study knowledge commons, borrowing and building on Elinor Ostrom's Nobel Prize-winning research on natural resource commons. It proposes a framework for studying knowledge commons that is adapted to the unique attributes of knowledge and information, describing the framework in detail and explaining how to put it into context both with respect to commons research and with respect to innovation and information policy. Eleven detailed case studies apply and discuss the framework exploring knowledge commons across a wide variety of scientific and cultural domains.
Download or read book The Subjective Political Economy of the Innovation Commons written by Darcy W E Allen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can private governance in innovation commons (Allen and Potts 2016a, 2016b) be reconciled with the mainstream conception of innovation and entrepreneurship as suffering a market failure requiring state intervention? This paper situates the private collective action governance of entrepreneurial discovery within its political economy context using the methods of new comparative economics. The institutional possibility frontier (IPF) -- a framework for understanding comparative institutional choice as a trade-off between the costs of disorder and dictatorship (Djankov et al. 2003; Shleifer 2005) -- extended and applied to answer this question. Subjective costs are incorporated into the IPF and thereby into the political economy choice of the governance of innovation resources. The result is a subjective innovation institutional possibility frontier. Placing the findings of this dissertation within this framework implies the potential over-weighting of costs of 'disorder' in governing entrepreneurial resources in the innovation commons. This discrepancy also implies that 'ideas' and 'rhetoric' have a role in developing a robust and effective institutional mix for innovation policy, which is itself a discovery process over subjective costs.
Download or read book The Future of Ideas written by Lawrence Lessig and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2002-10-22 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Internet revolution has come. Some say it has gone. In The Future of Ideas, Lawrence Lessig explains how the revolution has produced a counterrevolution of potentially devastating power and effect. Creativity once flourished because the Net protected a commons on which widest range of innovators could experiment. But now, manipulating the law for their own purposes, corporations have established themselves as virtual gatekeepers of the Net while Congress, in the pockets of media magnates, has rewritten copyright and patent laws to stifle creativity and progress. Lessig weaves the history of technology and its relevant laws to make a lucid and accessible case to protect the sanctity of intellectual freedom. He shows how the door to a future of ideas is being shut just as technology is creating extraordinary possibilities that have implications for all of us. Vital, eloquent, judicious and forthright, The Future of Ideas is a call to arms that we can ill afford to ignore.
Download or read book Matching Ideas to Institutions Under Uncertainty written by Jason Potts and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theory of innovation policy widely neglects private uncertainty about optimal matching of an idea to an innovation institution for development. I argue that information pooling in the commons enables private uncertainty to be effectively resolved, prior to subsequent development in private or public innovation institutions. This suggests that the innovation commons may be a crucial institutional component of an innovation system in the early phase of an innovation trajectory, but also that it is likely to be a temporary phase.
Download or read book The Origin of the Entrepreneur and the Role of the Innovation Commons written by Darcy W E Allen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We introduce the proto-entrepreneur as an economic agent who must first -- i.e., before acting entrepreneurially -- coordinate non-price information with others in order to reveal exploitable opportunities. Entrepreneurship, therefore, involves dual economic discovery problems, each of which may hold different efficient institutional solutions. Applying transaction cost economics logic to this problem, we reveal what we call an 'entrepreneurial fundamental transformation': while the entrepreneurial process begins with proto-entrepreneurs undertaking non-price coordination in polycentric collective action governance structures called innovation commons (Allen & Potts, 2016), it ends with integration in the hierarchical start-up firm. This governance shift, we argue, is the result of falling structural uncertainty -- as unknown complementary collaborators become known -- and rising idiosyncratic quasi-rents, both of which bring contracting hazards and move the economising structure towards the nascent firm.
Download or read book Hype As a Public Good for Innovation written by Jason Potts and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early stage innovation can benefit from cooperative pooling of distributed information and other innovation resources in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunities (what Allen and Potts (2016) call the 'innovation commons'). The innovation commons is a private ordering, but social welfare losses arise when innovation commons fail to form, or are small and only weakly cooperative. This results in arrested Schumpeterian development. We suggest a mechanism by which a government can facilitate private cooperation in innovation commons by exploiting the behavioural heuristic of loss aversion through the public provision of targeted technology hype. What we call hypeless technologies can experience innovation failure because of an undersupply of early stage cooperation (i.e. pooling information and resources), retarding entrepreneurial discovery and cruelling the innovation trajectory. Weak cooperation occurs because of missing anticipation of regret (Kahneman and Tversky 1979) about the consequences of not being in the innovation commons. The purpose of hype is not to sell the technology, but to induce awareness that may manifest as loss aversion, which is privately resolved by supplying cooperation.
Download or read book Incorporating the Digital Commons written by Benjamin J. Birkinbine and published by University of Westminster Press. This book was released on 2020-02-26 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of ‘the commons’ has been used as a framework to understand resources shared by a community rather than a private entity, and it has also inspired social movements working against the enclosure of public goods and resources. One such resource is free (libre) and open source software (FLOSS). FLOSS emerged as an alternative to proprietary software in the 1980s. However, both the products and production processes of FLOSS have become incorporated into capitalist production. For example, Red Hat, Inc. is a large publicly traded company whose business model relies entirely on free software, and IBM, Intel, Cisco, Samsung, Google are some of the largest contributors to Linux, the open-source operating system. This book explores the ways in which FLOSS has been incorporated into digital capitalism. Just as the commons have been used as a motivational frame for radical social movements, it has also served the interests of free-marketeers, corporate libertarians, and states to expand their reach by dragging the shared resources of social life onto digital platforms so they can be integrated into the global capitalist system. The book concludes by asserting the need for a critical political economic understanding of the commons that foregrounds (digital) labour, class struggle, and uneven power distribution within the digital commons as well as between FLOSS communities and their corporate sponsors.
Download or read book Capitalism Power and Innovation written by Cecilia Rikap and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-29 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contemporary global capitalism, the most powerful corporations are innovation or intellectual monopolies. The book’s unique perspective focuses on how private ownership and control of knowledge and data have become a major source of rent and power. The author explains how at the one pole, these corporations concentrate income, property and power in the United States, China, and in a handful of intellectual monopolies, particularly from digital and pharmaceutical industries, while at the other pole developing countries are left further behind. The book includes detailed empirical mappings of how intellectual monopolies develop and transform knowledge from universities and open-source collaborations into intangible assets. The result is a strategy that combines undermining the commons through privatization with harvesting from the same commons. The book ends with provoking reflections to tilt the scale against intellectual monopoly capitalism and arguing that desired changes require democratic mobilization of workers and citizens at large. This book represents one of the first attempts to capture the contours of an emerging new era where old perspectives lead us astray, and the old policy toolbox is hopelessly inadequate. This is true for the idea that the best, or only, way to promote innovation is to transform knowledge into private property. It is also true for anti-trust policies focusing exclusively on consumer prices. The formation of global infrastructures that lead to natural monopolies calls for public rather than private ownership. Scholars and professionals from the social sciences and humanities (in particular economics, sociology, political science, geography, educational science and science and technology studies) will enjoy a clear and all-embracing depiction of innovation dynamics in contemporary capitalism, with a particular focus on asymmetries between actors, regions and topics. In fact, its topical issue broadens the book’s scope to those curious about how innovation networks shape our world.
Download or read book The Commons in History written by Derek Wall and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-03-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that the commons is neither tragedy nor paradise but can be a way to understand environmental sustainability.
Download or read book Democratizing Innovation written by Eric Von Hippel and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2006-02-17 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
