Download or read book The Inhibition of Instrumental Responding Under Omission Training written by Paul Neil Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Learning to Stop Responding written by Matthew Cyril Broomer and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning to stop responding is a fundamental process in instrumental learning. An animal might learn to stop responding under a variety of conditions including extinction--in which a response is no longer reinforced--and punishment--in which a response remains reinforced, but also earns an aversive stimulus. Evidence suggests that extinction and punishment are behaviorally similar; both are context- and response-specific forms of inhibitory learning. In each case, this inhibitory learning is thought to control behavior by retroactively interfering with the original instrumental learning. The infralimbic cortex (IL) is critically involved in the consolidation and retrieval of extinction learning. Despite the behavioral parallels between extinction and punishment, a corresponding role for IL in punishment has not been identified. Thus, the present experiments had three goals: 1) to perform an in-depth behavioral analysis of punishment and extinction within single experiments; 2) to examine the role of IL in extinction, punishment, and omission (i.e., "negative punishment"); and 3) to test a domain-general role for IL in retroactive interference in instrumental learning. Experiment 1 examined three basic recovery effects--renewal, spontaneous recovery, and reacquisition--following either punishment or extinction of an instrumental response. The results collectively indicated that punishment and extinction are similarly sensitive to the contexts in which they are learned/tested. This was a novel comparison of punishment and extinction within a single experiment. Experiment 2 examined the effect of IL inactivation on renewal following either punishment or extinction. IL is known to impair retrieval of context-dependent extinction learning; this result was replicated alongside a similar result following punishment, suggesting an overlapping role for IL in both punishment and extinction. Experiment 3 tested the role of IL in renewal following an omission contingency, where reinforcement was delivered contingent on not responding. In contrast with extinction and punishment, IL inactivation had no effect on context-dependent retrieval of omission learning, suggesting that omission may involve the formation of distinct associative structures. Experiment 4 examined IL involvement in response-specific inhibition in punishment and extinction. Two responses (R1 and R2) were trained in separate contexts (A and B), and then either punished or extinguished in the opposite context. When the responses were then tested in their original contexts, IL inactivation unexpectedly left response-specific suppression intact. This result further suggests the presence of associative structures capable of suppressing responding independent of IL activity.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Learning and Motivation written by A. Dickinson and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume consists of a series of chapters honoring a Polish psychologist and neurophysiologist who died in 1973. Although his name was familiar to all of the contributors, many had had no personal contact with him and had gained acquaintance with his ideas only through his publications.
Download or read book Inhibition in Different Segments of an Instrumental Response Chain as a Function of Allowing Withdrawal from Nonreinforcement written by Carl Merle Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book written by and published by Arihant Publications India limited. This book was released on with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Operant Pavlovian Interactions written by Hank Davis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first important distinction between operant and Pavlovian conditioning was made in 1928 by Polish scientists Konorski and Miller. Unaware of their work, Skinner proposed a similar analysis in 1935 of the manner in which operant and Pavlovian conditioning might differ and interact. Konorski and Miller responded to Skinner’s statement, and by 1937 the now-classic debate over "two types of conditioned reflexes" was in high gear. In the years before publication, the attention of many learning theorists had returned to the fundamental question of whether there are identifiably different forms of learning. The present volume, originally published in 1977, contains chapters that reassess our basic learning paradigms of the time. They deal with the definitional problems of isolating operant and Pavlovian conditioning, as well as the attempt to analyze the inevitable interactions that follow. These issues are examined in a variety of settings: some authors deal with operant-Pavlovian interactions directly by devising procedures to generate them; others examine operant-Pavlovian interactions by examining their possible contribution to established conditioning paradigms.
Download or read book Information Processing in Animals written by N. E. Spear and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1982. During the past fifty years, dramatic changes have occurred in the use of laboratory animals to study learning and memory. Yet the basic reasons for this research, diverse as they are, have not changed. At one extreme is the need for relatively direct application of findings with animal models to medical or educational problems of humans; at the other extreme, the quest for understanding animal behavior for its own sake. It is probably fair to say that no chapters in this book represent either of these extremes, although in each case the author’s purposes can be said to be like those of some scientists working in this area fifty years ago. In contrast to this continuity of purpose, the approach that scientists now take in this area of study is really quite different from that of most or all scientists in the 1930s.
Download or read book An Examination of Response Inhibition in Operant Conditioning written by Michael Steinfeld and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Operant or instrumental behaviors become inhibited in a number of experimental procedures. In extinction, a reinforced response is allowed to occur without reinforcement, and the response declines over time. The results of recent experiments from this laboratory and others have suggested that extinction of an operant response occurs because the animal learns to inhibit the specific response. Operant responses can also be inhibited in discrimination procedures. For example, in a feature-negative procedure, animals learn that responding is reinforced during cue A (AR+) but not when A is compounded with cue B (ABR-). Experiments using this sort of method have produced evidence of considerable cross-response inhibition. Given the contrast with extinction, six experiments in this dissertation attempted to understand the conditions that produce cross-response vs. response-specific inhibition. I developed a procedure in which rats learn two feature-negative discriminations with two different responses (AR1+, ABR1- and CR2+, CDR2-) and the effects of the inhibitory cues (B and D) are tested with both responses. The research found that the inhibitors suppress the response they were trained with (same-response inhibition) and the response they were not trained with (cross-response inhibition) about equally (Experiment 1). The results of Experiment 2 confirmed a role for response or prediction error in the development of inhibition, and ruled out a possible role for competing responses in inhibition. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility the inhibitors produce cross-response inhibition by predicting the absence of the common reinforcing outcome. Experiments 4 and 5 found a role for previous inhibition learning with the response (inhibitability) to support cross-response inhibition. Experiment 6 tested the possibility that inhibitability could also produce cross-response inhibition in an extinction design, and failed to find such evidence. Overall, the results suggest substantial cross-response inhibition in feature-negative designs, much of which depends on the organism's experience with the inhibitability of the response. Furthermore, extinction and feature-negative inhibition may produce fundamentally different types of inhibition.
Download or read book Psychopharmacology Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 1144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Categories of Human Learning written by Arthur W. Melton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Categories of Human Learning covers the papers presented at the Symposium on the Psychology of Human Learning, held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor on January 31 and February 1, 1962. The book focuses on the different classifications of human learning. The selection first offers information on classical and operant conditioning and the categories of learning and the problem of definition. Discussions focus on classical and instrumental conditioning and the nature of reinforcement; comparability of the forms of human learning; conditioning experiments with human subjects; and subclasses of classical and instrumental conditioning. The text then takes a look at the representativeness of rote verbal learning and centrality of verbal learning. The publication ponders on probability learning, evaluation of stimulus sampling theory, and short-term memory and incidental learning. Topics include short-term retention, stimulus variation experiments, reinforcement schedules and mean response, systematic interpretations, and methodological approaches. The book then examines the behavioral effects of instruction to learning, verbalizations and concepts, and the generality of research on transfer functions. The selection is highly recommended for psychologists and educators wanting to conduct studies on the categories of human learning.
Download or read book Basic Processes of Learning Cognition and Motivation written by S. M. Cormier and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1986. The main objective of this book is to provide a hard-headed theoretical integration of several different major areas of research on learning, cognition, and motivation in humans and other mammals. By hard-headed, the author simply means that the concepts were generated from empirical data and are testable. Since an integrative theory must of necessity integrate apparent diversity, such an approach involves the identification and description of the most fundamental factors (structural processes) underlying the observed capacities of humans and animals in the domain of learning and motivation.
Download or read book Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Therapy written by Hans J. Eysenck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book we have attempted to confront a number of issues that are intimately related to the theoretical basis of behavior therapy. We believe that behavior therapy is an extremely efficient procedure for the treatment of neurotic disorders; that it is based on certain principles derived from learning theory; and that it is unique in using basic scientific principles in psychology in the service of applied and practical ends. We believe that we are here dealing with much more than the advantageous use of serendipitous borrowings from nonexistent principles, the cookbook collection of precepts, methods, and working rules that happen to have lasting effects. We also believe that there is truly a general principle unde. rlying behavior therapy, rather than a varied mass of nonintegrated therapies that have little in common other than a name. These beliefs are often contes ted, but usually those who oppose them do so on the basis of misconceptions and misunderstandings that indicate a lack of knowledge of fundamental facts. It is the purpose of this book to remove these misconceptions and misunderstandings, and to bring up to date our knowledge in certain fundamental areas of learning theory, behavior therapy, and the biological foundations of per sonality and individual differences. There are three major groups of misconceptions and misunderstandings. The first of these relates to beliefs held by many psychiatrists and cognitive psychologists relating to behavior therapy.
Download or read book Learning and Memory A Comprehensive Reference written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-07 with total page 2517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, Second Edition, Four Volume Set is the authoritative resource for scientists and students interested in all facets of learning and memory. This updated edition includes chapters that reflect the state-of-the-art of research in this area. Coverage of sleep and memory has been significantly expanded, while neuromodulators in memory processing, neurogenesis and epigenetics are also covered in greater detail. New chapters have been included to reflect the massive increase in research into working memory and the educational relevance of memory research. No other reference work covers so wide a territory and in so much depth. Provides the most comprehensive and authoritative resource available on the study of learning and memory and its mechanisms Incorporates the expertise of over 150 outstanding investigators in the field, providing a ‘one-stop’ resource of reputable information from world-leading scholars with easy cross-referencing of related articles to promote understanding and further research Includes further reading for each chapter that helps readers continue their research Includes a glossary of key terms that is helpful for users who are unfamiliar with neuroscience terminology
Download or read book The Warsaw Colloquium on Instrumental Conditioning and Brain Research written by Bogusław Żernicki and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill Academic Publi. This book was released on 1980 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prefrontal Cortex written by Satoru Otani and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, Prefrontal Cortex: from Synaptic Plasticity to Cognition, is an interdisciplinary approach to characterize the function of the anterior portion of the frontal lobe in rodents and human and non-human primates. The specific topics discussed in the chapters of this volume are purposefully diverse: they range from membrane properties of prefrontal neurons to cognitive psychology. Nevertheless, this volume must not be regarded as a mere collection of writings with the different sub-themes. As you will see, chapters often vigorously encompass domains of the prefrontal field in effort to provide a big picture. That is actually what we attempted to do in this volume. On one hand, we have accumulated knowledge on the properties of neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex as well as the actions of critical neuromodulators such as dopamine. On the other hand, behavioral and cognitive neurosciences have begun to reveal the fascinating role of the prefrontal cortex in such mental processes as working memory, attention switching and rule following, and long-term memory. Needless to say, our ultimate goal as neurobiologists is to know what relationship there is between these cellular and cognitive processes. This volume is meant to serve as a comprehensive introduction towards that goal. Readers will be informed, for example, of how plasticity of prefrontal neurons is regulated, how it is involved in certain cognitive processes in rodents, and how the rodent models can apply to the primates.
Download or read book The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning written by Robin A. Murphy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-01 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning charts the evolution of associative analysis and the neuroscientific study of behavior as parallel approaches to understanding how the brain learns that both challenge and inform each other. Covers a broad range of topics while maintaining an overarching integrative approach Includes contributions from leading authorities in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, associative learning, and behavioral psychology Extends beyond the psychological study of learning to incorporate coverage of the latest developments in neuroscientific research
Download or read book Research Relating to Children written by Clearinghouse for Research in Child Life (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
