Download or read book THE INFLUENCE OF THE BACK FUNCTIONAL LINE ON LOWER EXTREMITY FRONTAL PLANE KINEMATICS AND KINEMATIC PREDICTORS OF LOADING DURING RUNNING written by Cristine Agresta and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Running injuries have been linked to poor lower extremity dynamic alignment, increased whole body and joint loading, and insufficient modulation of stiffness throughout stance phase. Upper body muscle activity and movement have a relationship to lower body dynamics; however, the literature has largely neglected their role during running. To date, biomechanical gait analysis has primarily focused on lower extremity mechanics and muscle activation patterns with no studies investigating the role of functional muscle synergies on stability and loading during running. Therefore, the primary objective of this project is to determine the role of the Back Functional Line (BFL), via measure of latissimus dorsi (LD), gluteus maximus (GM), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity, during running and to determine their influence on lower extremity kinematics and kinematic predictors of loading that are linked to running-related injuries (RRI). We used conditions of arm swing constraint to manipulate the action of the LD and investigate the response in GM and VL muscles. Our main variables of interest include: 1) BFL muscle activity, specifically mean and peak amplitude, onset, and co-activation of the LD and GM 2) frontal plane lower extremity kinematics, and 3) kinematic predictors of kinetics, specifically foot inclination angle at initial contact and vertical COM displacement. Twenty healthy recreational runners (10 M; 10 F) participated in this study. Male runners tended to be slighter older with a higher weekly running mileage and longer running history. All participants were between the ages of 18 and 55 years old and consistently ran at least once per week. Participants ran under three arm conditions - free arm swing, unilateral arm swing constraint, and bilateral arm swing constraint. During the running trials, surface EMG and lower extremity kinematics were collected over the gait cycle. We operationally defined the primary BFL as the muscle synergy composed of the non-dominant upper extremity (i.e., constrained side during unilateral condition) LD muscle, the dominant GM muscle, and the dominant VL muscle. The secondary BFL was defined as the dominant upper extremity (i.e., unconstrained during unilateral condition) LD muscle, the non-dominant GM muscle, and the non-dominant VL muscle. Primary and secondary BFL muscle synergy activity were analyzed during two specific phases of gait - the pre-activation (PA) phase and the loading response (LR) phase. In support of the hypothesis, the primary BFL LD mean amplitude decreased during both the PA and LR phases of gait. GM and VL muscle mean amplitude demonstrated a varied response. During the PA phase, both the GM and VL muscles increased during the unilateral condition and decreased during the bilateral condition. During LR phase, GM and VL muscles increased during both arm swing constraint conditions. The highest increase in amplitude was seen during the unilateral condition. Peak amplitudes for each muscle did not change dramatically across conditions for either the PA or LR phases of gait. Secondary BFL LD and GM mean and peak amplitude increased during both the PA and LR phases of gait, with changes during the LR phase reaching significance for both muscles. Secondary BFL VL also increased in mean and peak amplitude during the bilateral constraint condition. GM and VL mean and peak muscle amplitude were significantly correlated during the LR phase, but not for the PA phase. This indicates that the lower extremity muscles of the BFL (GM and VL) may not be preparing for impact similarly but are adjusting muscle activity in a similar fashion as the lower limb is loaded. The increase in muscle amplitude for secondary BFL muscles, particularly during the LR phase of gait, may have resulted from a difference between lower limb strength or lower extremity single leg stability. Onset of muscle activity during loading response did not significantly differ across conditions for the LD, GM, or VL muscles, however, analysis of co-activation demonstrated that LD and GM were in-phase throughout the gait cycle. This suggests that this portion of the BFL may be acting together to stabilize the lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC) during running. LD and GM appeared to be co-activated throughout the gait cycle regardless of arm swing variation. Instability, either from asymmetrical movement patterns or poor single leg stability may contribute to the activation of the BFL muscle synergy. GM increased during the unilateral arm swing constraint during both phase and for both BFL synergies, indicating that asymmetrical movement patterns may induce a potential instability or an unstable state requiring the need for greater stability around the LPHC. Knee frontal plane kinematics changed significantly across conditions. Knee abduction angle showed the greatest increase during the unilateral arm swing constraint condition suggesting that asymmetrical movement patterns effect lower extremity mechanics more so than symmetrical patterns (i.e., bilateral arm swing restriction or free arm swing). Hip adduction and contralateral pelvic drop angles did not differ significantly across conditions. Our study did not find a significant relationship between BFL muscle activity and knee abduction angles. Participants demonstrated larger knee abduction angles on their non-dominant limb at midstance. The corresponding (secondary) BFL LD and GM demonstrated a significant increase during the LR phase. This may indicate that BFL muscle activity is engaged when the need for lower limb stability is greater, either due to poor single leg dynamic control or abnormal frontal plane mechanics. Kinematic predictors of joint and whole-body loading differed across conditions. Vertical COM displacement was significantly decreased during the bilateral arm swing constraint condition. Foot inclination angle at initial contact did not significantly change with arm swing constraint. Differences were found between right and left lower extremity foot strikes (i.e., foot inclination angle) across all conditions; the non-dominant limb demonstrated greater plantarflexion during initial contact. Knee flexion angle at initial contact and peak knee flexion during stance did not demonstrate a significant change. Muscle activity was not significantly correlated to kinematic predictors. Spatiotemporal measures altered with arm swing suppression. Stride length decreased and step rate increased significantly. Taken together, these results suggest that runners alter spatiotemporal measures more so than sagittal plane kinematics when adjusting to arm swing suppression. The role of the BFL muscle synergy during running remains unclear. Asymmetrical movement patterns and arm swing restriction appear to influence BFL muscle activity and lower extremity kinematics. Single leg stability, particularly during the LR phase, may alter BFL muscle activity due to the need for increased stabilization of the loaded limb and the LPHC. Future research is needed to determine how these variables impact BFL muscle activation and whether injured runners respond differently to arm swing constraint during running.

Download or read book The Influence of Shoe Type and Leg foot Structure on Lower Extremity Biomechanics written by Michelle Louise Maehler and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: The interrelationships between individual anthropometric variability, running mechanics, comfort, and injury are complicated and present a challenge to footwear designers as they try to provide safe, comfortable, efficient shoes within a limited product line. In previous research there has been relatively limited success in linking variations in lower limb anatomy or musculoskeletal function to movements or kinetics associated with injury. The present study was designed to include a more complete set of structural and functional measurements of the lower extremity than has previously been done. Specifically, this study investigated how lower extremity structure and function interact with two shoe types (Motion Control (MC) vs. Cushioning (CU)) to affect movement dynamics during running. This study aims to create a more specific categorization of the influence of footwear structure on kinetic and kinematic variables of running based on runner characteristics, including both anthropometric features and movement factors. Methods: 16 recreational runners (>̲10 miles per week) were recruited to participate in this study. 3-D kinematics and kinetics were collected as subjects ran at 3.58 m*s−1+̲ 5% along a 20m runway. Trials were performed in both MC and CU shoes. A number of anthropometric measures were collected during a separate session. The effect of shoe type on kinetic and kinematic variables was examined using a paired t-test. In addition, relationships were identified between lower limb anthropometric variables and shoe type differences using Pearson correlations. Results: CU and MC shoes demonstrated significant differences for ankle inversion moment, ground reaction force, and sagittal plane kinematic timing variables. Weight, Quadriceps angle, and ankle structure and range of motion (ROM) influenced differences between running mechanics in the two shoe types. No significant interactions between shoe type and arch group were found. Conclusions: Compared to the MC shoe, the CU shoe showed reductions in key force magnitudes and reduced the rate at which forces were applied. The stability features in the MC shoe were evident in ankle inversion moment maximum, positive impulse, and net impulse. An MC shoe may provide people that have larger Q-angles more support, while a CU shoe may be more beneficial for a heavier runner. Runners with an inverted subtalar joint neutral position (STJN) may be better suited for a CU shoe, while runners with an everted STJN might be better served with an MC shoe. In both of these cases the shoe attenuated forces that may be potentially harmful to the runner. Kinetic and kinematic differences among arch groups did exist, but were unaffected by shoe type. This study allowed us to reach a better understanding of the interplay among structural and functional parameters, shoe type, and lower extremity kinetic and kinematic responses. Future research should include a more diverse pool of subjects and focus on fatigue's role in cushioning.

Download or read book Investigation of the Biomechanics of Running and Rapid Change of direction Tasks written by Grace M. Golden and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid change-of-direction tasks have been associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and females are more likely to suffer this injury compared to males. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of running and three rapid change-of-direction tasks and determine whether sex differences exist across tasks. The biomechanical factors included knee and hip kinematics and kinetics, in addition to static lower extremity alignment and dynamic hip strength. Data were collected in a controlled laboratory setting on healthy collegiate female and male basketball and soccer players (N = 21). Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded in conditions of running, lateral false step, sidestep cut, and a combination of a lateral false step with a sidestep cut. Static lower extremity alignment was represented by measurement of standing Q-angle. Hip strength was determined by measuring isokinetic eccentric hip abduction strength. Three queries were addressed: (1) sex differences in the kinetics and kinematics of the knee and hip during running and rapid change-of-direction tasks, (2) the effect of sex on relationships of standing Q-angle and hip strength to frontal plane knee biomechanics, and (3) description of the patterning of knee and hip biomechanics across tasks and sex. The results of this study suggest knee abduction and internal moments of knee adduction and hip abduction increase when athletes step laterally in combination with a sidestep cut compared to all other tasks. Females demonstrate differences in hip position and loading compared to males across the four tasks. The data did not support evidence of an effect of sex on standing Q-angle or hip abduction strength. Additionally, no relationships between sex, standing Q-angle, or hip abduction strength to frontal plane knee biomechanics were found. Four patterns of knee and hip kinematics and kinetics were found to describe lower extremity biomechancis during running and rapid change-of direction tasks. In summary, the addition of frontal plane motion and loading during change-of-direction tasks significantly affected knee position in a manner associated with ACL injury. Differences in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics between females and males appear to be specific to hip position and loading.

Download or read book The Effect of Core Stability on Running Mechanics in Novice Runners written by Margaret Elisabeth Raabe and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many health benefits associated with running, the annual running injury rate has been reported to be as high as 74%, and novice runners may be at the highest risk of developing these injuries. Research has shown core stability may affect lower extremity function, leading to the popular notion that insufficient core stabilization may lead to less efficient movements that ultimately contribute to musculoskeletal injury. However, the role that core stability plays during running and its influence on injury risk is not well understood. The purpose of this dissertation was to establish the effect of core stability on fundamental mechanisms of running-related injuries and to investigate possible compensation strategies for reduced core stability. Chapter 1 provides background information on running injuries, injury mechanisms, and core stability and describes the benefits of using dynamic simulations in combination with experimental data. Chapter 2 experimentally investigated the direct downstream effects of reduced core stability on running mechanics in novice runners and found reduced core stability was significantly associated with an increased external peak knee flexion moment (13.5±2.5 %BW*h vs 14.3±3.1 %BW*h, p=0.001) during the stance phase of running, which has previously been associated with increased patellofemoral joint loading. Chapter 3 describes the development and validation of an OpenSim model that allows for the creation of simulations investigating full-body dynamics and contributions of the trunk muscles to dynamic tasks. In Chapters 4 and 5, the experimentally collected data from Chapter 2 was used with the model developed in Chapter 3 to investigate the consequences of utilizing different possible compensation strategies for reduced core stability. Chapter 4 assessed the biomechanical consequences of altering running kinematics (kinematic compensation strategy) in response to reduced core stability and found this strategy was associated with increased internal knee loading during the stance phase of running (peak patellofemoral joint reaction force, p=0.029; knee abduction moment peak and impulse, p=0.01, p=0.02, respectively; peak knee extension moment, p=0.09), as well as reduced energy consumption (p=0.059), spinal loading (p=0.06), and select peak core muscle forces (p=0.06). Chapter 5 investigated utilizing a neuromuscular compensation strategy (altering only muscle activation strategies and maintaining kinematics) in response to core muscle fatigue and found this strategy was not associated with any change in estimated energy consumption or lower extremity loading during stance. Increased deep core muscle force production was observed as the only muscular compensation following core muscle fatigue, suggesting this may be the primary adjustment required to achieve a neuromuscular compensation strategy in the presence of core muscle fatigue. Therefore, insufficient core stability in novice runners may increase lower extremity loading and ultimately running injury risk. A core neuromuscular training program emphasizing increased engagement and force production of the deep core muscles may give runners the ability to maintain movement patterns and utilize potentially lower-risk compensation strategies, such as a neuromuscular strategy, when core stability is compromised. Understanding how core stability affects running mechanics and potential compensation strategies used for poor core stability may ultimately contribute to the development of more effective and robust running injury prevention and rehabilitation regimens. The information presented in this dissertation improves the basic understanding regarding the influence of core stability on running mechanics in novice runners. This work will contribute to achieving the long-term goal of ultimately reducing the incidence of running-related injuries in novice runners.

Download or read book Influence of Athletic Training on Functional Lower extremity Stiffness written by Emma Louise Millett and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stiffness of the leg spring quantifies the relationship between the amount of leg flexion and the external load to which limbs are subjected. Lower limb stiffness is essential to facilitate athlete performance and injury risk minimisation. However, stiffness modulation is reliant upon the task requirements, the individual's training status and the athletic training background of individuals. A systematic review highlighted a need to develop an understanding of how differing female athletic populations optimise stiffness to meet task demands and identify appropriate monitoring tools for athlete screening and subsequent longitudinal tracking of leg stiffness changes including potential associations with increased injury risk. Four studies were undertaken; 1) to investigate leg stiffness, joint stiffness and modulation strategy differences in female sub-populations from varied training backgrounds during discrete jumping tasks, 2) to evaluate the differences in leg stiffness between female sub-populations from varied training backgrounds during dynamic jumping and sports-specific tasks and to compare the observed stiffness measures between the tasks, 3) to assess differences in leg and joint stiffness in varying athletic populations during functional tasks and investigate the kinematic and kinetic mechanisms athletes utilise to modulate stiffness to meet sports-specific task demands, and 4) to evaluate longitudinal changes in stiffness across a season of training during dynamic and sports-specific tasks and evaluate potential links to injury risk in athletes. It was hypothesised that stiffness and the contributory kinetic and kinematic modulation strategies athletes utilise would differ between sub-populations. It was also theorised dynamic reactive jumping tasks may provide an adequate relationship to sports-specific tests. Additionally, it was expected that longitudinal changes in stiffness would be evident within the assessed athletic populations. Forty-seven female participants (20 nationally identified netballers, 13 high level endurance athletes and 14 age and gender matched controls) completed six unilateral tasks grouped into two categories; 1) discrete jumping tasks, traditionally utilised to assess stiffness (countermovement jump, drop jump, horizontal jump) and 2) functional sports-specific tasks (sprint, anticipated sidestep change of direction and repetitive hopping). Data was captured using a 10 camera motion analysis system (500 Hz) and force plate (1000 Hz) at three training phases; pre, post and off-season. Participants' self-reported lower body non-contact sports related injury incidence. Statistical analysis evaluated leg stiffness, joint stiffness, contributory kinematic mechanisms and prospective injury risk. No significant differences were evident in leg stiffness measures (p=0.321-0.849) during the discrete jumping tasks despite variations in the underlying contributory mechanisms (p

Download or read book Effects of Lift Conditions on Three dimensional Trunk Kinematics written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this study were to determine how box size, box weight and task duration affect three-dimensional lumbar kinematics and moment placed on the low back during manual materials handling. A simulation of a lifting task was carried out in which 16 participants repetitively lifted 1 of 4 different box sizes containing 5 kg and 10 kg for 30 minutes. Low back kinematic data were collected with a Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) at three times for five minutes during the task. The resulting external peak moment and estimated risk of low back disorder (LBD) were also evaluated. Results indicated that weight condition influenced all the sagittal kinematic parameters, with the more extreme bending and low back flexion velocities associated with the 5kg load condition. Participants also exhibited greater velocities when reaching for the box with the lowest height. The data collection recording period influenced most of the sagittal motion parameters and lateral bending parameters, with the largest range of motion and highest velocities associated with the last run. The lifting component of the task introduced significantly higher sagittal peak acceleration than the lowering component. Increases in box size and box weight increased the moment arm but only the increase in box weight increased the estimated LBD risk. These results demonstrate that light manual material handling may be associated with faster body motion that can influence the loading placed on the low back, and that biomechanical differences exist between lifting and lowering tasks. Additionally, it is recommended that researchers consider the changes in kinematics that occur over time when evaluating repetitive lifting tasks such as those in this study.

Download or read book Kinematics and Joint Coupling in Runners with Patellofemoral Pain During a Prolonged Run written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Running in a fatigued state has been proposed as one of the primary factors relating to overuse injuries associated with running. Patellofemoral pain (PFP) syndrome has long been the most common overuse injury that runners sustain, yet the etiology of PFP is not clearly understood. The overall goal of this work was to examine lower extremity kinematics and joint coupling over the course of a prolonged run in runners with and without PFP. In aim one of this work, lower extremity kinematics and joint coupling were analyzed in 20 uninjured runners over a prolonged run. Running with exertion was associated with small increases in kinematics, and altered continuous relative phase (CRP) coupling patterns during the first half of stance. In the second aim, the lower extremity kinematics of 20 runners with PFP were compared to 20 uninjured runners over a prolonged run. The PFP group displayed less overall motion, suggesting a strategy of stiffening the leg in response to pain. Three distinct PFP subgroups emerged, with each subgroup demonstrating unique kinematic patterns, suggesting that a number of different kinematic mechanisms for PFP may exist. In aim three, lower extremity joint coupling of 20 runners with PFP were compared to 20 uninjured runners over a prolonged run. The PFP group demonstrated prolonged eversion and an earlier peak knee internal rotation, which disrupted the normal coupling throughout the leg. At the end of the run, CRP coupling in the PFP group resembled the uninjured group at the beginning, suggesting a compensatory strategy in response to pain. In aim four, hip strength, and its relationship to hip angles when running, was compared between 20 runners with PFP and 20 uninjured runners. The PFP group displayed weaker hip muscles, which related to increased hip adduction when running, suggesting a minimum level of hip strength is needed to maintain femoral alignment when running. In summary, runners with PFP exhibit abnormal kinematics and joint coupling over a prolonged run, which may be related to weaker hip muscles. This work demonstrates that PFP is likely a multifactorial syndrome, and prevention and treatment strategies should be tailored accordingly.

Download or read book Effect of Running Shoe Midsole Hardness on Ground Reaction Forces and Lower Extremity Sagittal Plane Kinematics During Running written by Chia-Yuan Hsu and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement written by David A. Winter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-10-12 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic book on human movement in biomechanics, newly updated Widely used and referenced, David Winter's Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement is a classic examination of techniques used to measure and analyze all body movements as mechanical systems, including such everyday movements as walking. It fills the gap in human movement science area where modern science and technology are integrated with anatomy, muscle physiology, and electromyography to assess and understand human movement. In light of the explosive growth of the field, this new edition updates and enhances the text with: Expanded coverage of 3D kinematics and kinetics New materials on biomechanical movement synergies and signal processing, including auto and cross correlation, frequency analysis, analog and digital filtering, and ensemble averaging techniques Presentation of a wide spectrum of measurement and analysis techniques Updates to all existing chapters Basic physical and physiological principles in capsule form for quick reference An essential resource for researchers and student in kinesiology, bioengineering (rehabilitation engineering), physical education, ergonomics, and physical and occupational therapy, this text will also provide valuable to professionals in orthopedics, muscle physiology, and rehabilitation medicine. In response to many requests, the extensive numerical tables contained in Appendix A: "Kinematic, Kinetic, and Energy Data" can also be found at the following Web site: www.wiley.com/go/biomechanics

Download or read book The Kinematic Interaction of the Forefoot and Rearfoot During the Stance Phase of Running Gait written by Raymond M. Fredericksen and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Track Turns on Lower Extremity Kinetics and Kinematics written by Michael V. Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Hip Abduction Extension and External Rotation Rate of Torque Development on Frontal Plane Biomechanics During Single Leg Jump Cuts written by Baker Cronin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are relatively common in female athletes with greater frontal plane knee motion and loading during a landing task predictive of injury. As a result, decreasing knee abduction motion and loading is important for ACL injury prevention. While increased strength of the hip abductors, extensors, and external rotators has been commonly theorized to improve eccentric control of hip adduction and internal rotation, and thus decrease frontal plane knee motion and loading, previous work evaluating the relationship between peak torque of these muscle groups and frontal plane biomechanics is equivocal. However, as the time to generate peak torque exceeds the time during which frontal plane motion occurs during movement tasks, the capacity to rapidly develop torque may be more closely related to frontal plane biomechanics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of hip abduction, extension, and external rotation rate of torque development (RTD) and frontal-plane hip and knee biomechanics. Forty recreationally active females performed maximal isometric contractions and single-leg jump-cuts. From recorded torque, motion capture, and ground reaction force data, hip RTD and frontal plane hip and knee biomechanics were calculated. For each RTD measure, jump-cut biomechanics were compared between participants in the highest (High) and lowest (Low) tertiles. No differences in frontal plane biomechanics were identified between High and Low hip abduction RTD groups. However, those in the High hip extension or High external rotation RTD groups had lesser hip adduction and knee abduction displacements. The results suggest that in movements such as cutting in which the hip is abducted and flexed, the ability of the gluteus medius to control frontal plane motion is likely reduced due to the position of the hip, but that the upper portion of the gluteus maximus might control frontal plane hip motion by functioning as a hip abductor. The results highlight an important role the gluteus maximus may play in controlling frontal plane hip and knee motion during cutting tasks.

Download or read book Internal Structural Loading of the Lower Extremity During Running written by William Brent Edwards and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Functional and Kinematic Asymmetries and Injuries in the Lower Limbs of Long Distance Runners written by George Vagenas and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The sample included 29 healthy competitive male distance runners. Bilateral measurements were taken for selected variables of the talocalcaneal flexibility by means of a mechanical goniometer, and of the peak isokinetic knee strength on a Cybex II device. The frontal and horizontal plane motions of the lower limbs of the subjects were recorded by high speed filming and videotaping while they were running on a motor driven treadmill at their training pace under two conditions: with running shoes and barefoot. A detailed description of each runner's history was obtained and bilateral dominance characteristics were determined. Significant functional asymmetries were found for subtalar joint flexibility (eversion, inversion, and eversion/inversion ratio) and peak isokinetic knee strength (flexion, extension, total, and flexion/extension ratio). Significant kinematic asymmetries were revealed during the foot support phase in lower leg angle, rearfoot angle, mediolateral velocity of the foot, and in some temporal parameters. The two running conditions differed significantly only for the pretouchdown phase of support. Significant trends of association were identified between selected components of the lower limb functional and kinematical asymmetries which were characterized by consistent laterality patterns. Multivariate asymmetry components and running injury patterns were independent. Only asymmetries in foot pronation during barefoot running tended to significantly differentiate between runners grouped by injury incidence. The phenomenon of functional and kinematic asymmetries in runners is warranted." --

Download or read book Acceleration and Kinematics of the Lower Extremity During Running on Treadmills of Different Surface Stiffness written by Brianna Schiess and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Kinematic and Kinetic Evaluation of High Speed Backward Running written by Alan Wayne Arata and published by . This book was released on 1999-06-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the study was to investigate the kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with high-speed backward running (BR). Thirty male subjects from two groups (15 Elite who used BR during athletic competition and 15 Athletic habitual runners) performed running trials for each of the following conditions: maximum velocity BR (BRmax), 80% of maximum BR, 60% of maximum BR, maximum velocity forward running and FR (FRmax) at a velocity equal to BRmax. Sagittal view high speed video (200 Hz) and force platform data (1000 Hz) were obtained and the following parameters were evaluated: stride length, stride frequency, intrinsic support length, stance time, trunk angle, hip, knee and ankle ranges of motion, hip, knee and ankle loading rate, resultant active peak, time to resultant active peak, initial anterior-posterior (A-P) peak, and final A-P braking force. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to compare a) BR velocity conditions, b) equal efforts for BR and FR, and c) equal velocities for BR and FR.

Download or read book Effects of Reduced Muscular Strength on Running Kinematics Relating to the Planus Foot written by Adam D. Froats and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential for injury is present in all forms of physical activity, particularly events involving repetitive motion. In attempt to identify kinematic changes following running induced reductions in muscular strength, 15 participants completed recorded treadmill runs before and after an outdoor run. Kinematics were recorded using a Vicon motion capture system and processed using 3D GAIT custom software. Using repeated measures ANCOVA with side (dominant and non-dominant) and time (pre-run and post-run) as within subject factors, and strength and arch height as covariates, no statistically significant differences were obtained. Using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients to compare successive strides, post-run reductions in stride-to-stride correlation were obtained for dominant and non-dominant knees. Further, MANOVA analysis using standard deviation values corresponding to thirds of stance phase suggested that dominant and non-dominant ankle, as well as dominant knee frontal plane movements became more variable following the run, primarily during the initial third of stance.